欧洲文化课后问答题.doc
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1、欧洲文化入门课后练习答案参考Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture.Greek culture1. What are the major elements in European culture? There are two main elements the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society? In Greek society, only adult male
2、 citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in th
3、e contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being. 3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature? He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine l
4、iterary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers. 4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write? Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides we
5、re three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, Agamemnon Sophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone Euripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women 5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Her
6、odotus and Thucydides. Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse. 6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers? No, I wouldnt. Because those philo
7、sophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time. 7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy? No, he didnt. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato
8、recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method. 8. Tell some of Platos ideas. Why do people call him an
9、 idealist? (1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had
10、 created the world, people call him an idealist. 9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotles works that are still influential today? (1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from
11、 Platos reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric. 10. Who were some
12、 of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure? (1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno. (2)No, it doesnt. The a
13、ncient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. 11. Say
14、 something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there? (1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and wo
15、rshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there. 12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on En
16、glish literature. Some examples: (1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their
17、 admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron s Isle of Greece, Shelley s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyces modernist masterpiece Ulysses. . Roman cult
18、ure 罗马文化1. What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them? (1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike en
19、ough for most of their deities to be readily identified Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so onand their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches f
20、rom Bangladesh to Iceland. (2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didnt, excepted for the brief moment of Alexanders conquests, which soon disintegrated. 2. Explain Pax Romana. In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augu
21、stus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong armythe famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable ph
22、enomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana. 3. What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law? In Romans earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for
23、 the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries. 4. Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian” mean? Did Cicero write that kind
24、of rhetorical prose all the time? Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. Ciceronian means Ciceros eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose. No, he didnt. Because Cicero appears as a different ma
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