1、我衷心祝愿你们成为我的校友-路明军欧文各单元重要人物及其代表作（敬请同学们提意见、建议，不断改进）1Greek and Roman culture11 Greek (5century BC)1, Homer, wrote: epic: Iliad ; Odyssey2, Sophocles, wrote: drama : Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone (都是人名)3, Aristophanes, wrote: comedy: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds4, Historian: Herodotus ( the fath
2、er of history)Thucydides, wrote: the war between Athens and S-parta and between Athens and Syracuse)5, Ancient Greek philosopher: Pythagoras(founder of scientific mathematics),Heracleitus ( “ all is flux, nothing is stationery), Democritus( one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory)Socrates
3、 ( founder of dialectical method辩证法), Platos teacherPlato: Dialogues( founder of Idealism), Aristotles teacherAristotle: Ethics, Politics, Poetics RhetoricSophists（诡辩派）: Protagoras（人名，下同） Cynics（犬儒派） : Diogenes Sceptics（怀疑派）: Pyrrhon Epicureans: EpicurusStoics（斯多葛派）: Zeno 6，ScienceEuclid : wrote: El
4、ements（几何原理） Archimedes:” give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”, illustrates the principle of the lever.7, Art and etc.Parthenon（巴台农神庙）The Acrpolis （阿波罗神庙）重要年代：1, Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.2, the Olympic games revived in 1896.3,Homer prob
5、ably lived around 700 BC.4,Euclid and Archimedes both lived in the 3rd century BC.5, in 146 BC the Romans conquered Greece.12 Rome (after 146 BC)8, 名句：the Roman writer Horace said, “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive” 9, Latin literatureProse: Marcus Tullius CiceroJulius Caesar: Commenta
6、ries (高卢战记)名句：I came, I saw, I conquered.10，PoetryLucretius wrote : on the nature of things 11, ArchitecturePantheon ( 万神殿)12Sculpture She-wolf 重要年代：1，the burning of Corinth in 146 BC marked Roman conquest of Greece.2, in 476 the last emperor of the West Roman was deposed by the Goths and this marke
7、d the end of the West Roman Empire.3, the East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in1453.2 The Bible and Christianity (The Old Testament about 1300 BC; The New Testament about 400 AD)1,The Old Testament became the first part of the Christian Bible and the New Testament the
8、second.2, Christian are divided into 3 groups: Catholic, orthodox and protestant 3, the first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate (拉丁文圣经) in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. 4, the most important and influential of
9、English Bible is the “authorized ”or King James version.重要年代：The Old Testament formed in about 1300 BC; The New Testament formed in the end of the 4th century.3 The Middle ages (between 476 AD and 17th century)1，The most important of all the leader ops Christian thought was Augustine(人名) of Hippo（地名
10、） who lived in North Africa in the 5th century. He wrote: the Confession and the City of God.2，Alfred the Great promoted translations into the vernacular form Latin works, he inspired the compilation of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles（编年史）.3, St. Thomas Aquinas Italian philosopher , he wrote: Summa Contr
11、a Gentiles ( 驳异教徒)，Summa Theologiae (神学大全)4, Roger Bacon, wrote: the Opus maius( 大著作), an encyclopedia of the sciences of his time.5, Beowulf is an Anglo- Saxon epic, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.6, Dante Alighieri，the greatest poet of Italy, wrote: the Divine Comedy(I神
12、曲).7, Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet, wrote: the Canterbury Tales （坎特伯雷故事集）.重要年代：1, in 476 AD a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.2, after 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church.4 Renaissance and ref
13、ormation (between 14th and 17th century)1Leonardo da Vinci , Italian, painted : Last Supper, Mona Lisa2, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian, sculpture: David, painted: Sistine Chapel(西斯廷礼拜堂), Dying slave, Moses.3，Raphael, Italian, painted: Madonna ( virgin girl), School of Athens4,Titian, Venetian, pa
14、inted: The venus of Urbino, Sacred and Profane Love, Madonna of the pesaro Family, Man with the Glove5, John Wycliffe ( religious reformer), English , led the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.6, Jan Hus ( religious reformer), Bohemian Czech reformer7, Martin Luther, German le
15、ader of the Protestant reformation: 95 theses 8, John Calvin, French theologian: Institutes of the Christian Religion9, Francois Rabelais, French, wrote: Gargantua and Pantaguel (巨人传)10， Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, wrote: Don Quixote(唐. 吉柯德)11， El Greco, Spanish painter, painted: The Buri
16、al of Count Orgaz (奥加兹伯爵的葬礼)12，William Shakespeare, English writer: Hamlet, As you like it, Twelfth night, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth .13, Christopher Columbus, Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.14, Bartholomeu Dias, Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in
17、 1487.15, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator, discovered the rout to Indea round the Cape of the Cape of Good Hopes 16, Amerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator in his honor America was named.17，Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, wrote: De Revolutionibus Orbium(天体革命,即the revolution of the heavenly
18、orbs也译为天体运行论 ), the father of modern astronomy.18, Dante , Italian poet, wrote: Divine Comedy.19，Niccolo Machiavelli, he was called the father of political science, wrote: Price( 论王公), Discourses（论文集）.重要年代：1,Renaissance and reformation took place between 14th and 17th century.2, the discovery of Ame
19、rica in1492 , the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope to India in between the years of 1497 and 1498. 5 The 17th Century ( the beginning of modern time)1，Johannes Kepler, German scientist, discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion( what are the 3 law
20、s ?)2, Galileo Galilei, Florentine ( 弗罗伦萨人)， scientist, wrote: Sidereus Nuncius (i.e. The Starry Messenger,星星使者), applied telescope to the study of skies, proved geocentric system was wrong, discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics, discovered the law of inertia, first established the l
21、aw of falling bodies.3, Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist, invented calculus, discovered that whit light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum, the most important discovery is the universal gravitation.4, Francis Bacon, English philosopher, essayist and statesman, found modern inductive me
22、thod(归纳法), wrote: The Advancement of Learning, The New Atlantes, The New Method, Essays, 名句：Knowledge is power, The Monuments of wit survive the monuments of power ( 智慧的力量比统治的力量更长久).5, Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher, , wrote: Leviathan( 利维坦), he was a materialist. 6, John Locke, Englis
23、h empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher, wrote: Essay concerning human understanding, Treatises of civil government.7, John Milton, English writer and political figure, wrote: Paradise lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.8, Descartes, French philosopher, wrote: Rules for the D
24、irection of the Mind, Discourse on Method , Meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies. 9, Moliere, French author, wrote: Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope and LAvare. 10, Michelangelo Caravaggio, Italian painter, painted: The Calling of St. Matthew, The Cardsharps( 玩牌者)11， Van Rijn R
25、embrandt, Dutch Baroque painter etcher, painted: Blinding of Samson, The Polish Rider.重要年代：1,in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.6 The age of enlightenment (the second half of the 18th century)1, B. Montesquieu, French philosopher, man of letters, wrote: Pers
26、ian letters, The spirit of the laws.2, Voltaire, French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher, wrote: Lettres anglaise ( also circulated as Lettres philosophiques哲学书简), Candide(憨第德)3，J. J. Rousseau, Swiss-born philosopher, author, political theorist and composer, wrote: The origin of human ine
27、quality（论人类不平等起源）, The social contract, The confessions(忏悔录)4，D. Diderot, French philosopher and man of letters, wrote: Philosophical thoughts, Encyclopedia, Elements of Physiology, Rameaus nephew. 5,Daniel Defoe, English novelist and political journalist, wrote: The life and strange surprising adve
28、ntures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, The Fortune and misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders , A journal of the plague year, The fortune mistress.6, J. Swift, English churchman, political writer and poet, wrote: A modest proposal, Gullivers travels( 格列弗游记)7，Henry Fielding, English novelist,
29、dramatist and essayist, wrote: The history of the adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, The life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great, The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling. 8, Wolfgang Goethe, German poet, wrote: The sorrows of young Werther, Wilhelm Meisters travels( 威廉 迈斯特的漫游时代
30、)， Faust,(浮士德).9, J. Schiller, German dramatist ,poet, historian and aesthetic theoretician, wrote: Cabal and love，ilhelm Tell（威廉退尔）. 10, I. Kant, German classical philosopher, wrote: Critique of pure reason ( 纯理性的批判).11, J. Bach, German musician, wrote: Brandenburg concertos 12, G. F. Handel, born
31、in German, naturalized English, wrote: Oratorios， Messiah(清唱剧，弥赛亚).13, J. Haydn, wrote: Austrian composer, wrote: String quartets ( 弦乐四重奏).14, W.A. Mozart, Austrian composer, wrote: Choral music Requiem, k. 626( 安魂曲)，The Marriage of Figaro(费加罗的婚礼).重要年代：1,the American war of independence of 1776 ende
32、d British colonial rule over that country.2, the French Revolution followed in 1789.3, the first French Republic was born in 1792.7 Romanticism (between the late 18th and the early 19th century)1, William Blake, English writer, wrote: Songs of innocence, Songs of experience, The French Revolution, M
33、ilton.2, the Lakers- Wordsworth and Coleridge.Wordsworth， he wrote: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven!( 能生活在那个黎明真是幸福，若到那时你还年轻则更是天堂！)Coleridge wrote: Kubla Khan ( 忽必烈汗), The Rime of the ancient mariner( 古舟子咏).3,George G. Byron, English poet, wrote: Isles of Greece
34、, Don Juan( 唐. 璜).4, Percy B. Shelley, English poet, wrote : Ode to the West wind (If winter comes, can spring be far behind?), Prometheus Unbound.5, John. Keats, English poet, wrote: Ode to a nightingale.6, Walter Scott, English poet, wrote: The heart of mid-Lothian（中洛辛郡的心脏）, Ivanhoe( 艾凡赫，中译撒克逊劫后英雄
35、略)。7，Victor Hugo, French writer, wrote: Notre Dame de Paris(巴黎圣母院)， Les Miserables( 悲惨世界).8,Aleksander Pushkin, Russian poet, wrote: Eugene Onegin.9, M.y. Lermontov, Russian poet, wrote: The death of a poet, A hero of our time.10, Ludwig . v. Beethoven, German composer, wrote: the ninth Symphony, Sy
36、mphony No. 6.11, Franz Schubert, Austrian composer, wrote German lied( 德国民谣).12, F. Chopin, Polish composer, a poetic musician,13, R. Schumann, German composer, Romantic school musician.14, F. Mendelssohn, German composer.15, J. Brahms, German composer, Later Romantics musician( 后浪漫主义音乐家).16, Three
37、Bs: Brahms, Bach and Beethoven.17, P. I. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer, Later Romantics musician( 后浪漫主义音乐家), wrote: Ballet Swan Lake( 芭蕾舞天鹅湖)。重要年代：Romanticism took place between the late 18th and the early 19th century.8 Marxism and Darwinism (19th century)1, Marx, great German philosopher, wrote: T
38、hesis on Feuerbach, Capital, The Manifesto of the Communist Party.2, Engels, great German philosopher.3,Robert Owen, English industrialist and social reformer, Utopian socialist.4, Henri de S. Simon, French social philosopher, Utopian socialist.5, Charles Fourier, French social philosopher, Utopian
39、socialist.6, Charles Darwin, English scientist, wrote: On the origin of species by means of natural selection , or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life(自然选择下的物种起源，或生存斗争中优秀物种竟胜原则).7，Thomas Huxley, English biologist, wrote: Evolution and ethics, （严复译为“天演论”）。重要年代：1, Marxism was bo
40、rn in the 19th century from European culture.2, the industrial revolution began in the late 18th century in Britain.9 Realism (between the second half of the 19th and the early years of the 20th century)1，Stendhal, French writer, wrote: The Read and The black, The charterhouse of Parma.2, H. de Balz
41、ac, French writer, wrote: La Comedie humaine ( The human comedy), Eugenie Grandet ( 欧也妮. 葛郎台), Le Pere Goriot ( 高老头).3, Gustave Flaubert, French writer, wrote: Madame Bovary ( 包法利夫人).4, Emile Zola, French writer, wrote: Les Rougen-Macquarts ( 欧根马卡尔家族).5,Guy de Maupassant, French writer, wrote: The n
42、ecklace, The piece of string, The umbrella.6, Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer, wrote: The inspector general, Dead souls.7, Ivan S. Turgenev, Russian writer, wrote: A Hunters sketches, (猎人笔记), Rudin (罗亭), A nest of gentlefolk, Fathers and Sons. 8, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Russian writer, wrote: The house of
43、 death, Crime and punishment, The Brothers Karamazov.9, Count. L. Tolstoy, Russian writer, wrote: War and peace, Anna Karenina, Resurrection.10, Anton P. Chekhov, Russian writer, wrote: The seagull, Uncle Vanya, The Three sisters, The cherry orchard.11, Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian writer, wrote: A dolls
44、 house (玩偶之家)Ghosts, An enemy of the people, The wild duck, Hedda Gabler( 海达. 高布乐).12, Charles Dickens, English writer, wrote: Pickwick papers(匹克威克外传), A tale of two cities, Hard times, Bleak house, David Copperfield.13, George Eliot, English writer, wrote: Middlemarch( 米德尔奇), The Mill on the floss(
45、弗洛斯河上的磨房), Adam Bede(亚当比德), Silas Marner(织工马兰).14, Thomas Hardy, English writer, wrote: Far from the madding crowd, The return of the native, The mayor of Casterbridge( 卡斯特桥市长), Tess of the DUrberyvilles(德伯家的苔丝).15, George B. Shaw, English writer, wrote: Heartbreak house, St. Joan, Man and superman,
46、 The Doctors dilemma, The Apple cart, Major Barbara, Pygmalion( 皮格利马翁).16, Harriet B. Stowe, American writer, wrote: Uncle Toms cabin.17, Walt Whitman, American writer, wrote: Leaves of grass, When lilacs last in the dooryard bloomd. 18, Mark Twain, American writer, wrote: The adventures of Hucklebe
47、rry Finn, The gilded age, The adventures of Tom Sawyer, The prince and the pauper (王子与贫儿). 19, Henry James, American writer, wrote: The portrait of a lady, The passionate pilgrim and other stories(激情旅程), Daisy Miller, The Golden Bowl. 20, Gustave Courbet, French painter, master pieces: The stonebrea
48、kers, Burial at Ornans(奥南的葬礼).21, Jean F. Millet, French painter, master pieces: The sower(插种者), Gleaners( 拾穗者).22, Monet, French painter, master piece: Impression: Sunrise. 23,Vincent Van Gogh, Dutch impressionist painter, master pieces: Starry night, Sunflower, The night caf.24, Antonin Dvorak, Czech nationalistic musician.25, Claude Debussy, French composer. 重要年代：1, Realism took place between the second half of the 19th and the early
