1、教案7.19英语连词用法和总结一、概述连词是一种虚词(虚词:无实在意义,在句子中不能独立承担句子成分的一类词),用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。二、并列连词的用法(一)、表示转折关系的并列连词。主要有 b
2、ut(但是), yet(可是), while(而,却)等。如:I would have written before but I have been ill. 我本该早写信的,但我生病了。I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。You like tennis, while Id rather read. 你爱打网球,但我爱看书 but的用法举例1. 连接词或短语He drives not carefully but slowly. 他开车不是很小心,而是开得很慢。2. 连接句子This isnt a good one but it w
3、ill answer. 这不太好,但可以将就用。She has had no answer to him but he gave no answer. 我向他说了早上好,但他没有回应。3. 用于句首But in secret she was delighted. 但她暗中感到高兴。But what else can we do? 我们还能做什么?4. 用于道歉的表达之后Sorry, but were behind schedule. 抱歉,我们落在计划后了。Im frightfully sorry, but I cant see you today. 太对不起了,我今天不能见你5. 用于not
4、but,表示“不是而是”Not you but I am to blame. 不是你的错而是我的错。6. 用在某些否定语后,表示“只”: He eats nothing but hamburgers. 他只吃汉堡包。She knows no one but you. 她只认识你。You have nobody but yourself to blame. 只能怪你自己。7. 用于next (last) but one 中,表示“隔壁再过去”“倒数第”He lives in the next house but one. 他住在隔壁再过去一家。He was the last but one to
5、 arrive. 他是倒数第二个到的。8. cant help but 不由得不You cant help but respect them. 你不由得不尊敬他们。I cant help but wonder what I should do next. 我不由得不想知道下一步该怎么办。【注意】不要按汉语意思将“虽然但是”直译为althoughbut:误:Though we are poor, but we are happy. (去掉though或but中任一个)but 与 however的用法区别两者均可表示转折或对比,意为“但是”、“可是”、“然而”等,但有区别:1. 表示转折时,but
6、 是连词。如:He is young but very experienced. 他虽年轻,但经验很丰富。He has three daughters but no sons. 他有3 个女儿,但没有儿子。2. however 表示“然而”、“可是”时,有的词书认为它是连词,有的词书认为它是副词。之所以将其视为副词,也许是因为像许多副词一样不仅能位于句首,而且能位于句中(注意前后使用逗号),甚至句末 (注意其前也用逗号)。如:Later, however, he changed his mind. 可是他后来改变了主意。He hasnt arrived. He may, however, co
7、me later. 他还没有到,不过他等会儿可能会来。He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 他说情况如此,可是他错了。注意:以上各例中的 however 不能换成 but,但可用 but 来改写。如:He said that it was so, but he was mistaken. 他说情况如此,可他错了。3. 当连接两个句子时,其前通常应用分号,或另起新句。如:Its raining hard; however, I think we should go out. / Its raining hard. However, I
8、 think we should go out. 雨下得很大,但我想我们还得出去。注意:上例中的 however 不能换成 but,但可用 but 来改写 (注意所用标点的变化)。如:Its raining hard, but I think we should go out.yet的用法1、yet用作连词时,与but一样也主要用于转折,意为“但是”“而”:I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。2、有时用在句首。如:Yet the house was cheerful. 但屋子里显得很欢快。3、yet有时可与并列连词and或but连
9、用,构成习语and yet和but yet,意为“虽然如此”“可是”“然而”,与单独使用的yet意思相同。如:Hes not really nice-looking, and yet he has enormous charm. 他并不十分好看,可是他很有魅力。4、根据英语习惯,although不能与连词but搭配使用,但是although可以与yet搭配连用(此时的yet可视为副词)。如:Although we are poor, yet we are happy. 尽管我们穷,但我们很快活。Although we have made some progress, yet we still
10、have a long way to go. 我们虽然取得了些进步,但还是远远不够的。while的用法1、考查表示时间的用法,其意为“当的时候”。We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。 Stand still while I take your photograph. 我给你拍照时站着不要动。2、考查表示让步的用法,其意为“尽管”“虽然”。如:While the work was difficult, it was interesting. 虽然工作有难度,但很有趣。 While I understand what you say, I c
11、ant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不同意。3、考查表示对比的用法,其意为“而”“但”。如:In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children. 有些地方妇女挣钱,而男子则在家里持家和带孩子。注意:这样用时,while引出的句子有时也可位于句首。如:While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help. 大多数儿童学会阅读很容易,有一些儿童却需要特别帮助
12、。4、考查其省略用法,即主句与从句主语相同,且从句谓语动词含有动词be时,通常可省略从句主语和动词be。如:While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel. 她在狱中写出了第一部小说。 He had strayed from home while still a boy. 他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。 I was only listening to the radio with half an ear, while (I was) preparing some food. 我正在做吃的东西,没太留心听收音机。(二)、表选择的并列连词主要
13、or (或者,还是,否则), eitheror(不是就是), neitheror(既不也不), otherwise (要不然)等。注:neithernor连接两个句子,注意用倒装语序。Be careful about what you say or you may regret it. 当心你讲的话,否则你会后悔的。Either say youre sorry or else get out! 你要么道歉,要么滚开!Neither does he smoke nor does he drink. 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。Seize the chance, otherwise you will re
14、gret it. or的用法1、表示选择,意为“或”“还是”:Is the radio off or on? 无线电关上了还是开着的?Would you prefer tea or coffee? 你喜欢茶还是咖啡?2、表示一种否定的条件,意为“否则”:Dress warmly, or else youll catch cold. 穿暖和点,否则你会感冒的。Be careful, or youll break that vase! 小心,否则你会把那花瓶打碎!3、可表示“要不就是”:He must be joking, or else hes mad. 他一定在说笑话,要不就是疯了。The b
15、ook must be here, or else youve lost it. 这书一定在这儿,要不就是你丢失了。4、用于否定句中代替and。He was not clever or good-looking. 他不聪明,也长得不好看。5、用于习语The work is more or less finished. 工作大体上完成了。They consist of 1700 or more tribes. 他们由1700个或更多部族构成。Theres just one or two details I want to make sure about. 还有一两个细节我想弄清楚。Either
16、your mother or your father may come with you. 你母亲或是你父亲会陪你去。(三)、表示因果关系的并列连词。主要有 for(因为), so(因此)等。如: He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇了摇头,因为他有不同想法。He told me to do it, so I did it. 他让我这样做,于是我就这样做了。注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。for的用法归纳for表示原因时的四个“不能” 1、for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:Because it was
17、wet he took a taxi. 因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。(这里不能用for)2、for引导的从句不能位于not, but或任何连词之后:He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing. 他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。(这里不能用for)for的用法归纳 3、for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:Why did you do it? 你为什么这么做? I did it because l was angry. 因为我生气才这么做的。(这里不能用for)注意:之所以有这些用法上
18、的限定,其理由是for引导的从句不能直接说明某一特定动作发生的原因,而只能提供一些起帮助解释作用的附加说明。例如:The days were short, for it was now December. 天短了,现在已是12月了。for的用法归纳连词so的用法1、so用作连词,主要用于表结果,意为“所以”:Its very cold, so wear a heavy coat. 外边很冷,因此穿一件厚大衣。The door was locked, so we couldnt get in. 门上锁了,所以我们进不去。2、有时可与并列连词and连用,构成习语and so(相当so):He wo
19、rked hard and so he succeeded. 他勤奋工作,所以他取得了成功。(四)、表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut (also) , bothand , as well as ,when(=and just at this time 就在这时)等。如:Give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸进尺。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得
20、更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。He was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 他正要上床睡觉,这时电话铃响了起来。He didnt go and she didnt go either. 他没去,她也没去。连词and 用法方方面面1. 基本义为“和”“又”“而且”等,但它有时还可表示对比或转折,相当于汉语的“而”“但”“却”。如:Shes a bank manager and Im just a road-sweeper. 她是银行经理,而我不过是个扫街的。2. 有时用于连接两个相同的词语,主要有以下用法:(1) 连接两个相同的比较级,表示“越
21、来越”。如:The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气越来越冷了。连词and 用法方方面面(2) 连接两个相同的动词,表示动作的反复或连续。如:He coughed and coughed. 他咳个不停。He tried and tried but without success. 他试了又试却未成功。(3) 连接两个相同的副词,也表示动作的反复或连续。如:He kept moaning on and on. 他呻吟不已。连词and 用法方方面面(4) 连接两个相同的名词,有以下两种主要用法:表示“许多”。如:They talked for hou
22、rs and hours. 他们谈了很长很长时间。The road went on for miles and miles. 这条路很长很长。强调差别,意为“与不同”。如:Dont worry there are rules and rules. 别担心规则跟规则不一样。I like city life but there are cities and cities. 我喜欢城市生活,但城市之间也有差别。连词and 用法方方面面3. 在come和go以动词原形出现时,其后习惯上不跟不定式表示目的,而是用“and+动词原形”表示目的。如: I must go and help my mother
23、. 我必须去帮助我母亲。注意:但是,如果go和come不是以动词原形出现,而是以过去式、过去分词、现在分词、动名词等方式出现,则其后应不定式表示目的。如:Ive come to collect my book. 我来取我的书。I m thinking of going to look for mushrooms. 我想去采蘑菇。连词and 用法方方面面另外,在come, go 之后的 and 有时可以省略(尤其在美国英语中)。如:Ill come (and) see you later. 我晚些时候再来看你。4. 用在祈使句后,表示结果,意为“那么”(暗示一种条件)。如:Work hard a
24、nd youll pass the examinations (=If you work hard, youll pass the examinations). 努力吧,你考试会及格的。连词and 用法方方面面有时也可以不是用于祈使句后表示结果。如:One more step and I will fire. 你再动一步,我就要开枪了。5. 用在 good, nice, fine 等之后,表示“很”“挺”。如:I wont go until Im good and ready. 我完全准备好了才去。Make sure you cut the bread nice and thick. 你一定要
25、把面包片切得厚厚的。7. 某些用 and 连接的两个词,与汉语顺序相反,不要按汉语词序颠倒过来。如:rich and poor 贫富 land and water 水陆right and left左右 north and south 南北food and drink 饮食 food and clothing 衣食三、从属连词的用法(一)、引导时间状语从句的从属连词1、表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如:Dont talk while youre eating. 吃饭时不要说话。Vegetables are best when th
26、ey are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。2、 表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如:Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上3、表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如:Shes been playing tennis since s
27、he was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。4、表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。如:Ill let you know as soon as
28、 I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finished Ill give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息,马上就来了。4、 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如:Ill tell him about it (the
29、) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时,我就把这个情况告诉他。You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。注意:every time, each time, any time前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。as的用法as 用作连词有哪些用法as 用作连词用法如下:1、表示伴随,意为“随着”。如:As time passed, things seemed to get worse. 随着时间的推移,情况似
30、乎变得更糟了。若其后不接从句,而接名词,则用介词 with 表示“随着”。如:With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced. 随着现代工农业的发展,污染越来越严重了。as的用法2、表示让步,意为“虽然”“尽管”,要用于倒装句(相当于 though,但语气稍弱)。如:Boy as he was, he behaved like a girl. 他虽然是个男孩,但举止却像个女孩。Much as I like you, I couldnt live with you.
31、我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你一起生活。as的用法3、表示时间,意为“当时候”。如:He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时,把杯子摔了。注意,as 引导时态状语从句时,其谓语动词通常只能是动作动词,而不能是静态或状态动词。如:她出生后不久父母双亡,是由姑母抚养大的。误:Her parents died as she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.正:Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.
32、as的用法4、表示原因,引导原因状语从句时,其谓语动词可以是动作动词,也可以是状态动词。如:As you werent there I left a message. 因为你不在那里,我留了个信儿。另外,引导原因状语从句,可用以下这样的倒装语序。如:Tired as she was, I decided not to disturb her. 因为她累了,我就决定不打扰她了。(二)、引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as so long as, in case 等。如:Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧?注意:在条
33、件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如:If you will sit down for a few moments, Ill tell the manager youre here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。if与whether的用法区别两者在表示“是否”时的用法区别如下:1. 互换的场合引导宾语从句表示“是否”时, 两者常可互换。如:He asked if whether we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。
34、He didnt tell me if whether he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来。注:若是引导条件状语从句,则只能用 if (意为“如果”)。2. 通常用 if 的场合当引导一个否定的宾语从句时,通常用 if 而不用 whether。如:I dont care if it doesnt rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。注:在个别词语 (如 wonder, not sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可能用 whether 来引导。如:I wonder if whether he isnt mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。3. 通常用 whether 的场合(1
35、) 引导主语从句且放在句首时。如:Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。注:若在句首使用形式主语 it,而将主语从句放在句末,则有时也可用 if 来引导。如:It was not known whether if he would come. 不知他是否会来。(2) 引导表语从句时。如:The question is whether we should go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。注:引导表语从句偶尔也用 if (很不正式),但远不如用 whether 常见。(3) 引导宾语从
36、句且放在句首时。如:Whether he is single I dont know. 他是否单身,我不知道。(4) 引导让步状语从句时。如:Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否,我都要那样做。(5) 与 or 连用分别引导两个从句时。如:I dont know whether he is wrong or she is wrong. 我不知道是他错了,还是她错了。(6) 用于不定式之前时。如:Im not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。(7) 用于介词之后时。如:It depen
37、ds on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。(8) 直接与 or not 连用时。如:I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来,我将写信告诉你。(9) 在某些动词后(如 discuss 等) 通常只用 whether。如:We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。(三)、引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等
38、。如:He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞,以防下雨。in case用作连词的用法in case用作连词时有以下两个用法:1. 表示条件,意为“如果”“万一”。如:In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨,就不要等我了。2. 表示目的,意为“以防”“生怕”。如:Im shy of buying shares in case I lose money. 我不敢买股票,
39、怕赔钱。Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold. 带些暖和的衣服,以防天气变冷。注:有时中间的谓语由 should构成,强调偶然性,可译为“万一”:I wrote down her address in case I should forget it. 我写下了她的地址,以防万一我忘了。I always slept by the phone in case he should ring during the night. 我总是睡在电话机旁边,怕万一他夜间打电话来。(四)、引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, sothat,
40、suchthat等。如:I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤,以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。(五)、引导原因状语从句的从属连词,主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如:He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我,因为
41、我是新来的。As you are sorry,Ill forgive you. 既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。Since weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。1. because 除经常用于引导原因状语从句外,还可引出表语从句或用于强调句等。如:It is because youre eating too much. 那是因为你吃得太多了。It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买本字典而进城的。2、用于构成复合介词be
42、cause of,其后可接名词、代词、 动名词、what 从句(但不能是that从句或没有引导词的从句)等。如:He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。We said nothing about it, because of his wifes being there. 因为他妻子在那儿,我们对此只字未提。because, since, as, for,用法区别(1) 关于 because:语气最强,表示直接原因,可用于回答 why 提出的问题、引导表语从句、用于强调句等,而其余三者均不行:“Why didnt he come?” “Beca
43、use he was ill.” “他为什么没来?”“因为他病了。”because, since, as, for,用法区别(2) 关于 since 与 as:a. 两者所表示的原因都是人们已知的,即对已知事实提供理由,而不是表示直接原因。since 比 as 语气稍强,且比 as 略为正式,它们引导的从句通常放在主句之前,有时也放在主句之后:As you werent there, I left a message. 由于你不在那儿,我留了个口信。Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然错了,就应该道歉。because, since, as
44、, for,用法区别since 可用于省略句,而其他三者不行:Since so, I have nothing to say. 既然如此,我无话可说。(3) 关于 for:是并列连词(其余三者为从属连词),它有时可表示因果关系(通常要放在主句之后,且可与 because 换用);有时不表示因果关系,而是对前面分句内容的解释或推断(也要放在主句之后,但不能because, since, as, for,用法区别与because 换用)。比较:The ground is wet, for (=because) it rained last night. 地面是湿的,因为昨晚下过雨。It must
45、have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚一定下过雨,你看今天早上地面是湿的。 (此句不能用 because 代 for)如何理解in that引导从句的用法如果用in that引导从句,则它是一个习语,意思是“因为”“由于”,与从属连词because意思相同。如:She was fortunate in thatshe had friends to help her. 她很幸运,有一些朋友帮助她。The situation is rather complicated in thatwe have two man
46、aging directors. 由于我们有两位总经理,所以情况很复杂。(六)、引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如: I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。You wont move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。although 与 though 用法区别与说明1. 用作连词,表示“虽然”,两者大致同义,可换用,只是 although 比 though 更为正式。如:Though Although theyre expensive, people buy them. 虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。2. although 一般不用作副词,而 though 可用作副词,表示“可是”“不过”。如:I expect youre rightIll ask him, thou