1、A word of warning: Not all the keys provided here are correct. Use your brains!Unit 1 pp. 9-16P.9 Check Your Understanding: a-d: F e. TIn-Class Activities 1 f. Word has it theyre divorcing.a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are done c. the promise on
2、e has maded. spoken command or signale. information f. piece of news; messageP10 2. (1) five criteria: Potential pause: The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fall between words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not wit
3、hin them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own.Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning. (2) Do you think these criteria are q
4、uestionable in any way? Can they be applied to the identification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”? No, as the above analysis explained. No, they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚 are danchuci (单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently. P11 3. (1) Suppose we want to know what
5、are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese? The, of, to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that 的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着3. (2) They are basically functional words. possessive words (of, 的) number words (a,一)copula words (is, 是)conjunctions (and, 和) and
6、 localizers (in, 在); English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you, that and it which are absent in Chinese. 4. words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) onomatopoeic words “sl-” is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”. (
7、1) Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary (2) Football and handball concern the body part which kick/pass the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put.(3) People have bo
8、dily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy.(4) Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention. 5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short)
9、 P13 (1) half, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) grammatical differences: In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say “leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) dis
10、tinctive spellings:For Chinese characters “博览会”, British English has “fair” while American English users trade show. “Lift and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples. (4) same words with different meanings: one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(U
11、S) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above that is the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorpants(Brit) mens underpants; womens or childr
12、ens knickers(US) trousers6. Barack Obamas choice of words(1) Empathy means identification with and understanding of anothers situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody elses shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Hope, according to Obama, is that something bett
13、er is waiting for us if were willing to work for it and fight for it, if we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) “As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers: Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. functi
14、onal words Like all who have held this office before me, I have experienced setbacks.There are things I would do differently if given the chance.Yet I have always acted with the best interests of our country in mind.I have followed my conscience and done what I thought was right.You may not agree wi
15、th some tough decisions I have made.But I hope you can agree that I was willing to make the tough decisions.2. For example, we learn that “word” can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that hes left the country. (据说他已经离开这个国家了).” But actually, we wil
16、l not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because y
17、ou may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing. 3. No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. underline word equivalents So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us
18、resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves but each other.Let us remember that, if this financial crisis taught us anything, its that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.In this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. Lets resist
19、 the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long.Lets remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party founded on the values of self-reliance and in
20、dividual liberty and national unity.Those are values that we all share. And while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back our progress.Language is composed of not just individual words, but al
21、so word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.
22、Unit 2 pp. 24 -29Check Your Understanding: a-e. F In-Class Activities 1.(1) S is pronounced as s z and iz when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as s or z.(2) Yes, for example, the plural form of sheep r
23、emains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”. (3) The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as t, d and id2. prefixes of negation: a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-symmetryasymmetrytypicalatypical forgettable unforgettabletieuntiearticulat
24、e inarticulate, discreet indiscreetmature immature, partial impartiallegal illegallegible illegiblerelevant irrelevantreverent irreverentlikedislikeabledisableuse misuselead misleadsense nonsense commercialnoncommercialformdeformconstructiondeconstruction(2) Un- is usually prefixed before transitive
25、 verbs, such as tie untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employmentunemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essentialnon-essential, and nouns, such as existencenon-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made
26、acronyms in English lexical system.3.(1) No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) morphological structure:inaccessibility inaccessible -ity in- accessible access -ible(3) These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we
27、go too far if we hold this notion in mind. 4. (1) Stop, bin, wear, suit (2) complete conversions 5. (1) Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, PM post meridiem (2) 1月 January Jan 2月 February Feb 3月 March Mar. 4月 April Apr. 5月 May May 6月 June Jun. 7月 July Jul. 8月 August Aug. 9月 September Sept. 10月 October Oct. 11月
28、 November Nov. 12月 December Dec.6.(1) Marathon-telethon/ talkathon, hamburger-shrimpburger- (2) 无微不至无胃不治； 其乐无穷棋乐无穷7. (1) a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line: B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is t
29、he ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by A g toilet seat: B is part A.(2) “safety line” vs. “safe line”: NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe. (You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from
30、the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D; b.B; c. A; d. C; e. A; f. D2. a. intangibility b. unevenly in/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendliness d. notwithstanding friend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseas f. minimalist over/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistim/migrate/ion psych/olo
31、gy/isti. occurrences j. assumption oc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Safe: conversion Check-out: Composition Dead: conversionValuable: conversion4. Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for
32、) “good”, “thick” (and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion. 5. prince/princeling, under/underling, world/worlding, child/childish, self/selfish, fool/foolish6. Acronyms: NATO = North Atlantic Treaty
33、 Organization Initialisms: EU 欧盟 = European Union; ABC = American Broadcasting Corporation 美国广播公司 or Australian Broadcasting Corporation 澳大利亚广播公司; U.S. = the United States Keys to Unit 3Check Your Understandinga. F b. F c. T d. F e. F In-class Activities1. (1) Yes. There is some difference between t
34、he words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, “clean” means “completely”, while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.(2) Yes. There is some difference between the words “clean” and “cleanly” in the sentences in Group A. In Sentence A-a, “clean” means “completely”,
35、 while in Sentence A-b, “cleanly” means “easily”.(3) The words “high” and “highly” cannot be used interchangeably in the two sentences in Group C. In Sentence C-a, “high” is an adjective and functions as the complement, while in Sentence C-b, “highly” is an adverb and functions as the modifier.(4) a
36、1. I felt pretty nervous going into the exam, but after I got started I loosened up some.a2. The woman chairing the meeting speaks prettily. b1. When he saw her, he stopped dead in his tracks.b2. Im deadly serious. This isnt a game!c1. Someone left the back door wide open.c2. These laws were widely
37、regarded as too strict.2. (1) a. The old man smiled his refusal to the young man request. b. He lived a long life and died a natural death.(2) a. 每听完一个笑话，那个老人都咯咯地笑出他的喜悦之情。 b. 在经历了一番犹豫之后，我父亲点头表示他的同意。 c. 听完之后，主任笑着表示同意。(3) Eat, drink, and laugh yourself flat.Hearing such a ridiculous suggestion, we lau
38、ghed ourselves silly.Laugh a bitter laugh3. (1) a. They are often used in the negative sentences or with intensifying adverbs. Their subjects are not the agents, but the patients of their verb actions. Halliday proposes to regard such non-active, non-passive sentences as written in the middle voice.
39、b. They are used in the simple present or past tense.c. They denote some property or performance. The subjects of the sentences in which they are used need to possess the following two semantic features: -human, +concrete. They are either instrumental (工具格) subjects or objective (对象格) subjects.(2) O
40、f course, different voices express different meanings. iii means that the broke without an identifiable external force. It just broke. But iv suggests an identifiable external force that causes the window to break.(3) Alternating.4. (1) Dynamic adjectives denote attributes which are to some extent u
41、nder the control of the person or the thing that possesses them. For example, “kind” deontes an attribute which may not always be available, but may be available when it is required. Dynamic adjectives can be used in the imperative sentence and the progressive sentence. Stative adjectives denote a s
42、tate or condition, which is often permanent. For example, “red” describes the color of a person or a thing. It is stable and does not change readily. Stative adjectives cannot be used in the imperative sentence or the progressive sentence.(2) “Difficult” is not a dynamic adjective, but a stative adj
43、ective. It cannot be used in the progressive sentence. 5. (1) a. Jacks failure in the exam disappointed his parents.b. Marys rude behavior irritated all of us.c. The emission of waste gas from the factory has degraded the environment.(2) Yes. Chinese learners of English tend to use the analytical wa
44、ys of speaking, which are less abstract and more concrete and therefore are easier to understand and produce.(3) outweigh, outnumber, enlarge, shorten, frighten.6. (1) Yes. The author is justified in saying so, because “listen” is volitive, while “hear” is non-volitive. If the author wrote “Theres l
45、istening. Then theres hearing”, he would cause some misunderstandings and would not be able to make people become volunteers willingly.(2) Other pairs of volitive and non-volitive verbs include “look” and “see”.(3) We use adverbs showing volition to modify volitive verbs, but not non-volitive verbs.
46、 That is why “look” and “listen” can be used together with adverbs showing volition, whereas “see” and “hear” cannot. Thus, Sentence-a below is correct, but Sentence-b is wrong. a. They are listening attentively to the teacher.b. *They are hearing attentively to the teacher.Post-class Activities4. a
47、. industrial; b. lengthen; c. ashamed; d. description; e. strengthening; f. understanding; g. generosity; h. unemployed; i. proof5. a. completely; b. shameful; c. highly; d. easy; e. height; f. costly; g. later; h. medical; i. wisely6. a. ; b. kept; c. ; d. that happened; e. ; f. ; g. be made; h. ; i. be eaten; j. be listed; k. ; l. was; m. be washed; n. be cooked; o. ; p. ; q. were
