1、医学史简论（5） A Brief History of Medicine,Yu HaiZhejiang University School of Medicine,Origin of Medicine Egypt Babylon India China Greece Rome Medieval Arabic Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM,Western Medicine,Medicine in Byzantine Empire (495 AD to 1453 AD )293AD Diocletian divided Ro
2、me Empire into Eastern and Western：476AD fall of Western Empire 330 AD Constantine I moved the capital to Byzantine and changed the name to Constantinople；1453AD Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Empire，changed Constantinople to Istanbul,Strait of Bosporus,313 Edict of Milan,Byzantine Medicine
3、,Inherited from ancient Greek and Roman medicine, influenced onIslamic medicineand the Western rebirth of Medicine during the Renaissance. Constantinople became the center of medicine in middle age.The first hospital was built by Basil of Caesarea （bishopofCaesarea）in the late 4th century , there wa
4、s a dedicated hierarchy including the Chief Physician， professional nurses and the orderlies .Established medical schoolsFamous doctors and compilation of text books：Paul (Medical Compendium in Seven Books), Oribasius （Synagoga Medicae ），Aetius （Tetrabiblos ）， Alexander,阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medici
5、ne,The rising of Islam and Islamic Empire in 7th centure,Prophet MuhammadAbu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib Ibn Hashim 570Mecca632MedinaSaracen Empire (632-1258)Caesaropapism Cave Hira, first revelationGabriel, last prophet and massenger of the God,Expansion of the caliphate, 62
6、2750 Muhammad, 622632 Rashidun Caliphate, 632661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661750,阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine,Graeco-Arabic (Hundred Years) Translation Movement In Abbasid Caliphate(750-1258) particularly in Caliph Al-Mamun (813-833) period Islam scholars (Masawayh, Huayn etc.) translated classical Gre
7、ek, Roman text of philosophy, science, literature as well as medicine into Arabic, therefore large amount of classical work preserved.,There is no disease that Allah has created, except that He also has created its treatment.Make use of medical treatment, for Allah has not made a disease without app
8、ointing a remedy for it, with the exception of one disease, namely old age.Allah has sent down both the disease and the cure, and He has appointed a cure for every disease, so treat yourselves medically.The one who sent down the disease sent down the remedy.For every disease, Allah has given a cure.
9、,The first Muslim physician is believed to have been the prophetMuhammadhimself, as a significant number ofhadithsconcerning medicine are attributed to him:,阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine,Islamic medicine was a genre of medical writing that was influenced by several different medical systems, inclu
10、ding the traditionalArabianmedicine of Muhammads time, ancientHellenistic medicinesuch asUnani, ancient Indianmedicine such asAyurveda, and the ancient Iranian medicine. The works ofancient Greek and RomanphysiciansHippocrates and Galenhad a lasting impact on Islamic medicine,炼金术 Alkimiya (alchemy)
11、Promoted the development of chemistryInstrument of chemistrychemicalsChemical methods (distillation, crystallization, sublimation, calcination),Kim-金 Chinese alkimiya for elixir of life (immortality),阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine,Pharmacy1400+ drugs (camphor, senna, rhubarb, musk, nutmeg, alum, am
12、bergris)Chemical drugsForms of drugs,阿拉伯药房 Arabic Pharmacy,阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine,Cataract couching Indian （Sushuruta）-Greek-Arabic-China （金针拨障术, 唐.王焘） Arabic Greek,Lens suspensory ligament vitreous body -aphakia,Couching, a method of traditional cataract (lens opacity)treatment, it typical
13、ly involves the use of a sharp or blunt instrument to dislocate the cataract lens and push it back into the posterior chamber of the eye.,Cataract Couching,Cornea lenses vitreum -retina,Avicenna (980-1037), Full name: Hussain ibn Abdullah ibn Hassan ibn Ali ibn Sina (Ali Al-Husain ben Abdalah Ibn si
14、na). Born in Afshana, near Bukhara (Uzbekistan), ina Persianfamily,阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine,Avicennas tomb in Hamadan, Iran,阿拉伯医学 Arabic-Islamic Medicine,Avicenna: Canon of Medicine was a standard medical text at many medieval universities, and used as a text-book in the Universities of Montp
15、ellier and Louvainas late as 1650.,Doctor of doctors,阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学 Arab-Islamic Medicine,文艺复兴 Renaissance：background,The fall of Byzantine Empire led to the exodus of Greek scholars to Italy and brought with them texts and knowledge of the classicalGreek civilization which had been lost for centuries in
16、 the West, people rediscovered the classical ideas that have been forgotten by Western civilization.,Fall of Constantinople,Renaissance：Background,十字军东征 Crusades (1096-1291) 9 timesScience and knowledge was brought back from the Middle Eastbycrusadersin the 13th century,Columbus,Marco Polo in China,
17、1492,Renaissance：background,Renaissance：background,1346-1353 Outbreak of black death (plagues) the death toll reached to 25 millions (1/3 of European population)1348 Pope Clement VI called the followers to Rome, 1.2 million pilgrims died only 1/10 survived.,Renaissance：background,人文主义 HumanismHuman
18、interests, needs, values, worth, and dignity are taken to be of primary importance, as in moral judgments.,Petrarch 1304-1374,Galileo Galilei (15641642),科学 Science Mathematics and scientific method great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology and anatomy,.,文艺复兴 Renaissance,The Re
19、naissance of European civilization (rebirth）A period between Middle Ages and the Modern era in 14-17th century beginning in Florence Italy in the lateMiddle Agesand later spreading to the rest ofEurope. A cultural movement of literature, philosophy, art, science and religion resulted in social and p
20、olitical revolution.,Florence 翡冷翠 Firenze,文艺复兴：Renaissance：arts,达芬奇 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci,Italian polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer and also a anatomist.,Vitruvian (Roman architect) man (Proportion of man
21、) 1487,Leonardo da Vinci:Monalisa Last supper,文艺复兴：Renaissance：arts,Buonarroti Michelangelo 1475-1564,The creation (Sistine),MichelangeloDavid The Pieta,文艺复兴：Renaissance：arts,Raphael1483-1520,Virgin and Child,Jesus & Madonna,The School of Athens,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Greece and Rome（Galen）,中世
22、纪,Early Renaissance,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Middle Ages,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,阿拉伯女性解剖图Arabic,文艺复兴早期解剖图（显示血管）Early Renaissance period,中国古代的解剖学,China, Song Dynasty Physician Yang Jie（11021106）did dissection on body of executed prisoner and asked painter to draw the antomy,内景图Ming Dynasty (
23、1368-1644),脏腑明堂图Zangfumingtangtu（1906）,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Contribution of Da Vinci on anatomyDissected at least 30 human corpses Studied the movement of muscleChallenged Galens mistakes750 drawings（150 left）,Da Vinci,达芬奇解剖图,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Andreas VesaliusStudied at University
24、 of Paris and University of LeuvenProfessor of Surgery and Anatomy in Padua University, the founder of modern human anatomy. 1543 Published De humani corporis fabrica(On the Workings of the Human Body).,Andreas Vesalius维萨里 1514-1564,Andreas Vesalius,Performed his own dissections rather than reading
25、aloud while a demonstrator did the dissection, using drawings in teaching anatomyCriticized Galen for his methods in studying anatomy,Anatomic DiagramsIllustrated by Johann Stephen von Calcar (student of Tiziano Vecellio),Vesaliuss Fabrica contained many intricately detailed drawings of human dissec
26、tions, often in allegorical poses.,Base of the brain, showing optic chiasma, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, etc,Andreas Vesalius: Anatomic Diagrams,Renaissance medicine：Anatomy,Michael Servetus 1511-1553,Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer and humanist. First to describe the function ofpulmonar
27、y circulation, but condemned by Catholics and Protestants alike, he was burnt at the stake as ahereticby order of the Protestant Genevagoverning council.,文艺复兴和医学：解剖学的发展,William Harvey 1578-1657,Harvey announced his discovery of the circulatory system in 1616 and in 1628 published his workExercitatio
28、 Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus(An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), and described the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulationHeart output：100-150ml x65=10p,With careful observation and quantitative experiments challenged Galens theory
29、on the artery and vein,显微解剖学Microscopic Anatomy,Early 17th century English man Digges and Dutch spectacle maker Zaccharias and Hans Janssen invented first microscopy,Two convex lenses,显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy,1610 Galileo worked our the priciples of lenses and made a better instrument with focusi
30、ng device enlarging for 70 times,显微解剖学的发展 Microscopic Anatomy,马尔比基 1628-1694 Marcello Malpighi (Italian),Observed biological tissues with microscope as the pioneer of histology and embryology,显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy,Malpighian corpuscle （Glomerulus）Malpighian Tubules,Malpighian alveoliCapillarie
31、s in frog mesentery,The discovery of capillary, microscopic structure of lung and kidney,显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy,虎克 1635-1702 Robert Hooke,显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy,The discovery of cell and its naming (cork),Discovery of compound eyes in insects,显微解剖学的发展Microscopic Anatomy,Antonie van Leeuwen
32、hoek1632-1723,A Dutch cloth merchant used new method for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters,显微解剖学的发展 Microscopic Anatomy,Leeuwenhoek was first to see and describe bacteria as animalcules (tiny animals), became the father of microbiology, he was also first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries.,Thanks,Thanks,
