1、序号030论文题目（英文）ACOMPARISONOFCONFUSABLEENGLISHANDCHINESECONSONANTS论文题目（中文）英汉易混淆辅音对比分析答辩成绩考生姓名准考证号身份证号指导教师完成日期2012年9月16日天津市高等教育自学考试英语（本）毕业论文CONTENTSABSTRACTINCHINESEIABSTRACTINENGLISHIIIINTRODUCTION111ENGLISHANDCHINESECONSONANTS112THECONFUSABLECONSONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESE3IIACOMPARISONTHECONFUSABLECONS
2、ONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESE521STOPSENGLISHB,D,ANDCHINESEP,T,KPINYINB,D,G522THEENGLISHPOSTALVEOLARFRICATIVEANDTHECHINESERETROFLEXFRICATIVESH823THEENGLISHGLOTTALHANDTHECHINESEVELARFRICATIVEXH1024THEENGLISHAPPROXIMANTR,POSTALVEOLARANDTHECHINESERETROFLEXFRICATIVER1225THEENGLISHLATERALDARKLANDTHECHINESELAT
3、ERALLL1526OTHERCONFUSABLECONSONANTS16IIIABRIEFANALYSISTHEREASONSFORTHECONFUSIONS1731ANEGLECTOFTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEPLACESANDTHEMANNERSOFARTICULATIONSOFSIMILARCONSONANTS1732ANEGLECTOFDIFFERENTDISTINCTIVEFEATURESINDIFFERENTLANGUAGES1833CONFUSIONSBETWEENIPA,THEENGLISHPHONETICALPHABETANDTHECHINESEPINYINAL
4、PHABET1834OTHERREASONS20IVCONCLUSION21NOTES23BIBLIOGRAPHY24I摘要英国英语共有24个辅音，汉语普通话有22个辅音。英汉两种语言中，有一部分辅音是完全相同的，不存在混淆问题。另一部分辅音属于英语或汉语独有，且语音面貌具有明显的区别特征，不易引起混淆。除此之外，尚有五组辅音，语音面貌近似，但音素并不相同，对于英语学习者而言，容易产生混淆，尤其容易出现以近似的汉语辅音代替英语辅音的错误现象。本文针对数组英汉相似且易混淆辅音，进行有关发音方法与发音部位的具体对比，并引用实证，探讨相关音位的具体区别特征，分析混淆原因，提出学习建议。关键词英语辅音
5、；汉语辅音；对比分析IIABSTRACTTHEREARE24CONSONANTSINBRITISHENGLISH,WHILE22INMANDARININTHESETWOLANGUAGES,SOMECONSONANTSAREIDENTICAL,SOTHEREARENOCONFUSIONSSOMECONSONANTSRESPECTIVELYBELONGTOTHEONLYLANGUAGE,WHOSEPRONUNCIATIONSAREOBVIOUSLYDIFFERENT,WHICHWILLNOTLEADTOCONFUSIONBESIDES,THEREAREFIVEGROUPSOFCONSONANTS,
6、SIMILARBUTNOTIDENTICALFORENGLISHLEARNERS,THELATTERONESAREEASYTOBECONFUSEDANDTHEMISTAKEOFSUBSTITUTINGTHEENGLISHCONSONANTSWITHTHESIMILARCHINESECONSONANTSMAYTAKEPLACETHISPRESENTPAPERCONCENTRATESONTHESIMILARCONSONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESETHATAREEASYTOBECONFUSED,PRESENTSDETAILEDCOMPARATIVEANALYSESONTHEMANN
7、ERSANDTHEPLACESOFARTICULATIONWITHDEMONSTRATION,THISPAPERDISCUSSESTHEDISTINCTIVEFEATURESOFTHERELATEDPHONEMESANDANALYZESTHECAUSEOFCONFUSION,THENPUTFORWARDCORRESPONDINGSUGGESTIONSFORENGLISHLEARNERSKEYWORDSENGLISHCONSONANTSCHINESECONSONANTSCOMPARATIVEANALYSIS1IINTRODUCTION11ENGLISHCONSONANTSANDCHINESECO
8、NSONANTSSPEECHANDWRITINGARETHETWOMEDIAORSUBSTANCESUSEDBYNATURALLANGUAGESASVEHICLESFORCOMMUNICATIONOFTHESETWOMEDIAOFLANGUAGE,SPEECHISMOREBASICTHANWRITINGTHUSTHESTUDYOFSOUNDSISOFGREATIMPORTANCEINLANGUAGELEARNINGASTWOLANGUAGESBELONGTODIFFERENTLANGUAGEFAMILIES,BOTHENGLISHANDCHINESEHAVEITSPARTICULARFEATU
9、RESINSPEECHSOUNDSFORCHINESESTUDENTS,THEREAREMANYFRESHPHONESDIFFICULTTOLEARNINENGLISHANDFORENGLISHSTUDENTSWHOARELEARNINGCHINESEVICEVERSAANINITIALCLASSIFICATIONWILLDIVIDETHESPEECHSOUNDSINEVERYLANGUAGEINTOTWOBROADCATEGORIESVOWELSANDCONSONANTSFORCONVENIENCE,ONLYTHECONSONANTSAREDISCUSSEDINTHISPAPERTHEREA
10、RE24CONSONANTSINENGLISHRECEIVEDPRONUNCIATION,HEREINAFTERTHESAME,WHILE22INCHINESEMANDARIN,HEREINAFTERTHESAMETABLE11ANDTABLE12SHOWALLTHECONSONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESERESPECTIVELY2TABLE111ACHARTOFENGLISHCONSONANTS1MANNEROFARTICULATIONPLACEOFARTICULATIONBILABIALLABIODENTALDENTALALVEOLARPOSTALVEOLARPALATA
11、LVELARGLOTTALSTOP/PLOSIVEVOICELESSPTKVOICEDBDNASALMNFRICATIVEVOICELESSFSHVOICEDVZAPPROXIMANTWJWLATERALLAFFRICATEVOICELESSTVOICEDDTABLE112ACHARTOFCHINESECONSONANTS2INTHEBRACKETSTHEREAREPINYINCHARACTERSMANNEROFARTICULATIONPLACEOFARTICULATIONBILABIALLABIODENTALALVEOLARRETROFLEXCORONALVELARSTOP/PLOSIVEV
12、OICELESSUNASPIRATEDPBTDKASPIRATEDPHPTHTKHKNASALVOICEDMNFRICATIVEVOICELESSFSSHXXHVOICEDRLATERALVOICEDLAFFRICATEVOICELESSUNASPIRATEDTSZTZHTJASPIRATEDTSHCTHCHTHQACCORDINGTOTHESETWOCHARTS,WECANEASILYFINDOUTTHESIXCONSONANTSTHATAREIDENTICALINENGLISHANDCHINESEMNFSLINFACT,THEREARETHREEOTHERSP,T,K,BECAUSEINE
13、NGLISHTHEYARE3PRONOUNCEDASPH,TH,KHTHESAMEASINCHINESEUNLESSTHEYFOLLOWTHECONSONANTSINAWORD,THEABOVENINECONSONANTSINENGLISHCOULDALSOBEFOUNDINCHINESEOTHERWISE,EACHOFTHEREMAININGCONSONANTSISSPECIALINENGLISHORCHINESENOWTHEPAPERISTOMAKEABRIEFCOMPARISONFORTHESENONIDENTICALCONSONANTSWECANSEE,THROUGHTHETWOTAB
14、LES,INENGLISHSOMECONSONANTSARECLOSETOTHECHINESEONESBOTHINMANNERANDPLACEOFARTICULATIONFOREXAMPLE,BOTHENGLISHBANDCHINESEPPINYINBAREBILABIALSTOPSBESIDES,THEYSOUNDSIMILARTOEACHOTHERINWORDS,ESPECIALLYFORTHEBEGINNERS,EGTHEENGLISHWORDBARBSOUNDSLIKETHECHINESECHARACTER八PAEIGHTWHATISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETWO
15、CONSONANTSWHYTHEREISCONFUSIONBETWEENTHEMQUESTIONSLIKETHESEWILLBEDISCUSSEDINTHISPAPER12THECONFUSABLECONSONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESENOWWECLASSIFYTHESIMILARCONSONANTSFROMTABLE111AND112INTOGROUPS1STOPSENGLISHB,D,ANDCHINESEP,T,KPINYINB,D,GTHEYARESIXSTOPSTHEINITIALONESINEACHLANGUAGEAREBILABIALS,THESECONDONE
16、SALVEOLARSANDTHELASTONESVELARSASTHETWOINEACHPAIRSOUNDSIMILAR,THESECONSONANTSAREOFTENCONFUSED2FRICATIVESENGLISHANDCHINESESH4THEYSOUNDSIMILAR,THUSAREOFTENCONFUSED,EGTHEINITIALCONSONANTOFTHEENGLISHWORDSHEIANDTHATOFTHECHINESEWORD谁EIWHOSOUNDALIKE3FRICATIVESENGLISHHANDCHINESEXHTHESETWOCONSONANTSARECLOSETO
17、EACHOTHERBUTNOTIDENTICALFOREXAMPLE,THEENGLISHWORDHEHIANDTHECHINESEWORD黑XEIBLACKAREPRONOUNCEDWITHDIFFERENTCONSONANTS4ENGLISHAPPROXIMANTR,POSTALVEOLARANDCHINESEFRICATIVERTHEENGLISHAPPROXIMANTRANDTHECHINESEVOICEDRETROFLEXFRICATIVERAREINFACTQUITEDIFFERENTPHONESBUTSOUNDALIKEBESIDES,INTHEENGLISHPHONETICAL
18、PHABETISALWAYSWROTEASRFOREASEALTHOUGHRISAVERYDIFFERENTSOUNDINIPA,WHICHHASLEDTOMORECONFUSIONTHEENGLISHVOICEDPOSTALVEOLARFRICATIVEANDTHECHINESEVOICEDRETROFLEXFRICATIVERAREIDENTICALINMANNERSOFARTICULATIONBUTDIFFERENTINPLACESOFARTICULATION,ASSAMEASTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENANDSH5ENGLISHLATERALLANDCHINESELATER
19、ALLTHESETWOCONSONANTSAREIDENTICALWHENTHEYAREALLFOLLOWEDBYAVOWELHOWEVER,WHENANENGLISHCONSONANTLAPPEARSINTHEENDOFAWORD,ITISPRONOUNCEDASADARK,DIFFERENTFROMTHECHINESECONSONANTSLSOMETIMESTHEREISCONFUSIONBETWEENL5AND6OTHERSIMILARCONSONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESETHEREAREOTHERCONSONANTS,WHICHARENOTLISTED,BUTMAY
20、CAUSECONFUSIONFOREXAMPLE,THEDENTALFRICATIVES,ANDTHEALVEOLARFRICATIVESS,ZHOWEVER,INENGLISH,ADENTALORALVEOLARFRICATIVECANDISTINGUISHMEANING,EGTHEWORDTHINGIANDSINGSIAREDIFFERENTINMEANINGTHUSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEEN,ANDS,ZHAVEALREADYBEENEMPHASIZEDDURINGJUNIORENGLISHCLASSINVIEWOFTHISFACT,HERETHEYWILLNOTBEDI
21、SCUSSEDAGAININCHAPTERII,ONLYTHELISTEDFIVEGROUPSOFCONSONANTSARECONCENTRATEDIIACOMPARISONTHECONFUSABLECONSONANTSINENGLISHANDCHINESEINTHEPREVIOUSCHAPTER,FIVEGROUPSOFCONFUSABLECONSONANTSARELISTEDINTHISCHAPTER,DETAILEDCOMPARATIVEANALYSISFOREACHGROUPISTOBEPRESENTED21THECONFUSABLESTOPSB,D,INENGLISHANDP,T,K
22、INCHINESEINENGLISHTHEREARESIXSTOPS,REPRESENTEDAS/B,P/,/D,T/,/,K/INCHINESETHESIXSTOPSAREWRITTENINPINYINASB,P,D,T,KATFIRSTSIGHT,AFEWLEARNERSTHINKTHATTHETWOGROUPSOFCONSONANTSAREULTIMATELYIDENTICALTHISTHOUGHTISATERRIBLEMISTAKESURELY,IN6MOSTSYLLABLESTHEENGLISH/P,T,K/AREIDENTICALWITHTHECHINESEP,T,KBUTTHEO
23、THERSTOPS,ENGLISH/B,D,/ANDCHINESEB,D,WHICHSOUNDALIKEONEANOTHERFORMOSTBEGINNERS,ARENOTIDENTICALINANYSYLLABLES,IETHEINITIALCONSONANTSOFBANBNAND班PANCLASSARENOTIDENTICALNORARETHATOFDODUAND度TUPASS,GOUAND够KOUENOUGHWHATARETHEDIFFERENCESCOULDTHESESIMILARCONSONANTSBEREPLACEDBYEACHOTHERINDAILYSPEECH,ORARETHEY
24、STRICTLYDISTINGUISHEDCOMPARETHESECONSONANTSINTABLE21,ANDTHENMAKEFURTHERCONCLUSIONSTABLE21STOPSINENGLISHANDCHINESEPINYININBRACKETSBILABIALALVEOLARVELARENGLISHBPDTKVOICEDASPIRATEDAFTERSAFTERSAFTERSCHINESEPBPHPTDTHTKKHKVOICEDASPIRATEDWECANSEEFROMTHISTABLE,THATTHEENGLISHSTOPSP,T,KAREIDENTICALWITHTHECHIN
25、ESEONESEXCEPTTHEYAREAFTERASPHONEIN7ENGLISHWORDSOTHERWISE,THEENGLISHSTOPSB,D,AREALWAYSDIFFERENTFROMTHECHINESEONES,BECAUSEINENGLISHTHEYAREVOICEDBUTINCHINESEVOICELESSVOICEDORVOICELESSISAVERYIMORPTANTDISTINCTIVEFEATUREFORENGLISHSTOPSASWELLASASPIRATIONORUNASPIRATIONFORCHINESESTOPS,BECAUSEVOICEDORVOICELES
26、SDISTINGUISHESMEANINGINENGLISHSOISASPIRATIONORUNASPIRATIONINCHINESEFOREXAMPLE,INENGLISH,IFYOUPRONOUNCETHEWORDKATEKHEITWITHANUNAPIRATEDKASKEIT,OTHERSMAYTHINKTHATYOUHAVEAFOREIGNACCENTBUTWILLNOTMISUNDERSTANDYOUININDIANENGLISH,FOREXAMPLE,STOPSAREUNASPIRATEDBEFOREAVOWELHOWEVER,IFYOUPRONOUNCETHEWORDGATEEI
27、TWITHAVOICELESSKASKEIT,OTHERSTHINKTHATYOUAREREFERINGTOAGIRLSNICKNAME,NOTTHEDOORTHESIMILARSITUATIONMAYTAKEPLACEINOURMOTHERLANGUAGECHINESEIFAFOREIGNERPRONOUNCESTHECHINESEWORD八PAEIGHTWITHAVOICEDBASBA,HEWOULDBECONSIDEREDHAVEASTRANGEACCENT,INMOSTDIALECTSOFCHINESETHEREAREVOICEDSTOPSBUTNOTINMANDARINBUTMAYN
28、OTBEMISUNDERSTOODHOWEVER,IFHEPRONOUNCES怕PHAFEARWITHANUNASPIRATEDPASPAASACUSTOMOFHISMOTHERLANGUAGE,INMOSTEUROPEANLANGUAGES,SUCHASFRENCHORRUSSIAN,STOPSAREUNASPIRATEDBEFOREAVOWELHEOBVIOUSLYLEADSTOAMISUNDERSTANDINGFORHISLISTENERSBECAUSEHEIS8BELIEVEDTOSAYANOTHERWORD八PAEIGHTTHATMEANS“EIGHT”BUTNOTTHEORIGIN
29、ALMEANING“FEAR”HEWANTSTOEXPRESSOFTHEOTHERSTOPS,THATISENGLISHD,ANDCHINESET,KD,THESITUATIONSARESIMILARINCONCLUSION,ASTHEREAREDIFFERENTDISTINCTIVEFEATURESOFSTOPSINEACHLANGUAGE,ENGLISHB,D,SHOULDNOTBEPRONOUNCEDASCHINESEPINYINB,D,OTHERWISETHEREWILLBEACONFUSIONINMEANINGENGLISHB,D,AREVOICEDSTOPS,WHENTHEYARE
30、PRONOUNCED,THEVOCALFOLDS,WHICHARECLOSETOGETHER,ARECAUSEDBYTHEAIRSTREAMTOVIBRATEAGAINSTEACHOTHERCHINESEP,T,KB,D,AREVOICELESSSTOPS,WHENTHEYAREPRONOUNCED,THEVOCALFOLDSAREAPART,THEAIRCANPASSTHROUGHEASILYTHISISTHEDIFFERENCEINARTICULATIONANDITISESSENTIALTODISTINGUISHVOICEDSTOPSWITHVOICELESSSTOPS,ASPIRATED
31、ONESWITHUNASPIRATEDONESBOTHINENGLISHANDCHINESE22THEENGLISHPOSTALVEOLARFRICATIVEANDTHECHINESERETROFLEXFRICATIVESHTABLE22LANGUAGEENGLISHCHINESECONSONANTSHMANNEROFARTICULATIONFRICATIVEFRICATIVE9VOICEDPLACEOFARTICULATIONPOSTALVEOLARRETROFLEXTHESETWOCONSONANTSSHARESOMECOMMONFEATURESTHEYAREBOTHFRICATIVES,
32、BOTHVOICELESSBESIDES,THEIRPLACESOFARTICULATIONARECLOSEBUTTHEYARENOTIDENTICALTABLE22DESCRIBESTHEMWECANSEEFROMTHISTABLETHATTHETWOCONSONANTSAREIDENTICALINMANNERSOFARTICULAIONBESIDES,THEPLACESOFARTICULATIONOFTHEMARECLOSETHUSTHEYAREEASILYCONFUSEDBUTTHEYAREDIFFERENTPHONES,BECAUSETHEACTIONSOFTHETONGUEARENO
33、TSAMEWHENANENGLISHISPRONOUNCED,THEBLADEOFTHETONGUEISBEHINDTHEALVEOLARRIDGE,ANDTHEFRONTOFTHETONGUEISBUNCHEDUPATTHEPALATEWHENACHINESESHISPRONOUNCED,THETONGUETIPORBLADEISCURLEDBACKSOTHATTHEUNDERSIDEOFTHETONGUETIPORBLADEFORMSASTRICTUREWITHTHEBACKOFTHEALVEOLARRIDGEORTHEHARDPALATETOBEBRIEF,THEFORMER,THETO
34、NGUEISBUNCHEDUPTHELATTER,CURLEDBACKTHUS,THESETWOCONSONANTSSOUNDDIFFERENTFOREXAMPLE,INENGLISH,THEWORDSHEIISPRONOUNCEDWITHANINITIALFRICATIVEVOICELESSPOSTALVEOLAR,WHILEINCHINESETHEWORD是SHIYESISPRONOUNCEDWITHANINITIALFRICATIVEVOICELESSRETROFLEXSHSOARESHYAIAND杀ASHAKILLIFENGLISHISREPLACEDBYCHINESESH,ITISN
35、OTTHEMOSTCOMMON10MODELACCENTINTHETEACHINGOFENGLISHASAFOREIGNLANGUAGEKNOWNASRECEIVEDPRONUNCIATION,BBCENGLISHOROXFORDENGLISHINAWORD,ITISNOTCOMMONLYACCEPTEDINCHINESE,IFSHISSUBSTITUTEDBY,OBVIOUSLYITISNOTACCENTOFSTANDARDCHINESEALSOKNOWNASMANDARINORPUTONGHUAINCONCLUSION,THEENGLISHFRICATIVE,WHICHISUSUALLYR
36、EPRESENTEDINWRITINGWITHSH,ISDISTINCTFROMTHECHINESEFRICATIVE,WHICHISALWAYSWRITTENASSHINPINYINHOWEVER,ANINTERCHANGEOFTHESETWOCONSONANTSDOESNOTLEADTOMISTAKESINMEANINGTHOUGHITISANUNCONVENTIONALACCENTANYWAY,ITISIMPORTANTTODISTINGUISHTHETWOCONSONANTSWHENINENGLISHISTOBEPRONOUNCED,THETONGUEMUSTBEBUNCHEDUPAT
37、THEPALATEBUTNOTCURLEDBACKWHENINCHINESESHISTOBEPRONOUNCED,THETONGUEMUSTBECURLEDBACKTOTHEALVEOLARRIDGEORTOTHEHARDPALATE23THEENGLISHGLOTTALHANDTHECHINESEVELARFRICATIVEXHTABLE23THEENGLISHGLOTTALHANDTHECHINESEVELARXHLANGUAGEENGLISHCHINESECONSONANTHXHMANNEROFARTICULATIONFRICATIVEFRICATIVEVOICED11PLACEOFAR
38、TICULATIONGLOTTALVELARWITHSIMILARPRONUNCIATIONS,THEWRITINGFORMSOFTHESETWOCONSONANTSAREBOTH“H”,BUTTHEYREPRESENTDIFFERENTPHONESINENGLISHANDCHINESETHEDISTINCTIVEFEATURESOFTHESETWOCONSONANTSAREPOINTEDOUTINTABLE23WECANSEEFROMTHETABLETHATTHEMANNERSOFARTICULATIONOFTHESETWOCONSONANTSAREEQUAL,WHEREASTHEPLACE
39、SOFARTICULATIONAREDIFFERENTHOWEVER,THEYSOUNDSIMILAR,OFTENLEADTOCONFUSIONFOREXAMPLE,THEPRONUNCIATIONOFTHEENGLISHWORD“HER”HISSIMILARTOTHATOFTHECHINESEWORD喝XDRINKBUTFROMLINGUISTSVIEWPOINT,THEYAREOBVIOUSLYDIFFERENTWHENANENGLISHGLOTTALHISPRONOUNCED,THETWOPIECESOFVOCALCORDSAREPUSHEDTOWARDEACHOTHERSOTHATTH
40、EAIRSTREAMISPARTIALLYOBSTRUCTEDANDTURBULENTAIRFLOWISPRODUCEDINTHEPROCESSOFPRONUNCIATION,THETONGUEISRELAXEDANDLOWEREDDOWNASARESULT,THISCONSONANTISNOTLOUD,THOUGHWITHSTRONGAIRSTREAMWHENACHINESEVELARXHISPRONOUNCED,THEBACKOFTHETONGUEISRAISEDCLOSETOTHEVELUM,MAKESANARROWCORRIDORSOTHATTHEAIRSTREAMISPUSHEDOU
41、TANDTHESOUNDISPRODUCEDITISNECESSARYTOPOINTOUTTHATTHEPLACEOFARTICULATIONOFXISSIMILARTOTHATOFTHEVELARSTOPSK,SO,INTHECHINESEPINYINALPHABET,XHIS12PUTWITHKH,KG,KINSEQUENCEHOWEVER,KH,KG,KANDXHSOUNDQUITEDIFFERENTBECAUSETHEFORMERONESARESTOPS,WHILETHELATTERISAFRICATIVETHEGLOTTALHAPPEARSINSOMEGERMANTICLANGUAG
42、ES,EGENGLISHANDGERMANTHEVELARXHWASACONSONANTINOLDENGLISHANDCANSTILLBEFOUNDINSOMEDIALECTSOFENGLISHBUTNOTINRECEIVEDPRONUNCIATIONHOWEVER,INSOMELANGUAGES,LIKECHINESEANDRUSSIAN,THEVELARXISANIMPORTANTCONSONANTWHICHAPPEARSFREQUENTLYTHEBASICWORDSINCHINESESUCHAS和XAND,好XAUGOODAND黑XEIBLACK,INRUSSIANSUCHASGOOD,
43、COLDANDWANTAREALLPRONOUNCEDWITHANINITIALVELARFRICATIVEXINTHECHINESEPINYINALPHABETITISWRITTENAS“H”ANDTHESYMBOL“X”REPRESENTSANOTHERCONSONANTINCONCLUSION,WHENAGLOTTALHISPRONOUNCED,THEVOCALCORDSARECLOSEDTOGETHERANDTHETONGUEISLOWEREDDOWNWHENAVELARXHISPRONOUNCED,THEBACKOFTHETONGUEISRAISEDUPCLOSETOTHEVELUM
44、WITHDIFFERENTPLACESOFARTICULATION,THESETWOCONSONANTSARENOTIDENTICALITISNECESSARYFORCHINESESTUDENTSASWELLASRUSSIANSTUDENTSTOMASTERTHEDETAILEDDIFFERENCESOFTHESETWOCONSONANTSINORDERTOSPEAKENGLISHWITHACOMMONMODELACCENT24THEENGLISHAPPROXIMANTR,POSTALVEOLARANDTHE13CHINESERETROFLEXFRICATIVERTHEDISTINCTIVEF
45、EATURESOFTHESETHREECONSONANTSARELISTEDINTABLE24TABLE24LANGUAGEENGLISHCHINESECONSONANTRRMANNEROFARTICULATIONAPPROXIMANTFRICATIVEFRICATIVEVOICEDPLACEOFARTICULATIONALVEOLARPOSTALVEOLARRETROFLEXTHUSWEKNOWTHATTHEENGLISHRISANALVEOLARAPPROXIMANT,THECHINESERISARETROFLEXFRICATIVEWHATISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHE
46、MFIRSTLY,ANAPPROXIMANTISSIMILARTOAFRICATIVEINMANNEROFARTICULATIONBUTNOTTHESAMEBOTHAPPROXIMANTANDFRICATIVEAREPRODUCEDBYNARROWINGTHEVOCALTRACTATTHEPLACEOFARTICULATIONWHENTHEVOCALTRACTISNARROWED,BUTNOTENOUGHTOPRODUCEATURBULENTAIRSTREAM,SUCHANARTICULATIONISCALLEDANAPPROXIMANTWHENTHEVOCALTRACTISNARROWEDE
47、NOUGHTOPRODUCEATURBULENTAIRSTREAM,SUCHANARTICULATIONISCALLEDAFRICATIVEINBRIEF,INTHEARTICULATIONOFTHE14ENGLISHR,THEVOCALTRACTISALITTLEBROADERTHANTHATOFTHECHINESERSECONDLY,THEENGLISHRISANALVEOLAR,INTHEARTICULATIONOFWHICHTHETONGUETIPORBLADEISRAISEDUPTOTHEALVEOLARRIDGETHECHINESERISARETROFLEX,THETONGUETI
48、PORBLADEISCURLEDBACKSOTHATTHEUNDERSIDEOFTHETONGUETIPORBLADEFORMSASTRICTUREWITHTHEBACKOFTHEALVEOLARRIDGEORTHEHARDPALATEINBRIEF,THEFORMER,THETONGUETIPISRAISEDUPTHELATTER,ITISCURLEDBACKNOWCOMPARETHEENGLISHCONSONANTWITHTHECHINESECONSONANTRASBOTHVOICEDFRICATIVES,THEYAREEQUALINTHEMANNERSOFARTICULATIONHOWE
49、VER,THEPLACESOFARTICULATIONOFTHEMAREDIFFERENTTHEFORMERISAPOSTALVEOLAR,ARTICULATEDWITHTHETONGUEBUNCHEDUPATTHEPALATETHELATTERISARETROFLEX,ARTICULATEDWITHTHETONGUECURLEDBACKTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESETWOCONSONANTSISJUSTLIKETHATBETWEENENGLISHANDCHINESESHTHEREARESOMEEXAMPLESLOOKATTHEENGLISHWORDREALRIL,USUALJUULANDTHECHINESEWORD睿UEIWISDOMWHENTHEFIRSTWORDISTOBEPRONOUNCED,THETONGUETIPISRAISEDUPTOTHEALVEOLARRIDGEBUTNOTVERYCLOSET
