1、考研英语一9月测试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections： Read the following textChoose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET l(10 points) The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapableSome-times, the state tries to manage the resources it
2、 owns, and does so badlyOften, 1 , governments act in an even more harmful wayThey actually subsidize the exploitation and 2 of natural resources A whole 3 of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and often 4 no economic senseMaking good policies of
3、fers a two-fold 5 ：a cleaner environment and a more efficient economyGrowth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to 6 the vested interest that subsidies create No activity affects more of the earth s surface than farmingIt shapes a third of the planets l
4、and area, not 7 Antarctica, and the proportion is risingWorld food output per head has risen by 4 percent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in 8 from land already in 9 , but also because more land has been brought under the ploughHigher yields have been achieved by increase
5、d irrigation, better crop breeding, and a 10 in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in the 1970s and 1980s All these activities may have 11 environmental impactsFor example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single 12 of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may 13
6、 water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods 14 worsen soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the 15 of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some 16 against pests or diseases
7、in futureSoil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countriesThe United States, 17 the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate 18 to diminish the soils productivityThe country subsequent
8、ly 19 a program to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forestTopsoil in India and China is 20 much faster than in America-ca 1A howeverB thereforeC butD hence2A conjunctionB compensationC consumptionD constitution3A areaB rangeC scopeD field4A takeB holdC loseD make5A profitB bonusC
9、benefitD prize6A confrontB confineC conformD confuse7A thinkingB consideringC thirstingD counting8A outputsB suppliesC yieldsD outcomes9A revolutionB civilizationC reservationD cultivation10A doublingB reducingC dismissingD repeating11A destroyingB damagingC injuringD mining12A excuseB justification
10、C causeD ground13A purifyB simplifyC dirtyD contaminate14A come toB bring toC tend toD stand to15A disappearanceB discoveryC dispositionD disturbance16A reassuranceB insuranceC assuranceD measure17A whenB whileC whichD where18A probableB capableC likelyD hopeful19A set upB embark uponC build upD mak
11、e up20A vanishingB stayingC appearingD dissolvingSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four textsAnswer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or DMark your answers on Answer Sheet 1(40 points)Text 1 A GOOD newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself, m
12、used Arthur Miller in 1961A decade later, two reporters from the Washington Post wrote a series of articles that brought down President Nixon and the status of print journalism soaredAt their best, newspapers oblige governments and companies to shoulder responsibilitiesBut in the rich world newspape
13、rs are now an endangered speciesThe business of selling words to readers and selling readers to advertisers, which has sustained their role in society, is falling apart Of all the old media, newspapers have the most to lose from the InternetCirculation has-been falling in America, Western Europe, an
14、d Australia for decades But in the past few years the web has hastened the decline In his book The Vanishing Newspaper, Philip Meyer calculates that the first quarter of 2043 will be the moment when newsprint dies in America as the last exhausted reader tosses aside the last crumpled editionBritons
15、aged between 15 and 24 say that they spend almost 30% less time reading national newspapers once they start using the web Advertising is following readers out of the doorTile rush is almost awkward, largely because the Internet is a tempting medium that supposedly matches buyers with sellers and pro
16、ves to advertisers that their money is well spentClassified ads, in particular, are quickly shifting online Rupert Murdoch once described them as the industry s rivers of goldbut, as he said last year, “times rivers dry up”In Switzerland and the Netherlands newspapers have lost half their classified
17、 advertising to the internet Newspapers have not yet started to shut down in large numbers, but it is only a matter of timeOver the next few decades half the rich world s general papers may foldJobs are already disappearingAccording to the Newspaper Association of America, the number of people emplo
18、yed in the industry fell by 18% between 1990 and 2004 Having ignored reality for years, newspapers are at last doing somethingIn order to cut costs, they are already spending less on journalismMany are also trying to attract younger readers by shifting the mix of their stories towards entertainment,
19、 lifestyle and subjects that may seems more relevant to people s daily s lives than international affairs and politics areThey are trying to create new business on-and offlineAnd they are investing in free daily papers, which do not use up any of their poor editorial resourcesSo far, these measures
20、look unlikely to save many of them, which marks the loss of newspapers as the public role of the Fourth Estate21Arthur Miller and two journalists are mentioned to show A the reason for President Nixon s resignation B the powerful influence of newspapers C the severe threat to current newspapers D th
21、eir great popularity with the public22According to the author, the internet A has sped up the decreasing circulation of newspapers B owes its emergence to the decline of newspapers C makes Britons spend more time reading national newspapers D has replaced newspapers completely for people to get thei
22、r news23The main reason why newspapers advertising drops greatly is A the awkward matches of the internet B advertisers financial trouble C readers change in interest D their losing appeal to advertisers24It can be inferred from the last paragraph that A newspapers focus more on international events
23、 and politics B People can read some daily newspapers on line free of charge C newspapers are taking actions to reverse the situation D some national newspapers have begun to shut down25The best title for this passage could be A The Decline of Newspapers B The Emergence of the Internet C The Classif
24、ied Advertising of Newspapers D The Threat of Newspapers to the InternetText 2 BACK in 1922, Thomas Edison predicted that the motion picture is destined to revolutionize our educational system and in a few years it will supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of text-books Well, we all make mista
25、kesBut at least Edison did not squander vast quantities of public money on installing cinema screens in schools around the country With computers, the story has been differentMany governments have packed them into schools, convinced that their presence would improve the pace and efficiency of learni
26、ngLarge numbers of studies have purported to show that computers help children to learnNow, however, a Study that compares classes with computers against similar classes without them casts doubt on that view In the current Economic Journal, Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
27、 and Victor Lavy of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem look at a scheme which put computers into many of Israels primary and middle schools in the mid-1990sThe researchers found that the Israeli scheme had much less effect on teaching methods in middle schools than in elementary schoolsIt also found
28、 no evidence that the use of computers improved children test scoresIn fact, it found the reverseIn the case of the math scores of fourth-graders, there was a consistently negative relationship between computer use and test scores The authors offer three possible explanationsFirst, the introduction
29、of computers into class-rooms might have gobbled up cash that would otherwise have paid for other aspects of educationBut that is unlikely in this case since tile money for the program came from the national lottery, and the study found no significant change in teaching resources, methods or trainin
30、g in schools that acquired computers through the scheme A second possibility is that the transition to using computers in instruction takes time to haven effectThe schools surveyed had been using the schemes computers for a full school year, which was enough for the new computers to have had a large
31、 ( and apparently malign ) influence on fourth-grade math scoresThe third explanation is the simplest: that the use of computers in teaching is no better (and perhaps worse) than other teaching methods Dr Angrist eventually argues that the costs are clear-cut and the benefits are murky The burden of
32、 proof now lies with the promoters of classroom computersAnd the only reliable way to make their case is, surely, to conduct a proper study, with children randomly allocated to teachers who use computers and teachers who use other methods, including the cheapest of all: chalk and talk26It can be inf
33、erred from the opening paragraph that A Thomas Edison s prediction has failed to come true B motion picture has revolutionized the public education system C Edison wasted large sums of money on equipping cinema screens D schools are not reluctant to put Edisons idea to practice27DrAngrist and DrLavy
34、 have eventually found in their research that A computers help to improve the speed and efficiency of children s learning B teaching effects in Israel s middle schools were better than before C Computers had nothing to do with the improved children s test scores D there was always a positive relatio
35、nship between computer use and test scores28According to DrAngrist and DrLavy, in the Israeli scheme, students didnt make progress in their test scores in that A other aspects of education were affected for lack of teaching funds B it was not long enough for the teaching program to take effect C the
36、 fund for the program came from the public sources D computer use was no more useful than other teaching methods29We can learn from the last paragraph that A there hasnt been a proper study on this issue yet B schools should provide proof to support the computer program C installing computers in sch
37、ools is costly and has little or no effect D chalk and talk work better than computer in classroom teaching30In the authors opinion, packing computers into schools seems to be A successfulB fruitlessC practicalD apprehensiveText 3 What would be more revealing than a list of ones search questions? Th
38、e efficiency of finding what we need on the Web encourages us to quest awaywhether we re researching a car purchase, puzzling out some medical symptoms, or wondering what happened to an old friendYour search record involves aspirations and dreams, says Marc Rotenberg of the Electronic Privacy Inform
39、ation CenterIt becomes almost a reflection of what s in one s head And, as we learned recently, when America Online temporarily released the search history of thousands of customers for the use of researchers, those reflections can be retained by search companiesand, ultimately, exposedIndeed, The N
40、ew York Times was able to deduce the identity of a 62-year-old widow in Georgia who researched Italian vacations and foot diseases The intimacy of our searches has led Rotenberg and other privacy experts to urge companies like Google, Yahoo and Microsoft not to retain such logsAnd a bill proposed by
41、 RepEdward Markey (Democrat of Massachusetts) would set limits on the lengths of time such data could be storedBut the top researchers in the search field argue that such limits would ultimately be destructiveThese experts believe that the information extracted from studying the way individuals sear
42、ch has been crucial in raising the quality of search to its present levelOur searches have improved dramatically because we have that data, says Alan Eustace, Google s senior vice president of engineering and researchFurthermore, they contend that without the information, they would be severely hind
43、ered from further improving their productsIf you don t have such data, there would be significant decline of the user experience in the future, says Prabhakar Raghavan, Yahoo s head of research As you would expect, search companies like Google and Yahoo say that protecting the information on those s
44、earch logs is assigned highest priorityYahoo even has a security group whose motto is We worry about these things so you wont have to But even if the companies are flawless in protecting that information, there s still reason to worryThe federal government has already expressed interest in such reco
45、rds, and if the data are ordered to submit the companies must turn them overIt s also not hard to envision a situation(ie, another terrorist attack) that would pressure the companies to submit to a sweeping request for search logs, just to see if there s a hidden terrorist or two thereIn the process
46、, why not investigate those people looking for nude pictures, or exchanging Madonna songs?31The first paragraph is written to A introduce the leakage of personal data by search record B show the efficiency of finding needed information on the Web C discuss the ways to fulfill personal ambitions D criticize the powerful effect of the websites on people32According to the Alan Eustace, the great prog
