1、写作讲义梁坚实新东方梁坚实I Introduction综合写作：客观题情景再现听听力时努力记笔记，听懂且能记下来，否则不得分字数要求：Integrated Writing ：200-300Independent Writing：求400,越多越好，一般写够500以上都是good如果只写够最低值，得不了高分打字速度：30min400字以上格式：如何分段：缩行式空行式不要又缩又空标点符号后要空格，前面不空如何用TPO作文：综合写作：33道题全部复习材料（1-10,22-27，其余模考），练能力独立写作：33道题一道不要做，做机经。讲的30道题必须会写。2、 综合写作（1） 听力永远反驳阅读（2）阅
2、读和听力的文章结构（一总三分）阅读 听力总观点 总观点分论点一 分论点一 解释 例子+细节 细节分论点二 分论点二分论点三 分论点三Tips：对应性反驳，三三对应，逐条反驳分论点=要点（4）综合写作行文构架（共四段）：阅读主要说。（阅读总观点）。听力主要说。（听力总观点）。听力反驳了阅读；阅读认为。（阅读分论点一）。听力认为。（听力分论点一）。那是因为。（听力分论点一后的细节）。听力反驳了阅读；阅读认为。（阅读分论点二）。听力认为。（听力分论点二）。那是因为。（听力分论点二后的细节）。听力反驳了阅读；阅读认为。（阅读分论点三）。听力认为。（听力分论点三）。那是因为。（听力分论点三后的细节）。听
3、力反驳了阅读；综合写作不需要标题，不要写结尾补充：1阅读主旨句通常为第一段最后一句话。2阅读中论点为主观想法时，可以直接加not反推听力论点；阅读中论点为客观事实时，听力认为阅读中论点不充分。3阅读主旨句概括文章将来结构时，论点常为主观想法，直接+not4当阅读中一个论点有多个论证方式时，至少有一种论证方式为主观想法，听力只反驳主观想法5听完后先不要动笔写，回忆一下听的和读的是否能对得上关于行文框架的几点说明：A.综合写作2,3,4段每段必须包含3部分：阅读材料要点；听力材料的要点和细节；两者关系反驳B.阅读的细节不重要，可以不写，一般不写。如果写阅读细节的话，则需要归纳改写阅读的核心细节，最
4、忌讳大段照抄阅读原文C.阅读分论点的位置：段首或者段尾（占80%）；不明确（能归纳）。如出现在段首或者段尾，同义改写：分论点比较短的，同义词稍稍改写个别词即可；分论点比较长的，归纳一下。有三种改写方式：同义词改写（everyday=daily），同根词改写（necessary=necessity），全新表达方式D.听力材料无论是分论点还是细节用原词原句最准确，不需要改写，把原文都记下来是一个理想状态，如果达不到的话自己去归纳，归纳必须遵照听力原文，不允许发挥。E.核心思想是“替换”，表现用词用语的多样性，避免重复Reading material,the author, the writer.F
5、.得分的不是模板，是填的空综合写作重要句型：1. The lecture discusses., which differs from the main idea in the reading that.2. The professor makes the point that. The reading, in contrast, holds a different view that.3. An important point shown in the reading material is that., but the listening presents a conflicting id
6、ea that.4. The professor states that., which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that.5. The professor discusses that problem of. , and the reading views in a contrary (different) angle that.6. The professor makes the point that.On the contrary (in contrast), the writer demonstrate
7、s an idea that.模板：The reading material discusses., which differs from the main idea in the listening that.An important point shown in the reading material is that., but the listening presents a conflicting idea that.The writer makes the point that. The lecture, in contrast, holds a different view th
8、at.The author states that., which challenges the standpoint made by the professor who says that.综合写作笔记要点：笔记不求完美，符号记笔记，中英文结合，首字母缩写。笔记是练出来的，形成个性化笔记。每个听力段落至少听10遍，练习记笔记。记完笔记后练习复述。独立写作1、 写作流程2分钟审题题型分类（9种，价值判断、现象证明及其他）解题方法（万金油、拆分举例）文章结构论证方法开头主体段落（主题句+解释+例子+细节+结论）结尾2分钟检查2、 托福作文观点的要求由于托福作文题目都是可争论性的话题，所以同意或者
9、反对，选A或者选B都是可以的；观点的选取不需要完美的逻辑，只要自圆其说即可；观点也不需要思想深度，也不需要创新；-永远写好写的，自己能写的。尽量不要涉及到政治、宗教等问题。3、 文章结构四或者五段都可。开头结尾独立成段，中间可以写2-3段都可以。字数分配开头 50词结尾 30词即开头+结尾大约100词中间写3段，每段100词，100词不容易出现语言重复，所以五段比四段（每段150词）好时间分配开头 3分钟结尾2分钟中间每段100词 7分钟每段150词 10分钟4、 论证结构绝对论证：所有的观点指向一个方向五段：A A+ A+ A+/B- A 四段：A A+ A+ A 让步论证：一定要写五段；让
10、一小步五段：A A+ A+ A- A 五、开头（观点明确）1.三部分内容：引言（重要性/影响/趋势）论题（同义改写题目）观点2.句型（1）第一句话重要性 Importance.play an essential role in.be of equal importance to.be considered to be important means/role to.影响 Influence.had a widespread/positive/negative impact on.趋势 PrevalenceThere is a general trend that.There is a comm
11、on practice that.（2）第二句话论题（同义改写题目：同义词；同根词；全新表达方式）. Is a controversial topic.is under fierce discussion.However, people have conflicting/differing opinions about whether.(3)第三句话：观点Eg：1. Agree or disagree: Technology makes peoples lives more complicated.Technology has had tremendous impact on every as
12、pect of modern life.However, whether technology made our lives more complex or not is a controversial topic. From my perspective, I believe technology has made our lives more convenient.2.Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as
13、 members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Pets are an integral/essential part of the modern life. However, people are having differing opinions about whether it is beneficial to have a close relationship with them. I believe such a relationship brings benefits to people
14、 in various ways despite some potential harms.（典型让步）3. People should not pay for public transportation.试写：Public transportation plays an essential role in our modern daily life. However, whether people should pay for using public transportation or not is a controversial topic. From my perspective, p
15、eople should not pay for public transportation.范例：There is a general trend that the situation of traffic jams and air pollution has been progressively serious. Wether public transportation should be made free is under fierce discussion. I believe the plan should be implemented.6、 中间段落的写法结构：主题句+解释+例子
16、+细节+结论1. 主题句：前置于段首，陈述句。（不要套长模板，长模板不算有效字数）2. 解释：解释的适用范围：在任何情况下都可以解释，尤其在以下两种情况下必须要解释：当主题句抽象难懂之时，要用解释的方法使主题句具体化，为举例子打基础。当例子细节难以写出（如艺术），写不够字数时，用解释的方法充字数。解释的实现方法：为什么是这样/为什么要这样Eg1：吸烟有害健康。属于常识，不抽象，可以直接举例子，不过任何情况都可以解释，所以也可以解释并且举例子。Eg2：主题句：电影模式化导致电影产业发展缓慢。解释：情节过于一致，导致在影片一开始的时候，观众就能轻而易举的猜出结尾。举例：王子公主土匪的故事，一开始我
17、就能猜出谁和优雅的公主结婚了，谁被打死了。观众不爱买票，就缓慢了。范例：To begin with, stereotyped movies will decelerate the rate at which the movie industry develops. It is because there is no innovation in designing the plot. Once the audience can easily guess the ending at the beginning of movies, they will soon find those movies
18、boring. For example, a good-looking hero and an ugly villain, do you think who will marry the elegant princess and who will be put into jail finally in those movies? The answer is quite obvious. In this case, people will be reluctant to put movie tickets and as a result, the whole movie industry may
19、 actually suffer.试写：From my perspective, The stereotype of movies will lead to a decrease of the development speed in movie industry. The consistent plots are likely to cause the situation where the audience can guess the ending of the story without efforts at the very beginning of the movie. Take t
20、he story of prince, princess and thief for example. I can surmise who will finally marry the princess and who will be hit to death from the start. Thus the audience would not like to but tickets to watch such story, so the development process will be delayed.3. 举例真与假（托福作文考试不考察真实性）本人与别人中国人与外国人一例与多例（一
21、段中举一例后字数不够，相同类型的例子继续举）例子种类：物（东西）、事（人）、数例（根据.调查，得出.结论）找素材的方法：维基百科事例（取决于话题大小）话题大：名人 创新、成功两类话题Eg:亨利福特，史蒂夫乔布斯，沃尔特迪士尼，比尔盖茨，扎克伯格（科技进步，创造力）；奥巴马，赖斯（黑人的成功）；默克尔，希拉里克林顿（女人的成功）包括：生平简介（20词）创造贡献（50-60词）社会评价（20词）话题小：凡人 my uncle数例：背两个模板，只要套模板没数字也可以缺点：字数太少解决方案：数例+事例（举多例） 数例+事例（举多例） 物例+事例（举多例）总结：使段落变长的方法1 主题句后的解释2 举一
22、例深入挖掘细节3 举多例平行给出细节4 物、事、数例搭配使段落变长5 以上方法结合起来Eg：People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members so theres no need for the government to help them.观点：不赞成Firstly, people cannot solve the problem of unemployment either by themselves or with the help from their
23、 family members.（主题句）Unemployment is sometimes a nation-wide or even world-wide problem, It largely depends on the economic situation and government policies.（解释）According to a report issued by China Economic and Financial Research Center(CEFRC), the rate of unemployment soars from a normal value of
24、 3% to a horrible number, around 10%, when the financial crisis happens.（数例）In this case, government is responsible to carry out effective policies, like to increase governments expenditure, to create more job opportunities in the whole society, and to cut down the negative impact of the economic di
25、sorder.(attention:economic disorder=financial crisis) In contrast, a persons individual willingness and ability seems useless and it is barely possible for him to remedy the social disease.9、 结尾结尾呼应主题，重述分论点（同义改写）十、回顾开头第一句话（重要性，影响，趋势）第二句话：主题句第三句话：观点中间段主题句+解释+举例子（物、事、数例）+细节+结论结尾独立写作题型：价值判断现象证明今昔对比与预测绝
26、对词抽象词之“成功”抽象词之“幸福”资源分配薪水问题选课问题(一)价值判断价值判断就是分析一个事物的优缺点基本特征：should, important, necessary, prefer(单纯的价值判断) better, more.than.（带有明显比较关系的价值判断） 段落展开要用对比法 每一段都写A的优点和B的缺点解题方法：1. 万金油10个常用分论点：便利，健康，经济，交流，幸福，成功，环保，品德，科技，国家社会 “便健经交幸 成环品科国”便利（convenience）：节省/浪费时间时间灵活交通休闲、娱乐购物教育医疗健康和安全：营养（well-balanced nutrition）
27、压力过大（get stressed out）缓解压力（relieve the stress/pressure）生活习惯（life style: stay up）财产安全（property /possession/esteem safety）经济：就业问题工资（wage/salary）收入(income)支出（spending/expenditure/expense）盈利（make profits）交流：交友(make friends)集体活动(collective activity)人际关系(interpersonal relationship)社交圈子(enlarge social circ
28、le)幸福（happiness）：基本生活需求（basic needs）安全感（safety）感情（family love/friendship/love/interests/好恶：personal favor/preference/taste）成功（success）：成就感(a sense of achievement/accomplishment/fulfillment)荣誉感(a sense of honor)自信(self-confidence)竞争(competition)压力(pressure/stress)环保：生态平衡（ecological balance）沙漠化(desert
29、ification)滥砍滥伐(deforestation)可持续发展(sustainable development)濒危动物(endangered animals) Dinosaurs have been extinct.环境污染(environmental pollution)品格(virtue)：坚韧不拔（perseverance/tenacity）勤奋(industrious/diligence)独立(independence)团队合作(team spirit)诚实（honesty/integrity）科技与教育：学习知识（acquire knowledge） 注意动词科技的发展与创新
30、（scientific development and innovation）国家与社会（nation and society）社会福利（social welfare）思乡情结（nostalgia/homesickness）爱国情怀政府声誉让步段的写法：教材76页让步段：Admittedly, 让步段的主题句。+展开+反驳Admittedly, financial management at a younger age may allow children to become more responsible and organized. When parents ask their chil
31、dren to budget their pocket money, instead of being taken care of everything, children are actually treated like independent adults. This sense of trust and expectation may not only motivate them to become more attentive to price and market, but also teach them to resist shopping urges when they gro
32、w up. Besides, it is conceivable that those who have received early money-managing education would hardly get into debts or make reckless investments.Admittedly, media has had certain negative effects on children. The increasing scenes of violence and pornography inevitably cause imitation among tee
33、nagers, since they are at that particular stage in life where anything they are exposed to seriously impacts their minds. According to a recent survey conducted by Chinese Children Delinquency Association(CCDA) which polled hundreds of young criminals aged 12 to 18, most of respondents claimed that
34、they copied violent behaviors learnt from television shows and movies. Thus to some extent, television shows and movies are responsible for some of the problematic behaviors.However, television and movies also bring us many benefits.2. 拆分举例 78页两个原则：（1） 拆题干中的名词，可以有好几种拆法（2） 拆分的结果之间彼此互斥即可，而不需要无穷无尽两个都拆的
35、情况：一般不需要两个都拆中国人 city buses美国人 highway日本人 trains（二）现象证明类判断标准：证明现象是否存在解题方法：1. 找事发理由（万金油）2. 拆分法(三)薪水问题1、 出题方式主项 + 小项 高薪和低薪 长和短 离家远和离家近 易失去和不易失去 假期短和假期长 亲友时间短和长2、 解题思路不管怎么问，永远选高薪 （四大好处，选两个）First, money meets basic needs. I would not have to worry about paying rents or mortgages. I can send my children t
36、o expensive private schools. I would not have to worry about medical bills.不要展开基本需求Second, money allows me to pursue personal interests. Since Im a big fan of luxurious cars, like Mercedes Benz or BMW (Dior, Gucci, Chanel, Louis Vuitton), if I have a high-paying job, I can own all my dream cars. I a
37、lso like to travel. If I have enough money, I can travel to remote places like Africa, the Arctic or even the outer space.Thirdly, money makes it possible for me to help others in need. If my job pays well enough, I will donate part of my income to charity, helping the African kids to combat AIDS or
38、 the Cambodians get rid of the deadly landmines. 如何捐钱？教育（软件-请好老师，硬件-电脑）医疗（医学研究，病人救济-AIDS，cancer）Fourthly, a high salary job receives more respect. People roll out the red carpet for lawyers, medical doctors and business leaders. In contrast, a construction worker or a supermarket cashier usually doe
39、s not receive that treatment. It is because these professionals play a tremendous role in the society. Lawyers defend the innocent. Medical doctors make the difference between life and death. Investment bankers make millions of dollars for their investors.三、论证方法让步论证（兼谈小项）Admittedly, 离家远 可以买近的房子.Admi
40、ttedly, a job with more vacations allows us to spend more time on our hobbies, such as painting, shipping and traveling. Usually, a businessman seldom has chances to go for a trip due to his workload. It is quite possible that he suffers from much complaint from his wife and children. However, witho
41、ut enough financial supports, we cannot really enjoy our hobbies but become indoors men in contrast.（4） 选课问题1、 选课主体大学生、高中生、小孩儿2、 选课科目历史课基础理科课经济学课程外国文化课外语课音乐美术课3、 解题思路学不同的课的好处不同，危害相同所以思路：永远不选课因为：经济压力大精神压力大4、 论证方法让步论证：学这些课还有点儿用Never take the courses:1.The选课科目 courses put more pressure on students. 选课主
42、体students now have already had to learn many subjects such as 除题干外五个任意科目，which make students over burdened. In this case, schools should not add this course. Not difficult might it be, students have to worry about whether they can finish the homework on time and how they can pass the final examinati
43、ons. If things go on like this, some psychological diseases may follow, such as frustration, anxiety, melancholia and mania. We could not expect such students to perform well academically.（提到pressure必有这四个病）2. The选课科目 courses will make学校unaffordable for parents and students. To guarantee the quality
44、of lecturing, 学校have to hire talented professors and elites, such as professors from the best-known universities and business leaders. That will make the schooling cost skyrocket. Normally, a lecture given by a famous entrepreneur may cost the school over 1,000 dollars and finally, all of the costs
45、will be reflected in the tuition fee, making many underprivileged students drop out from schools.3. Admittedly, taking the 选课科目courses has its own merits.（分别写每门课的好处,30-40词）.However, considering the soaring tuition fee, a mandatory policy requiring all students to take the courses should not be adopted. In contrast, these courses can be set optional, allowing students who are really interested in the subjects to choose and it is reasonable for schools to charge a higher tuition fee to those students.3门里面选一门课：
