1、句子成分(Sentence Members)句子成分和结构是英语的基础,是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的,这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用,叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的,不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构,这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。
2、如: (1)Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语) (2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语) (3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语) (4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语)(5)What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)练一练:指出下例句中主语的中心词。1).Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintothe
3、classroom.2).Thereisanoldmancominghere.3).Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.4).Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.(二)谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如:His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语) We study hard. (行为动词作谓语) We dont finish
4、 reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)练一练:选出句中谓语的中心词。Idontlikethepictureonthewall.Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?Tomdidntdohishomeworkyesterda
5、y.WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.Wehadbettersendforadoctor.三)宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语) She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语) We often help him.(代词作宾语) He likes to play basketball.(不定式作宾语)We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(
6、动名词短语作宾语)练一练:挑出下列句中的宾语。Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。
7、另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give, showbring, pass, buy等。如:(1)Our teacher tells us a story. (2)The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to
8、”的有: give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等。间接宾语加“for”的有:make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等 (1)I give him a book. 改成: (2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成: (3)He writes me a letter. 改成: (4)He will buy me some books.
9、改成: (5)She is making me a cake. 改成: 练一练:划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?(四)宾语补足语 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如:They make he
10、r happy.(形容词) I see her dance.(不定式) Well help you to make the Olympics a success.(名词) Please let him in.(副词) We heard her singing a song.(分词短语)(五)表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如:I am a teacher.(名词) He is always happy.(形容词) They are on the playground now.(介词短语) I
11、t gets cold.(形容词)系动词 Be动词(am,is,are, was, were)表保持(keep, stay, remain)表改变(get, become, turn)感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste,smell如:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语) We should all remain careful. Remain(为系动词, careful为表语)练一练:挑出下列句中的表语。Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.Whyisheworrie
12、daboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit. (六)定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如:The black bike is mine.(形容词) Whats your name?(代词) They make paper flowers.(名词) 练一练:挑出下列句中的定语。TheyuseMr,Mrswiththe
13、familyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。 如:I tell him something interesting. (形容词interesting作不定代词som
14、ething的后置定语) He has something to do. (to do为不定式作后置定语) 说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. (in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。)(七)状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如:He did it carefully.(副词) Her mother goes out
15、to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语) When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语) He sits there.(副词地点状语)练一练:挑出下列句中的状语。Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.综合练习一、 写出划线部分的句子成分。1.Lilyiscleaningthedesknow.2.Hergardenisthebestinourtown.3.LiuMingisthirteenyearsold.4.Ilikethisbookverymuch.5.ThegirlonthebluebikeisJanessister.6.Shedidntcometomypartybecauseshewasill.7.WangPingdoeshishomeworkcarefully.8.WewillgototheChildrensPalaceonceaweek.9.Theyareintheclassroom.10.Itsoundsgood.4