清朝外语教育以及对现在的启示.doc

1、英语本科生期末课程论文论文题目FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGINQINGDYNASTYANDTHEINSPIRATION清朝外语教育以及对现在的启示课程名称中国外语教育史学生姓名学号院系外国语学院英语系班级序号任课教师职称提交时间成绩1CATALOGUEABSTRACT21INTRODUCTION32HISTORICALBACKGROUND321CHINESEEFFECT4211HISTORYOFQINGDYNASTY4212ECONOMICANDSOMECULTUREBACKGROUND5213CHANGESINLATEQINGDYNASTY622INFLUENCEFROMT

2、HEWORLD7221CHANGEOFTHEWORLD7222INVASIONFROMWESTERNCOUNTRIES823THECHANGESOFPEOPLEINQINGDYNASTYTOWARDSFOREIGNLANGUAGES93FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHERSINQINGDYNASTY931MISSIONARIESASLANGUAGETEACHERS1032BUSINESSMENLEARNINGANDTEACHINGENGLISH1133LANGUAGETEACHERSINTHELATEQINGDYNASTY124FOREIGNLANGUAGESCHOOLSINQINGD

3、YNASTY1241TONGWENCOLLEGE1242SAINTJOHNSUNIVERSITY145THEENLIGHTENMENTOFENGLISHEDUCATIONINQINGDYNASTY15REFERENCE172FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGINQINGDYNASTYANDTHEINSPIRATIONABSTRACTTHEREARESOMANYREASONSTOLEARNAFOREIGNLANGUAGEMAYBETHEYAREGLAMOROUSANDROMANTIC,LIKEFRANCEMAYBETHEYAREPRACTICALBUTBORING,LIKEENGLI

4、SHTHEREASONSAREVARIOUS,BUTTHERESONLYONEGOAL,WHICHISTOLEARNITWELLORCOMMANDITANDEVENMASTERITBUTHOWCANWEMASTERAFOREIGNLANGUAGENOWADAYS,MOREANDMOREPEOPLEINCHINAARELEARNINGENGLISHTHEYHAVEFOREIGNTEACHERSANDEVENGOTOUSATOSTUDYITBUTMANYPEOPLEFEELTHEYCANNOTSPEAKITWELL,LETALONEMASTERITINQINGDYNASTY,THEREWERENO

5、TSOMANYFOREIGNTEACHERSTEACHINGINCHINA,ANDTHEREWERENOVIDEOSORLISTENINGTAPESTHATTIMEBUTLANGUAGESCHOOLSATTHATTIMEBROUGHTALONGMANYFAMOUSPEOPLETHATCHANGEDTHEHISTORYOFOURCOUNTRYSOHOWDIDTHEYLEARNENGLISHANDWHATWASTHETEACHINGMETHODTHEREMUSTBESOMETHINGINITTHATWECANLEARNKEYWORDSFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGTEACHINGM

6、ETHODHISTORYLANGUAGETEACHINGPHILOSOPHY3FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGINQINGDYNASTYANDTHEINSPIRATION1INTRODUCTIONPEOPLEUSEALANGUAGEINONEOFTHREEWAYSASANATIVELANGUAGE,ASASECONDLANGUAGE,ORAFOREIGNLANGUAGETHEREISNODOUBTTHATENGLISHISONEOFTHEWORLDSMOSTWIDELYUSEDLANGUAGESASASECONDLANGUAGE,ENGLISHISOFTENNECESSARYFO

7、ROFFICIALBUSINESS,EDUCATION,INFORMATIONANDOTHERACTIVITIESINMANYCOUNTRIESITISSAIDTHATENGLISHHASBECOMETHELANGUAGEOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDTRANSPORTALMOST60PERCENTOFTHEWORLDSRADIOBROADCASTSAND70PERCENTOFTHEWORLDSMAILSUSEENGLISHTHEREAREMANYOTHERFOREIGNLANGUAGESTHATAREVERYIMPORTANTFORCHINESEPEOPLETOLEARNBE

8、CAUSETHEYARETHEBRIDGEBETWEENCHINAANDWESTERNCOUNTRIESANDTHEWORLDSPROSPERITYANDSTABILITYWILLDEPENDONHOWWELLCHINAANDWESTERNCOUNTRIESUNDERSTANDEACHOTHERBUTHOWCANWELEARNTHEMWELLMAYBEWESHOULDSTUDYTHELANGUAGETEACHINGHISTORYANDFINDSOMETHINGINSPIRINGINFACT,THEREWEREMANYFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHERSINQINGDYNASTYAND

9、MANYLANGUAGESCHOOLSWEREBUILTATTHATTIMEMOREOVER,THETEACHINGMETHODWASGOODANDINSPIRING2HISTORICALBACKGROUND4ASWEALLKNOWTHESOCIETYHADAGREATINFLUENCEONTHECULTUREWHENTALKINGABOUTTHEFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGINQINGDYNASTY,THISONESHOULDBETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONANDASFORSOCIALEFFECT,ITCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOPARTSCHIN

10、ESEEFFECTSANDTHEINFLUENCEFROMTHEWORLD21CHINESEEFFECT211HISTORYOFQINGDYNASTYTHEQINGDYNASTYWASTHELASTDYNASTYOFCHINA,RULINGFROM1644TO1912WITHABRIEF,ABORTIVERESTORATIONIN1917ITWASPRECEDEDBYTHEMINGDYNASTYANDFOLLOWEDBYTHEREPUBLICOFCHINATHEDYNASTYWASFOUNDEDBYTHEJURCHENAISINGIOROCLANINCONTEMPORARYNORTHEASTE

11、RNCHINATHEAISINGIOROLEADER,NURHACHI,WHOWASORIGINALLYAVASSALOFTHEMINGEMPERORS,BEGANUNIFYINGTHEJURCHENCLANSINTHELATESIXTEENTHCENTURYBY1635,NURHACHISSONHONGTAIJICOULDCLAIMTHEYCONSTITUTEDASINGLEANDUNITEDMANCHUPEOPLEANDBEGANFORCINGTHEMINGOUTOFLIAONINGINSOUTHERNMANCHURIAIN1644,THEMINGCAPITALBEIJINGWASSACK

12、EDBYAPEASANTREVOLTLEDBYLIZICHENG,AFORMERMINORMINGOFFICIALWHOBECAMETHELEADEROFTHEPEASANTREVOLT,WHOTHENPROCLAIMEDTHESHUNDYNASTYTHELASTMINGRULER,THECHONGZHENEMPEROR,COMMITTEDSUICIDEWHENTHECITYFELLWHENLIZICHENGMOVEDAGAINSTMINGGENERALWUSANGUI,THELATTERMADEANALLIANCEWITHTHEMANCHUSANDOPENEDTHESHANHAIPASSTO

13、THEMANCHURIANARMYUNDERPRINCEDORGON,THEYSEIZEDCONTROLOFBEIJINGANDOVERTHREWLIZICHENGSSHORTLIVEDSHUNDYNASTYCOMPLETEPACIFICATIONOFCHINAWASACCOMPLISHEDAROUND1683UNDERTHEKANGXIEMPEROROVERTHECOURSEOFITSREIGN,THEQINGBECAMEHIGHLYINTEGRATEDWITHCHINESECULTURETHEIMPERIALEXAMINATIONSCONTINUEDANDHANCIVILSERVANTSA

14、DMINISTEREDTHEEMPIREALONGSIDEMANCHUONESTHEQINGREACHEDITSHEIGHTUNDERTHEQIANLONGEMPERORINTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURY,EXPANDINGBEYONDCHINASPRIORANDLATER5BOUNDARIESIMPERIALCORRUPTIONEXEMPLIFIEDBYTHEMINISTERHESHENANDASERIESOFREBELLIONS,NATURALDISASTERS,ANDDEFEATSINWARSAGAINSTEUROPEANPOWERSGRAVELYWEAKENEDTHEQING

15、DURINGTHENINETEENTHCENTURY“UNEQUALTREATIES“PROVIDEDFOREXTRATERRITORIALITYANDREMOVEDLARGEAREASOFTREATYPORTSFROMCHINESESOVEREIGNTYTHEGOVERNMENTATTEMPTEDTOMODERNIZEDURINGTHESELFSTRENGTHENINGMOVEMENTINTHELATE19THCENTURYYIELDEDLITTLELASTINGRESULTSLOSINGTHEFIRSTSINOJAPANESEWAROF18941895WASAWATERSHEDFORTHE

16、QINGGOVERNMENTANDTHERESULTDEMONSTRATEDTHATREFORMHADMODERNIZEDJAPANSIGNIFICANTLYSINCETHEMEIJIRESTORATIONIN1867,ESPECIALLYCOMPAREDWITHTHESELFSTRENGTHENINGMOVEMENTINCHINA212ECONOMICANDSOMECULTUREBACKGROUNDINQINGDYNASTY,ANDOFCOURSEINTHELONGHISTORYOFCHINA,AGRICULTUREWASTHEBASICOFALLGRAINCROPSANDECONOMICC

17、ROPSWEREWIDELYSPREADTHEHANDICRAFTINDUSTRYINKANGXIAFTERMETAPHASEWASGRADUALLYRESTOREDANDDEVELOPEDINTHEMINGANDQINGDYNASTIES,THEFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFAGRICULTUREANDHANDICRAFTWEREBASEDONTHEBUSINESSWASALSODEVELOPEDCOMMODITYMONEYECONOMYWASMOREACTIVETHANEVERBEFORETHEAGRICULTURECOMMODITYPRODUCTIONEXPANDED,AGRI

18、CULTURALPRODUCTSINCREASINGLYBECAMECOMMODITIES,THEREWEREMANYSPECIALIZEDECONOMICCROPAREA,ASTHEHANDICRAFTINDUSTRYTOPROVIDERAWMATERIALS,ORDIRECTLYSUPPLYTOCONSUMERSTHECOMMERCEWITHEUROPEANCOUNTRIESDIDNOTEXISTALOTBUTTHEEMPERORDIDBUSINESSHIMSELFHEALLOWEDSEVERALPORTSTOSENDGOODSTOWESTERNCOUNTRIESANDDOBUSINESS

19、WITHWESTERNERSSO,ITWASANEEDOFENGLISHSPEAKERSBUTTHEREWERENOEXACTENGLISHTEACHERSINEARLYQINGDYNASTYANDTHESOCALLEDTEXTBOOKSWEREJUSTTEACHINGSOMETRANSLITERATIONWORKSTHEQINGGOVERNMENTWASTOIMPLEMENTTHEBANPOLICYANDPOLICYOFSECLUSION,PREVENTINGFOREIGNADVANCEDCULTURECOMMUNICATIONINCHINAPUTMANYINTELLECTUALSINTOP

20、RISONSBECAUSEOFTHEARTICLETHEYWROTE,CROWDINGTHEHERETICALTHOUGHT,CONFUCIANISMAUTHORITYMAINTENANCETHEYPRETENDEDTOLEARNTHEADVANCEDWESTERN6CULTURE,BUTSTILLPROPAGATEDCONFUCIANTHOUGHTS,ANDTHECONSOLIDATIONOFTHEFEUDALRULERSOFTHEPOSITION213CHANGESINLATEQINGDYNASTY19THCENTURYCHINASTRUGGLEDWITHTHECONCEPTOFINTER

21、NATIONALANDSTATETOSTATERELATIONSPRIORTOTHE19THCENTURY,THECHINESEEMPIREWASGENERALLYTHEHEGEMONICPOWERINEASTASIAUNDERITSIMPERIALTHEORY,THECHINESEEMPERORHADTHERIGHTSTORULE“ALLUNDERHEAVEN“DEPENDINGONTHEPERIODANDDYNASTY,ITEITHERRULEDTERRITORIESDIRECTLYORNEIGHBORSFELLUNDERITSHIERARCHICALTRIBUTARYSYSTEMHIST

22、ORIANSOFTENREFERREDTOTHEUNDERLYINGCONCEPTOFTHECHINESEEMPIREAS“ANEMPIREWITHNOBOUNDARY“HOWEVER,THE18THCENTURYSAWTHEEUROPEANEMPIRESGRADUALLYEXPANDEDACROSSTHEWORLD,ASEUROPEANSTATESDEVELOPEDSTRONGERECONOMIESBUILTONMARITIMETRADEEUROPEANCOLONIESHADBEENESTABLISHEDINNEARBYINDIAANDONTHEISLANDSTHATARENOWPARTOF

23、INDONESIA,WHENTHERUSSIANEMPIREHADANNEXEDTHEAREASNORTHOFCHINAIN1793,GREATBRITAINATTEMPTEDTOFORGEANALLIANCEWITHCHINA,SENDINGTHEMACARTNEYEMBASSYTOHONGKONGWITHGIFTSFORTHEEMPEROR,INCLUDINGEXAMPLESOFTHELATESTEUROPEANTECHNOLOGIESANDARTWHENTHEBRITISHDELEGATIONRECEIVEDALETTERFROMBEIJINGEXPLAININGTHATCHINAWAS

24、UNIMPRESSEDWITHEUROPEANACHIEVEMENTS,ANDTHATGEORGEIIIWASWELCOMETOPAYHOMAGETOTHECHINESECOURT,THEDEEPLYOFFENDEDBRITISHGOVERNMENTABORTEDALLFURTHERATTEMPTSTORECONCILERELATIONSWITHTHEQINGREGIMEINTHEKANGYOUWEIERA,THEREAREMANYFOREIGNERSANDCHINESEWHOCANSPEAKENGLISHAFTERTHESECONDOPIUMWAR,THEQINGGOVERNMENTSETU

25、PTSUNGLIYAMENUNDERTHETONGWENCOLLEGEFORTHECONVENIENCEOFDEALINGWITHEUROPEANANDAMERICANAFFAIRS,WHEREMANYPEOPLELEARNEDAFOREIGNLANGUAGEASATRANSLATORANDDIPLOMATICPERSONNELWHENCHINESESIGNEDOFTREATYOFNANJING,CHINESEPEOPLEWHOSPOKEENGLISHALTHOUGHRARE,THEREWASSTILLSOMEBODYFOREXAMPLE,INTHESMOKINGBANANNOUNCED7BY

26、LINZEXUANDTHEFIGHTAGAINSTTHEBRITISHINVASIONFORCESHADALREADYHADTHECHINESETRANSLATIONFORENGLISHONETHISWASALSOVERYGOODUNDERSTANDING,ATTHATTIMEALTHOUGHTHEQINGGOVERNMENTADOPTEDAPOLICYOFSECLUSION,BUTNOTENTIRELYRETIRED,ANDTHEQINGGOVERNMENTALLOWEDTHIRTEENLINESINGUANGZHOUANDWESTERNCOUNTRIESTRADE,CHINESEMERCH

27、ANTSCOULDSPEAKALITTLEENGLISHORHIRESOMEPEOPLEWHOSPOKEENGLISHINGUANGZHOUTODOBUSINESSBEFORETHEOPIUMWARTHEREWEREALSOMANYFOREIGNNATIONALSANDMISSIONARIESINGUANGZHOULEARNINGENGLISHISACTUALLYNOTTOODIFFICULTNOTONLYWASITEASYTOLEARNLANGUAGESWHENDOINGBUSINESS,BUTALSOTHEREWERESOMEONESTUDIEDENGLISHINTHECOASTALARE

28、AANDEVENWHENGOVERNMENTWANTEDTOFINDANENGLISHMANEVENINTHEFIRSTOPIUMWARQINGFORATRANSLATORWASDIFFICULT22INFLUENCEFROMTHEWORLDWHENCHINAWASSTILLGOVERNEDBYQINGDYNASTY,GREATCHANGESHADTAKENPLACEINTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESTHESECOUNTRIESMADEGREATECONOMICPROGRESSANDSETUPTHENEWPOLITICALSYSTEMSTHEYALSOHADLIBERATIONTHOU

29、GHTSANDIDEASBUTTHERESOURCESINTHEIRCOUNTRIESWERELIMITEDANDTHEYNEEDEDTOGOTOOTHERCOUNTIESFORRESOURCESTODEVELOPTHEIRINDUSTRYSOTHEYBEGANTOCONQUEROTHERCOUNTRIESINCLUDINGCHINA221CHANGEOFTHEWORLDMANYWESTERNCOUNTRIESWEREINVOLVEDINTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONTHETWOINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONSGREATLYIMPROVEDTHESOCIALPRODU

30、CTIVEFORCES,ENRICHEDPEOPLESMATERIALLIFE,ANDCONSOLIDATEDTHERULEOFCAPITALISTCOUNTRIESTHECAPITALISTPRODUCTIONSYSTEMFINALLYACHIEVEDDOMINANCERELATIONSOFPRODUCTIONFURTHERADJUSTMENTMONOPOLYANDMONOPOLYORGANIZATIONFORM,MAINCAPITALISTCOUNTRIESENTEREDINTOTHESTAGEOFIMPERIALISMMANYCOUNTRIESALSOESTABLISHEDCAPITAL

31、ISTPARLIAMENTSYSTEMTHEBRITISHESTABLISHEDACONSTITUTIONALMONARCHYTHEUNITEDSTATESESTABLISHEDAPRESIDENTIAL8REPUBLIC,ANDTHEGERMANESTABLISHEDFEDERALCONSTITUTIONALMONARCHYTHESIGNIFICANTINCREASEINTHESTRENGTHOFTHECAPITALISTPOWERSBEGANTOSEEKNEWSOURCESOFRAWMATERIALSANDCOMMODITIESMARKETS222INVASIONFROMWESTERNCO

32、UNTRIESIN1793,THEQIANLONGEMPERORSTATEDTOTHEBRITISHAMBASSADORLORDMACARTNEYTHATCHINAHADNOUSEFOREUROPEANMANUFACTUREDPRODUCTSCONSEQUENTLY,CHINESEMERCHANTSONLYACCEPTEDBARSILVERASPAYMENTFORTHEIRGOODSTHEHUGEDEMANDINEUROPEOFCHINESEGOODSSUCHASSILK,TEA,ANDCERAMICSCOULDONLYBEMETIFEUROPEANCOMPANIESFUNNELLEDTHEI

33、RLIMITEDSUPPLIESOFSILVERINTOCHINABYTHELATE1830S,THEGOVERNMENTSOFGREATBRITAINANDFRANCEWEREDEEPLYCONCERNEDABOUTTHEIRSTOCKPILESOFPRECIOUSMETALSANDSOUGHTALTERNATETRADINGSCHEMESWITHCHINATHEFOREMOSTOFWHICHWASADDICTINGCHINATOOPIUMWHENTHEQINGREGIMETRIEDTOBANTHEOPIUMTRADEIN1838,GREATBRITAINDECLAREDWARONCHINA

34、INTHEFOLLOWINGYEARTHEFIRSTOPIUMWARREVEALEDTHEOUTDATEDSTATEOFTHECHINESEMILITARYTHEQINGNAVY,COMPOSEDENTIRELYOFWOODENSAILINGJUNKS,WASSEVERELYOUTCLASSEDBYTHEMODERNTACTICSANDFIREPOWEROFTHEBRITISHROYALNAVYBRITISHSOLDIERS,USINGMODERNRIFLESANDARTILLERY,EASILYOUTMANEUVEREDANDOUTGUNNEDQINGFORCESINGROUNDBATTLE

35、STHEQINGSURRENDERIN1842MARKEDADECISIVE,HUMILIATINGBLOWTOCHINATHETREATYOFNANJING,WHICHDEMANDEDREPARATIONPAYMENTS,ALLOWEDUNRESTRICTEDEUROPEANACCESSTOCHINESEPORTS,ANDCEDEDHONGKONGISLANDTOGREATBRITAINITREVEALEDMANYINADEQUACIESINTHEQINGGGOVERNMENTANDPROVOKEDWIDESPREADREBELLIONSAGAINSTTHEALREADYHUGELYUNPO

36、PULARREGIMETHEWESTERNPOWERS,LARGELYUNSATISFIEDWITHTHETREATYOFNANJING,ONLYGAVEGRUDGINGSUPPORTTOTHEQINGGOVERNMENTDURINGTHETAIPINGANDNIENREBELLIONSCHINASINCOMEFELLSHARPLYDURINGTHEWARSASVASTAREASOFFARMLANDWEREDESTROYED,MILLIONSOFLIVESLOST,ANDCOUNTLESSARMIESRAISEDANDEQUIPPEDTOFIGHTTHEREBELSIN91854,GREATB

37、RITAINTRIEDTORENEGOTIATETHETREATYOFNANJING,INSERTINGCLAUSESALLOWINGBRITISHCOMMERCIALACCESSTOCHINESERIVERSANDTHECREATIONOFAPERMANENTBRITISHEMBASSYATBEIJINGTHISLASTCLAUSEOUTRAGEDTHEQINGREGIME,WHICHREFUSEDTOSIGN,PROVOKINGANOTHERWARWITHBRITAINTHESECONDOPIUMWARENDEDINANOTHERCRUSHINGCHINESEDEFEAT,WHILSTTH

38、ETREATYOFTIENTSINCONTAINEDCLAUSESDEEPLYINSULTINGTOTHECHINESE,SUCHASADEMANDTHATALLOFFICIALCHINESEDOCUMENTSBEWRITTENINENGLISHANDAPROVISOGRANTINGBRITISHWARSHIPSUNLIMITEDACCESSTOALLNAVIGABLECHINESERIVERS23THECHANGESOFPEOPLEINQINGDYNASTYTOWARDSFOREIGNLANGUAGESPEOPLEBEGANTOREALIZETHATTHEYSHOULDCHANGETHEIR

39、ATTITUDESTOWARDSTHEWESTERNCULTUREANDTECHNOLOGYANDTHEBESTWAYTOGETTHEWESTERNIDEASWASTOLEARNTHEIRLANGUAGESSOMESCHOLARSPUTFORWARDTHEIDEATHAT“WESTERNLEARNINGFORPRACTICALAPPLICATIONCHINESELEARNINGASABASE“THESEINVASIONSANDUNEQUALTREATIESMADETHEWHOLECOUNTRYBEGANTOCHANGEANDLEARNINGTHEWESTERNTECHNOLOGYBECAMEA

40、TRENDATTHATTIMESOLOTSOFLANGUAGESCHOOLSLIKETHETONGWENCOLLEGEINBEIJINGANDGUANGZHOUWEREBUILTANDTHOSESCHOOLSTAUGHTMANYSTUDENTSWHOMADEGREATCONTRIBUTIONTOTHELATTERFOREIGNAFFAIRS3FOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHERSINQINGDYNASTYFORSTUDENTSTOSTUDYALANGUAGE,TEACHERSAREVERYIMPORTANTTHEYHAVEDIFFERENTTEACHINGMETHODSANDPHILO

41、SOPHIESANDANYCHANGEOFTEACHERSCOULDINFLUENCETHESTUDENTSALOTSOIFWEWANTTOFIGUREOUTTHEFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGINQINGDYNASTY,WEMUSTFIRSTHAVEANCLEARIDEAABOUTTHEFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHERS10INQINGDYNASTY,THEREWEREALSOMANYCHANGESATTHEVERYBEGINNING,THEREWERENOEXACTENGLISHTEACHERSBECAUSETHEREWASNOGREATNEEDFORENGLI

42、SHBUTWHENTHEWESTERNCONQUERSCAME,THEREWASABIGNEEDFORENGLISHSPEAKERSSOINTHELATEQINGDYNASTY,MANYPEOPLEBEGANTOLEARNENGLISHTHEENGLISHTEACHERSBECAMEPOPULAR31MISSIONARIESASLANGUAGETEACHERSTHEEARLYENGLISHTEACHERSWEREOFTWOMAINTYPES,FOREIGNERSANDBUSINESSMENAFTERTHEFOUNDINGOFTHECOUNTRY,QINGDYNASTYHADBEENPURSUI

43、NGAPOLICYOFSECLUSIONANDWHATSMORE,THECONNECTIONSTHEEMPIREMADEWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLDWERERAREHOWEVER，THEREWERESTILLSOMECONTACTSWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLDINTHISTIMEALTHOUGHTHEQINGDYNASTYDIDNOTCONNECTACTIVELYWITHTHEOUTSIDE,MANYNATIONSSTILLADMIREDCHINESENAMESANDWANTEDTODOBUSINESSWITHCHINATHEFAMOUSBOOKTRAVELSOFMARCO

44、POLOWROTEALOTABOUTTHEVASTTERRITORYANDABUNDANTRESOURCESTHEBOOKSAYS,CHINAISALANDOFGOLDTHEBOOKSMADEMANYWESTERNERSWANTTOCOMETOCHINASOALOTOFWESTERNPEOPLEWENTTOCHINATOMAKEAFORTUNEANDMANYMISSIONARIESALSOCAMETOCHINATOSPREADTHECHRISTIANITYIDEAASFORTHESPREADOFCHRISTIANITYINCHINA,THEEARLIESTDATESBACKTOTHETANGD

45、YNASTYAD635YEARSTANGZHENGUANNINEYEARS,MISSIONARYSYRIAMANNAMEDROBBENWENTTOTHETANGCAPITALOFCHANGANALONGTHESILKROAD,EMPERORTAIZONGSENTPRIMEMINISTERFANGXUANLINGTOWELCOMEHIMTOPALACEANDASKEDABOUTTHETEACHINGOFTHEBIBLE,ARROW,ICONSANDPURPOSEOFMISSIONARYWORKINDETAIL,INORDERTOFURTHERUNDERSTANDTHEIRBELIEFS,HELE

46、THIMGOTOTHEROYALCOLLECTIONFLOORTOTHECLASSICTRANSLATIONTHREEYEARSLATER,HEWASALLOWEDTOSPREADNESTORIANINCHINA11UNDERTHELIFEINCHANGANTOBUILDACHURCHANDUSEDTOSETTLETHENESTORIANPRIESTSINYUANDYNASTY,MINGDYNASTY,QINGDYNASTY,CHRISTIANRETURNEDTOCHINA,THEYFIRSTPUTONCLOTHESTOBECHINESEMONKTHEN,THEYTRANSFIGURATION

47、“CONFUCIAN“INTELLECTUALTOINFLUENCECHINESESENIORINTELLECTUALSANDHIGHOFFICIALSASWELLASNOBLELORDSTOSPREAD,SUCHASATTHEENDOFMINGDYNASTYHORSESINUSRATEANDEVENTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEQINGDYNASTY,CHRISTIANPRIESTSONCEOCCUPIEDTHEKANGXIDYNASTYASTRONOMICALOFFICIALSSCHALLANDLATERTOTHEYONGZHENGTIMEWASCOMPLETELYPROHIB

48、ITTHESPREADANDTHECEREMONYTOEXITTHEREWASATIMEWHENTHEMISSIONARYCHARTERCAMEOUTBUTTHEGOVERNMENTREFUSEDTOSIGNITSOMANYMISSIONARIESWEREALSOREFUSEDINCHINABUTACTUALLY,ITWASTHEMISSIONARIESTHATTAUGHTCHINESEPEOPLEENGLISHATFIRSTWHENTHEYWEREDURINGTHECOURSEOFMISSION,THEYWOULDTEACHTHEBIBLESOMETIMESTHEYMAYSPEAKAFORE

49、IGNLANGUAGEANDIFTHENATIVESWANTEDTOFULLYUNDERSTANDTHEBIBLE,THEYALSOHADTOCOMMUNICATEWITHFOREIGNERS32BUSINESSMENLEARNINGANDTEACHINGENGLISHTHEREWASATWOHUNDREDYEARSBANBEFORETHEQINGGDYNASTYSFOREIGNTRADEBEFORETHEOPIUMWARANDTHEGOVERNMENTCLOSEDITSPOLICYPILLARBASICSITUATIONWESTERNCOLONIALISMCOUNTRYTOTHESOCALLED“OPENTRADE“FORITSPRIMITIVEACCUMULATIONMEANS,QINGDYNASTYWASTOLIMITANDSTOPTRADINGFORGUARDAGAINSTFOREIGNAGGRESSIONWEAPONINTHEPREVENTIONOFFOREIGNBUSINESSMENSILLEGALACTIVITIES,THEGOVERNMENTSETSTRICTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMINTHEIMPORTANDEXPORTOFGOODS,GOVERNMENTMADEALOTOFRESTRICTIONSNOW,CHINASECO