1、外文翻译原文CORPORATEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDFIRMPERFORMANCEEVIDENCEFROMGREEKFIRMSMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/EBSCOHOSTCOMAUTHORPANAYOTISKAPOPOULOSANDSOPHIALAZARETOUTHEBERLEMEANS1932THESISIMPLIESTHATDIFFUSEOWNERSHIPADVERSELYAFFECTSFIRMPERFORMANCEWETESTTHISHYPOTHESISBYASSESSINGTHEIMPACTOFTHESTRUCTUREOFOWNERSHIPONPROFI
2、TABILITY,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEENDOGENEITYOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDMODELLINGSEPARATELYINSIDEANDOUTSIDEOWNERSHIPTABLE3PRESENTSTHERESULTSFROMTHEMODELESTIMATIONUSINGTOBINSQASAFIRMPERFORMANCEMEASUREWHENMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPISTAKENINTOACCOUNTITUSESTHETOTALSAMPLESIZE175FIRMSANDCOMPARESOLSESTIMATESTO2SLSESTIMATE
3、STABLE4USESTHESMALLERFIRMSAMPLESIZE163FIRMSEXCLUDINGUTILITIESANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSFOCUSINGONOLSESTIMATESFORTHEPROFITABILITYEQUATION,WENOTETHATPROFITABILITYISALWAYSSTATISTICALLYDEPENDENTONATLEASTONEMEASUREOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTURETHEREGRESSIONCOEFFICIENTOFTHEFRACTIONOFSHARESOWNEDBYIMPORTANTOUTSIDEINVES
4、TORSTAKESAPOSITIVESIGNANDISSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTTHISIMPLIESTHATOUTSIDEINVESTORSHAREHOLDINGSAFFECTTOBINSQRATIOPOSITIVELYTHISFINDINGISCONSISTENTWITHWHATONEWOULDEXPECTGREATEROWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONBYOUTSIDEINVESTORSMAYLEADTOSUPERIORPERFORMANCETHESECONDMEASUREOFOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATION,NAMELYTHEFRACTION
5、OFSHARESOWNEDBYMANAGEMENT,ALSOHASAPOSITIVEEFFECTONPERFORMANCE,ALTHOUGHTHECOEFFICIENTISSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTATMUCHLOWERLEVELSOFSIGNIFICANCE10PERCENTOR15PERCENTTHISRESULTISCONSISTENTWITHTHEFINDINGTHATTHESIMPLECORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHETWOOWNERSHIPVARIABLESIS054MOREOVER,THERESULTSSHOWNINTHETAB
6、LESFORTHE2SLSESTIMATESCONFIRMTHEFINDINGFORTHEEFFECTOFOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONONPROFITABILITYTHECOEFFICIENTSOFBOTHOWNERSHIPVARIABLES,IMPORTANTSHANDMANAGERIALSH,HAVETHECORRECTPOSITIVESIGNANDARESTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTEITHERATAMUCHHIGHER1PERCENTORALOWER10PERCENTLEVELOFSIGNIFICANCEANOTHERFINDINGSHOWNINTAB
7、LES3AND4ISTHENEGATIVEEFFECTOFTHEDEBTTOASSETSRATIOONPROFITABILITYINALLOLSAND2SLSESTIMATES,LEVERAGENEGATIVELYAFFECTSPROFITABILITYTHEDISTRIBUTIONTOSALESRATIOISPOSITIVE,ASEXPECTED,BUTSTRONGLYINSIGNIFICANTMARKETCONCENTRATIONCONSISTENTLYHASAPOSITIVEEFFECTONPROFITABILITYTHECOEFFICIENTOFTHECR4CONCENTRATIONI
8、NDEXTAKESAPOSITIVESIGNANDISSOMETIMESSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTATTHE10PERCENTLEVELORBETTERHOWEVER,WHENWEADOPTAHERFINDAHLINDICATOR,OURDATADONOTSUPPORTTHISFINDINGTHECOEFFICIENT,EVENTHOUGHITHASTHECORRECTSIGN,ISEVERYWHEREINSIGNIFICANTTHEPICTUREISREVERSEDWHENWEESTIMATEEQUATION1WITH2SLSNEVERTHELESS,THEDATADO
9、NOTSEEMTOSUPPORTTHEUSUALFINDINGOFINDUSTRIALORGANISATIONSTUDIESTHATPROFITABILITYISPARTLYDRIVENBYINDUSTRYCONCENTRATIONONEMIGHTEXPECTTHATHIGHPROFITABILITYLEADSMANAGEMENTTOACQUIREMORESHARESAND,THEREFORE,CAUSESMANAGERIALSHAREHOLDINGSTOBEGREATEROLSESTIMATESSHOWTHATTOBINSQISEMPIRICALLYSIGNIFICANTINEXPLAINI
10、NGTHEVARIATIONINTHESTRUCTUREOFCORPORATEOWNERSHIPINALLREGRESSIONSOFEITHERSAMPLESIZE,THECOEFFICIENTOFTOBINSQISPOSITIVEANDSIGNIFICANTATAHIGHLEVELOFSIGNIFICANCEHOWEVER,THERESULTSFORTHE2SLSEQUATIONESTIMATESOFTHETOBINSQCASTDOUBTONTHISRESULTTHE2SLSESTIMATESAREPOSITIVEBUTHARDLYSIGNIFICANTLOWERTHAN15PERCENTA
11、SDEMSETZANDLEHN1985HAVESHOWN,THEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHEMEDIAINDUSTRYISMORECONCENTRATEDTHANTHATOFINDUSTRIESCONCERNINGMANUFACTURING,UTILITYANDFINANCIALFIRMSWEFINDTHATTHEDUMMYVARIABLEMEDIAISPOSITIVEANDSIGNIFICANTAT5PERCENTOLSESTIMATEOR10PERCENT2SLSESTIMATEINTHEPROFITABILITYEQUATIONITENTERSNEGATIVELY,BU
12、TITISINSIGNIFICANTTHEPOSITIVECOEFFICIENTONMEDIAINDUSTRYSUGGESTSTHAT,CETERISPARIBUS,OWNERSHIPISMORECONCENTRATEDINMEDIAFIRMSWITHNONPROFITMAXIMISINGGOALSRELATIVETOFIRMSOPERATINGINOTHERINDUSTRIESINOTHERWORDS,THEUTILITYUANDFINANCIALFDUMMIESISOLATETHEIMPACTOF“SYSTEMATICREGULATION”ASSHOWNINTHETABLES,THEOLS
13、ESTIMATESFORUANDFDUMMIESHAVETHEEXPECTEDNEGATIVESIGNANDARESOMETIMESSIGNIFICANTTHESEFINDINGS,HOWEVER,ARENOTCONFIRMEDBY2SLSESTIMATESFINALLY,OLSAND2SLSESTIMATESSUGGESTTHATSIZEDOESNOTSEEMTOBEABLETOEXPLAINVARIATIONSINOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREUSINGTHETOTALFIRMSAMPLESIZE,THECOEFFICIENTONFIRMSIZE,ASMEASUREDBYTHEBOO
14、KVALUEOFTOTALASSETS,ISNEGATIVEASEXPECTED,BUTINSIGNIFICANTHOWEVER,THEPICTURECHANGESWHENWEEXCLUDEUTILITIESANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSFIRMSIZEBECOMESSIGNIFICANTSOFAR,WEHAVETREATEDONLYTHEFRACTIONOFSHARESOWNEDBYMANAGEMENTASTHEENDOGENOUSCOMPONENTOFCORPORATEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREEQUATIONS1AND2AREESTIMATEDTREATING
15、IMPORTANTOUTSIDEINVESTORSSHAREHOLDINGSASTHEENDOGENOUSVARIABLEINEQUATION2TABLES5AND6REPORTTHEOLSAND2SLSESTIMATESASSHOWN,BOTHMEASURESOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREEXPLAINVARIATIONSINTOBINSQHOWEVER,ASOLSAND2SLSESTIMATESREVEAL,THECOEFFICIENTOFTOBINSQISMORESTRONGLYSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTINTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREEQU
16、ATION,IMPLYINGTHATFIRMPERFORMANCEASMEASUREDBYTOBINSQHASASTRONGEREFFECTONTHEFRACTIONOFSHARESOWNEDBYIMPORTANTOUTSIDEINVESTORSTHANITDOESONMANAGERIALSHAREHOLDINGSTHEREFORE,ASTHEFINDINGSSUGGEST,IMPORTANTSHISLIKELYTOBEMORESTRONGLYENDOGENOUSTHELOWVALUEOFTHESIMPLECORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTOBINSQANDTHEAC
17、COUNTINGPROFITRATE0157SUGGESTSTHATWECANNOTCONSIDERTHETWOMEASURESOFPERFORMANCETOBEREDUNDANTTHEREFORE,WECANREESTIMATEEQUATIONS1AND2USINGTHEACCOUNTINGRATEOFRETURNASANALTERNATIVEMEASUREOFFIRMPERFORMANCEINPLACEOFTOBINSQWENOTETHATTHECOEFFICIENTSTHATLINKOWNERSHIPVARIABLESTOFIRMPROFITABILITYAREWEAKERCOMPARE
18、DWITHTHEESTIMATESOBTAINEDUSINGTOBINSQSPECIFICALLY,IMPORTANTSHAREHOLDINGSCONTINUETOHAVEAPOSITIVEANDSIGNIFICANTALTHOUGHATALOWERTHAN10PERCENTLEVELEFFECTONPROFITRATE,WHEREASMANAGERIALSHAREHOLDINGSAREEVERYWHEREINSIGNIFICANTMOREOVER,INALLESTIMATESOFTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREEQUATIONOFEITHERSAMPLESIZE,THEPROFIT
19、RATEPOSITIVELYANDSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTSMANAGERIALSHAREHOLDINGSOVERALL,THERESULTSPROVIDENOREASONTOALTERCONSIDERABLYTHECONCLUSIONSWEREACHCONCERNINGTHEOWNERSHIPPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIPTHISPAPERBRINGSTOGETHERVARIOUSASPECTSOFCORPORATEFINANCEANDFIRMPERFORMANCEANDEXAMINESWHETHERVARIATIONSACROSSFIRMSINOBSERVED
20、OWNERSHIPSTRUCTURESRESULTINSYSTEMATICVARIATIONSINOBSERVEDFIRMPERFORMANCEINTHECONTEXTOFASMALLEUROPEANCAPITALMARKETWETESTTHISHYPOTHESISBYASSESSINGTHEIMPACTOFTHESTRUCTUREOFOWNERSHIPONPERFORMANCEUSINGDATAFOR175GREEKLISTEDFIRMSWEUSETWOMEASURESOFPERFORMANCENAMELY,TOBINSQANDTHEACCOUNTINGPROFITRATEANDCONSID
21、ERTWOMEASURESOFOWNERSHIPNAMELY,THEFRACTIONOFSHARESOWNEDBYMANAGEMENTANDTHEFRACTIONOFSHARESOWNEDBYIMPORTANTINVESTORSTHEPAPERISPRIMARILYMOTIVATEDBYALACKOFEVIDENCEREGARDINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDFIRMPERFORMANCEINGREEKFIRMSMOREOVER,OWNERSHIPISMODELLEDASMULTIDIMENSIONALANDENDOGENOUSLYD
22、ETERMINEDEMPIRICALFINDINGSINDICATETHATTHEREEXISTSALINEARPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREBOTHMEASURESOFOWNERSHIP,MANAGERIALSHAREHOLDINGSANDIMPORTANTSHAREHOLDINGS,POSITIVELYINFLUENCETOBINSQTHERESULTSSUGGESTTHATTHEGREATERTHEDEGREETOWHICHSHARESARECONCENTRATEDINTHEHANDSOFOUTS
23、IDEORINSIDESHAREHOLDERS,THEMOREEFFECTIVELYMANAGEMENTBEHAVIOURISMONITOREDANDDISCIPLINED,THUSRESULTINGINBETTERPERFORMANCETHERESULTSFROMOURSTUDYALSOYIELDEVIDENCEFORTHEENDOGENEITYOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREWEFINDTHATPROFITABILITYISAPOSITIVEPREDICTOROFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREMEASURES,SUGGESTINGTHATTHECOEFFICIENTOFASI
24、NGLEEQUATIONMODELONTHEOWNERSHIPPROFITABILITYRELATIONSHIPISBIASEDBECAUSEOFITSFAILURETOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHECOMPLEXITYOFINTERESTSINVOLVEDINANOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREONTHEONESIDE,GREEKDATAREVEALASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVEIMPACTOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREONPROFITABILITYONTHEOTHERSIDE,THEREEXISTSEVIDENCETHATSUPERIORFIRMPERFORM
25、ANCELEADSTOANINCREASEINTHEVALUEOFSTOCKOPTIONSOWNEDBYMANAGEMENTORLARGESHAREHOLDERS,WHICHIFEXERCISED,WOULDINCREASETHEIRSHAREOWNERSHIPWEALSOFINDTHATPROFITABILITYISNEGATIVELYRELATEDTOTHEDEBTTOASSETSRATIOTHISEVIDENCEREVEALSTHEEXISTENCEOFREDUCINGEFFECTSOFTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEINTERESTOBLIGATIONSINCURRED
26、WHENBORROWINGTOOKPLACEANDTHEINTERESTRATESTHATPREVAILEDDURINGTHEAMPLEPERIODTHESTATISTICALINSIGNIFICANCEOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDDISTRIBUTIONTOSALESRATIOINDICATESTHATOURMODELFAILSTOEXPLAINDIFFERENCESINMEASUREMENTSOFTOBINSQTHATARECAUSEDBYACCOUNTINGARTEFACTSLASTLY,WEFINDTHATPROFITABILITYI
27、SPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOMARKETCONCENTRATIONMEASUREDBYCR4CONCENTRATIONRATIOTHISCANBECONSIDEREDEITHERASTHERESULTOFSCALEECONOMIESINMOSTOFTHESECTORSOFOURSAMPLEORASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEFACTTHATLARGERFIRMSINMARKETSWITHOLIGOPOLYSTRUCTUREAREABLETOEXERCISEMARKETPOWERHOWEVER,WHENWEUSETHEHERFINDAHLINDEXASAPROXYFORTHED
28、EGREEOFCONCENTRATION,WECANNOTDETECTASTRONGLYSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPWITHFIRMPERFORMANCEASTRIKINGEVIDENCEOFOUREMPIRICALANALYSISISTHESIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPFOUNDBETWEENMEDIADUMMYANDOWNERSHIPSTRUCTURETHISRESULT,INCONJUNCTIONWITHTHEFINDINGTHATTHEMEDIADUMMYENTERSNEGATIVELYTHEPROFITABILITYEQUATIONE
29、VENTHOUGHITISINSIGNIFICANT,MEANSTHATFIRMSINTHEMEDIAINDUSTRYWITHHIGH“AMENITYPOTENTIAL”COULDNOTBEUSEDTOPRODUCETHESENONPROFITAMENITIESIFTHEYWEREMOREDIFFUSEDTHISRESULTMIGHTEXPLAINTHERECENTATTEMPTSOFTHEGREEKGOVERNMENTTOREFORMTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCELEGISLATIONSOASTOFORBIDCONCENTRATIONOFASHAREABOVE1PERCENTI
30、NTHEHANDSOFTHESAMESHAREHOLDERTHISLEGALREFORMAIMSATEXCLUDINGCHIEFLYTHOSETHATUNDERTAKETHECONSTRUCTIONOFPUBLICWORKSFROMASTRICTMANAGEMENTCONTROLOFMEDIAFIRMSSOASTOREDUCECORRUPTIONINCENTIVESACAVEATISINORDERASWEHAVEALREADYMENTIONED,THEATHENSSTOCKEXCHANGEREPORTSONLYTHEPERCENTAGEOFSHARESTHATISEITHEREQUALORLA
31、RGERTHAN5PERCENTOFOUTSTANDINGSHARESACCORDINGTOTHECURRENTINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK,FIRMSDONOTHAVETHELEGALOBLIGATIONTOANNOUNCECHANGESINVOTINGRIGHTSFORTHOSEOWNERSWITHASHAREBELOW5PERCENTCONSEQUENTLY,THELACKOFDATAFOREQUITYOWNERSWITHASHAREBELOW5PERCENTIMPOSESACONSTRAINTONOUREMPIRICALANALYSISITCAUSESADISCONTI
32、NUITYINTHEOBSERVATIONSUSEDINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREVARIABLEAMORERIGOROUSDEFINITIONOFTHATVARIABLEWOULDTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEFRACTIONOFSHARESOWNEDBYAFIRMSSHAREHOLDERSORMANAGEMENT,EACHOFWHOMOWNSATLEAST1PERCENTOFOUTSTANDINGSHARESSUGGESTIONSFORFURTHERRESEARCHINCLUDETHEDEVELOPMENTANDESTIMATIONO
33、FAGENERALISEDNONLINEARMODELSPECIFICATIONSOMEAUTHORSMORCKETAL,1988WELCH,2003HAVEESTIMATEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENMANAGERIALSHAREOWNERSHIPANDPROFITABILITYINTHECONTEXTOFANONLINEARSINGLEEQUATIONMODELHOWEVER,THEYDONOTCONTROLFORTHEPOSSIBLEENDOGENEITYOFAFIRMSOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREITMIGHTBEINTERESTINGTOADDRESSTHE
34、ISSUEOFANONMONOTONICRELATIONSHIPBYDEVELOPINGANONLINEAREQUATIONMODELTAKINGINTOACCOUNTBOTHENDOGENEITYANDNONLINEARITYFURTHER,THEDATASAMPLEUSEDINTHISSTUDYCOVERSARELATIVELYLARGENUMBEROFGREEKLISTEDFIRMSFORTHEYEAR2000ONEWOULDEXPECTTOCALCULATETHEVARIABLESFORALONGERPERIODOFTWOORFIVEYEARSSOASTOAVOIDTHEIMPACTO
35、FTHEBUSINESSCYCLEDATAAVAILABILITYISASERIOUSCONSTRAINTINOURANALYSISTHEATHENSSTOCKEXCHANGESTARTEDTOPUBLISHINFORMATIONCONCERNINGTHECHANGESINVOTINGRIGHTSONLYFROM2000THEREFORE,ITMIGHTBEINFORMATIVETOREPLICATETHEESTIMATESUSINGPANELDATAFORSOMEYEARSAFTER2000INTHISCASE,HOWEVER,THEFIRMSAMPLEWOULDCHANGEANDTHERE
36、SULTSMIGHTNOTBECOMPARABLEALSO,FIRMCOVERAGEWOULDBELIMITED,SINCEWEREQUIREAMINIMUMOFATHREEYEARPRESENCEFOREACHFIRMINTHESAMPLE译文公司股权结构与公司绩效数据来自希腊公司资料来源HTTP/EBSCOHOSTCOM作者PANAYOTISKAPOPOULOSANDSOPHIALAZARETOU在BERLE和MEANS(1932)的论文中提出所有权对企业的绩效产生不利影响。我们通过评估所有制结构对盈利的影响这一假设测试,讨论了内生性的所有制结构和造型分别内外的所有权。表3列出当考虑到管理
37、者持股的情况,运用TOBINSQ值的模型估计的结果作为企业绩效的一个衡量方法。它使用的总样本数(175家公司),并比较其OLS估计值和2SLS估计值。表4使用较小的公司样本数(163家公司),不包括公用事业和金融机构。将OLS的盈利估计作为重点,我们注意到,盈利能力的统计始终依赖于股权结构的至少一项措施。重要外部投资者的持股比例的回归系数需要一个积极的迹象,并有统计学意义。这也就意味着外来投资者的持股比例对TOBINSQ值产生积极影响。这一发现与人们期望一致由外部投资者造成的股权集中越大,绩效也就越好。股权集中的第二项措施,即由管理层持股比例,也对绩效有正面影响,尽管系数显示着统计重要性低于重
38、要意义水平(百分之十或百分之十五)。这一调查结果表示,两者之间的简单相关系数为054。此外,2SLS估计表所示的结果确认为股权集中对盈利能力的影响调查结果。双方所有权的系数变量,SH的重要性与管理性,具有正确的积极的迹象,并具有在高水平(百分之一)或低水平(百分之十)中的重要意义。表3和4的另一项发现是债务与资产对盈利率产生负面影响。在所有的OLS和2SLS估计中,对盈利能力产生负面影响。将其分配到销售比为正,符合市场预期,但是是非常微不足道的。市场集中度对盈利能力始终有一个积极的影响。该CR4的浓度指数系数需要一个积极的迹象,有时统计上显着百分之十的水平或更高。然而,当我们采取赫芬达尔指标,
39、我们的数据并不支持这一结论。系数,即使它有正确的标志,但是都微不足道。当我们运用2SLS估计方程(1)时,情况却是相反的。然而,由行业集中度驱动的研究发现,数据似乎并不支持产业组织的盈利部分。可以预期,高盈利能力导致管理者收购更多股份,因此,使管理者持股越来越大。OLS的估计显示,TOBINSQ值显示解释了企业股权结构的变化。在所有的回归分析中(包括两种样本大小),TOBINSQ系数为正,并在高层次的意义重大。然而,2SLS方程的估计结果对TOBINSQ产生怀疑。该2SLS估计是正面的,但几乎不显着(低于百分之十五)。正如DEMSETZ和LEHN1985所显示的,传媒业的所有制结构较为集中相比
40、于有关制造,公用事业和金融公司的产业。我们发现,虚拟变量是积极的,重要性在百分之五(OLS估计)或百分之十(2SLS估计)。在盈利公式转为负时,它是微不足道的。传媒业的积极系数表明,其他条件不变,在经营传媒公司中的股权集中更符合非利润最大化的目标相对于其他行业的企业。换言之,该实用工具(U)和金融(F)受到了“系统监管”的影响。如表所示,OLS对U和F假人的估计,有预期的负号和偶尔的重要性。但是这些调查结果没有证实2SLS估计。最后,OLS和2SLS估计表明,大小似乎不能够解释所有制结构的变化。利用全公司的样本量,企业规模系数,如总资产的账面价值计量,如预期一样是消极的,但不显著。然而,排除公
41、用事业和金融机构,情况变化时,公司规模变得很重要。到目前为止,我们只处理了所管理的企业拥有所有权结构内源性成分股的一小部分。方程(1)及(2)估计将外来投资者的股份视为重要的内生变量。表5和表6显示的OLS和2SLS的估计值。如图所示,这两项措施的所有制结构解释TOBINSQ的变化。但是,OLS和2SLS估计表明,在所有制结构方程中TOBINSQ值更显示其统计意义,这意味着TOBINSQ作为衡量公司绩效的一种方法对外来投资者的持股比例的影响大于管理者持股比例。因此,作为研究结果表明,重要的SH很可能是内生的。在TOBINSQ和会计收益率(0157)之间的简单相关系数的低价值表明我们可以不考虑绩
42、效的两项措施是多余的。因此,我们可以使用方程(1)和方程(2)重新估计,使用会计收益率代替TOBINSQ值作为衡量公司绩效的一项措施。我们可以注意到,关于股权变化与公司盈利能力的系数与TOBINSQ的估计值相比较弱。具体而言,重要的持股继续对收益理财产生积极和重要的影响(虽然在较低的水平超过百分之十)。反之,管理持股到处都是微不足道的。此外,在所有制结构方程(包括两种样本大小)的估计,利润率积极影响着管理者的持股。总的来说,结果没有提供任何理由改变我们得到关于所有制,绩效的关系相当的结论。本文提到的企业融资与公司业绩的各个方面,并一起探讨是否观测到的不同企业所有制结构的变化中,在一个小范围内观
43、察到欧洲资本市场公司业绩的系统变化的结果。我们使用175希腊上市公司数据,通过评估所有制结构的影响,对其公司绩效进行测试。我们使用两种绩效措施,即TOBINSQ和会计利润率,并考虑两种所有制措施,即管理者持股比例和主要投资者的持股比例。本文主要动机是研究希腊上市公司在缺乏相关数据的情况下的股权结构与公司绩效的关系。此外,股权模式的构建是由多层面和内生决定的。实证结果表明,存在股权结构与盈利能力正相关关系的一个线性关系。关于所有权,管理者持股及重要股权这两项的措施,积极的影响TOBINSQ值。结果表明,股份在外部或内部股东手中集中越大,就更能有效地管理和监测纪律行为,从而更好的提升绩效。我们的研
44、究结果也为所有制结构的内生性提供了证据。我们发现,盈利能力是股权结构的措施的一项有效预测,表明了对所有制的盈利单方程模型的线性关系,是因为它没有考虑到在一个所有制结构涉及利益的复杂性。一方面,希腊的数据揭示了股权结构对盈利能力有着正的影响力。在另一方面,有证据表明,存在着优越的公司业绩导致了股票期权的管理层或大股东的价值增加,而如果实施,将增加其份额的所有权。我们还发现,盈利能力与债务资产比率负相关。这证据显示了减少了借款利息发生时的义务与采样周期的利率之间的区别的影响。关于盈利能力和销售分配率的统计表明我们发的模型无法解释的TOBINSQ值是由于会计文物测量差异造成的。最后,我们发现,盈利能
45、力与市场集中度(CR4的浓度比由衡量)正相关。这可以被认为是在我们选取的样本中的经济规模导致的或者头垄断结构与市场规模较大的公司行使市场全力的结果。然而,当我们用赫芬达尔指数来表达集中度时,我们无法检测到其与企业绩效有着显著关系。我们的实证分析表明有明显的证据显示股权结构与虚拟媒体之间存在着正相关的关系。这一结果与发现一起,媒体虚拟进入盈利产生不利方程(即使它是微不足道的),也就是说,在传媒行业的公司具有“美化市容的潜力”如果他们更为分散,则不能用于生产这些非盈利设施。这一结果或许可以解释,希腊政府最近尝试改革公司治理的立法,以禁止那些在同一股东手中1以上浓度的份额。这一法律改革的目标是不包括
46、那些主要从事传媒的公司,从管理严格来控制公共工程设施建设,以减少腐败的激励。一个需要注意的是秩序。正如我们已经提到的,雅典证券交易所报告的股票的比例等于或大于流通股的百分之五。根据目前的体制框架,企业没有法律义务对这些业主公布低于5个百分点投票权份额的变化。因此,对股权持有人数据低于5个百分点份额的规定约束了我们的实证分析。这导致了在构建股权结构变量时的不连续性。这方面的一个变量更严格的定义,会考虑由一个公司的股东或管理,每个人至少拥有占流通股的国有股的一小部分。为进一步研究包括广义非线性模型和估算规划发展的一些建议。有些作者MORCK等,1988WELCH,2003估计在一个非线性单方程的上
47、下文之间的股权管理和盈利能力的关系。然而,他们不控制一个公司的股权结构可能的内生性。这可能是有趣的发展,以解决一个非线性方程模型同时考虑到内生性和非线性的一个非单调的关系问题。此外,数据样本用于此项研究涵盖了2000年希腊大量的上市公司。人们以为,来计算给两个或两个五年,使较长时间,以避免经济周期影响的变量。数据的可用性严重制约了我们的分析。雅典证券交易所交易所开始公布有关资料仅从2000年开始的投票权的变化。因此,它可能有用的信息复制的估计,2000年后使用了数年的面板数据。在这种情况下,然而,该公司将改变样本,结果可能不具有可比性。此外,公司范围将是有限的,因为我们需要为每一个在样本公司三年存在最低限度。