1、1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface，the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space(定语后置in some ways)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在
2、某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface分句3：the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，分句1是分句3的
3、原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth(倒装结构Basic to any understandi
4、ngis)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the countrys impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The countrys impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20
5、 years after the Second World War本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore(同位语从句claims that)结果，那些认为只食用绿色
6、食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。分句1： that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health分句2：claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore分句2嵌套分句1，分句1作为分句2主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claims have become w
7、idely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are supe
8、rior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like(并列同位语从句reports that，that，that)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated repo
9、rts分句2：natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。5The desperate plight
10、of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly(同位语从句fact that)南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。分句1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact分句2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North分句
11、3.though less spectacularly （省略）1和2嵌套 1和3并列6The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl(宾语从句what we now know as)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现
12、象。分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl分句1嵌套分句2，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fue
13、led urban sprawl。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为促使、造成。7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth(Of结构作定语：of how there came
14、 to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs)但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。分句1：But these factors do not account for the interesting question 分句2：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving bir
15、th分句1嵌套分句2.分句2是Of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容。8. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out(同位语从句rumors that)当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐
16、石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。分句1：Amid rumors分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region 分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent分句4：the two captains set out分句1和分句4构成倒装，正常的语序应该是分句4+分句1，即the two captains set out Amid
17、 rumors。分句1嵌套分句2和分句3，分句2和分句3是修饰分句1的rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容。分句2和分句3构成并列关系。9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century(同位
18、语a supremacy)17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。分句1：In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，分句2：a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century
19、分句2是分句1的同位语从句，用来修饰说明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group10A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally pr
20、oduced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance(介词结构fromto作定语)持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响
21、，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of my
22、riad tonal effects分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument cap
23、able of myriad tonal effects，分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects11The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a
24、 population of 1，000 or more最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Pueblo Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多间房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。分句1：The largest rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more分句2：later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish分句1嵌套分句2，分句2用来修饰分句1的主语t
25、he largest,分句1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。12Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent(倒装accustomed though we are=though we are accustomed)虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。分句1：Accustomed thou
26、gh we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”分句2：the film has never been silent分句3：in the full sense of the word本句的难点是在分句1内部有一个倒装，正常的语序应该是though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent.分句3是一个插入语，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句的真正强调的核心是the film has never been silent。13.Fo
27、r a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical piec
28、es(特殊结构notSO much as与其说不如说)在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。分句1：.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra分句2：and very often the principal qualification far hol
29、ding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces分句1 和分句2构成并列关系，分句2的难点在于not so much as的结构。14Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological di
30、versity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being(倒装coincident with concernshas been=has been coincident with concerns)在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。分句1：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss o
31、f species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity分句2：the number of species in a particular ecosystem分句3：to the health of the Earth and human well-being分句1内部构成倒装，正常语序应该是concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been coincident with
32、 a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being 所以真正的主句经过精简之后是concerns has been coincident with a growing appreciation分句2是一个插入语，用来解释说明分句1结尾的biological diversity15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worl
33、ds rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species(同位语从句fact that；定语从句that comprise the bulk)考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。分句1：The fact does not seem surprising分句2：that half of the known species are thought to i
34、nhabit the worlds rain forests分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species分句1嵌套分句2，分句2解释说明分句1的主语the fact,是同位语从句，分句3作为分句1的原因状语，分句4是定语从句，修饰分句3的the huge numbers of insects16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think smal
35、l (特殊结构it helps to做有帮助)要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。目的状语：To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,主句： it helps to think small （这里的it是形式主语，没有实际意义）1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more
36、than a pile of bricks can be called a house(特殊结构not any more than像一样不)科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。分句1. Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,分句2. but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.1和
37、2是并列分句 （转折关系） 18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities(从句which sideis used作corresponds to的宾语两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。分句1. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to分句2. which side of the body is used to perf
38、orm specific activities1和2是嵌套1是主句，2做主句的宾语19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mime
39、tic quality of her fiction(特殊结构characterized by以为特征)尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰巴思、唐纳德巴塞尔姆和托马斯品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯卡罗尔欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon,分句2. Joyce Caro
40、l Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了 “which was”的定语从句分句2 是主句20If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably s
41、tarve themselves out of existence(虚拟语气)如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。分句1. If it were not for this faculty分句2. they would devour all the food available in short time分句3. would probably starve themselves out of existence分句1 是虚拟句的条件从句分句2、3是并列， 主句21Individualism is weakly developed in folk
42、 cultures，as are social classes(倒装as are social classes) 个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。分句1. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures分句2. as are social classes1和2并列， 2 采用倒装语序，as表示“也，和 一样”22People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented chang
43、e in the nations economy would bring social chaos(同位语从句prospect that)19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。分句1. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect分句2. unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos1和2 嵌套， 1是主句， 2 具体解释说明 prospec
44、t23Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits(倒装Accompanying that growth was a structural change that=A structural changewas acc
45、ompanying that growth)伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。分句1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change分句2. featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits1和2是
46、嵌套分句1是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式分句2 是定语从句，修饰change. 这个定语从句结构较复杂，由2个and连接三个并列的名词性成分24As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home(倒装so did)随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。分句1. the roles became more rigidly defined分句2. men and women played
47、 in society分句3. so did the roles 分句4. they played in the home1和2嵌套， 3和4嵌套1和3并列2和4分别作为定语从句修饰 roles3是由so引导的部分倒装句25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes(倒装Surrounding the column are)围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的形状。分句1. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals分句2. sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes1是主句， 采用完全倒装26With the growing prosperi
