1、外文翻译原文TOKEEPCOMPETITORSATBAY,PULLTHERIGHTVALUECHAINLEVERSMATERIALSOURCEGLOBALSOURCESAUTHORMARCWACOANDROGERWERYUNCERTAINTYANDRISKEMERGEATALLLEVELSINTHEORGANIZATIONHOWEVER,THESTAKESAREEXTREMELYHIGHFORCORPORATESTRATEGYUNFORTUNATELY,BUSINESSESCONTINUETOTREATUNCERTAINTYMOREASARTTHANSCIENCEYES,QUANTITATIV
2、EMEANSCANHELPEVALUATEPROBABLEOUTCOMESANDTHEEXPECTEDVALUEOFVARIOUSACTIONS,BUTTHESETOOLSUSUALLYAREAPPLIEDONLYTOEVALUATEASCENARIOEVENMORERELEVANTISEVALUATINGHOWACOMPANYCANLESSENUNCERTAINTYBYCHANGINGITSSTRUCTURETHEMANYSOURCESOFUNCERTAINTYGENERALLYFALLINTOONEOFTHREECATEGORIESECONOMICFORCES,COMPETITIVEACT
3、IONS,ORTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEECONOMICFORCESMAYINCLUDEGROWTH,RECESSIONS,INDUSTRYCYCLES,ORFLUCTUATIONSINCOMMODITYMARKETCONDITIONSCOMPETITIVETHREATSEXTENDBEYONDTHECURRENTCOMPETITORSTOINCLUDENEWENTRANTSTHESETHREATSMAYTAKETHEFORMOFLARGERCOMPANIESTHATBRINGECONOMIESOFSCALEANDCHANNELCONTROLADVANTAGE,ORVERTICAL
4、INTEGRATIONBYOTHERVALUECHAINMEMBERSTECHNOLOGICALUNCERTAINTYPRESENTSASPECTRUMOFRISKSFROMNEWCOMPETITIVEPLATFORMSTOSUBSTITUTETECHNOLOGIESTHELATTERNOTONLYREPLACEACOMPANYSCOREPRODUCTS,BUTCANALSORENDEROBSOLETEYOURENTIRETECHNOLOGYANDPRODUCTROADMAPFOREXAMPLE,DEVELOPMENTOFTRANSISTORSAFTERTHEVACUUMTUBE,OFPERS
5、ONALCOMPUTERSAFTERTYPEWRITERS,ANDOFTHEFACSIMILEMACHINEAFTERTHETELEGRAPHUNDERSTANDINGTHENATUREOFTHESESOURCESISTHEFIRSTSTEPINADDRESSINGTHEUNCERTAINTIESTHEYPOSEAFTERIDENTIFYINGTHERISKS,THENEXTSTEPINVOLVESEXAMININGTHESERISKSPRAGMATICALLYBYUSINGTHEVALUECHAINASAFRAMEWORK,MANAGEMENTCANEVALUATETHESTRUCTURAL
6、ACTIONSITSORGANIZATIONCANTAKETOEASETHEBURDENOFSPECIFICRISKSASSOCIATEDWITHITSPRIMARYBUSINESSSTRATEGYAVALUECHAINENCOMPASSESTHEFOLLOWINGRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTRTHEYREDUCETHERISKOFFAILUREBYAPARTICULARTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTEFFORTINADDRESSINGTHEUNCERTAINTYOFECONOMICFORCES,RIFTHEMARKETDECLINESINTHESHORTTERM,
7、THECOMPANYWILLHAVEVALUABLEPROJECTSINTHEPIPELINEQUEUEDUPFORAMARKETREBOUNDHEDGINGISALSOATECHNOLOGYLEVERWHENITISUNCLEARWHICHTECHNOLOGYSTANDARDWILLPREVAILINTHELONGTERM,COMPANIESSHOULDHAVEEFFORTSONMULTIPLEFRONTSTHETELECOMRACETO3GPROVIDESAGOODEXAMPLEGSMANDCDMABASEDPLATFORMSBOTHHAVEPROPONENTS,ANDMANYOFTHEM
8、AJORTELECOMMANUFACTURERSHAVESOLUTIONSINBOTHAREASTHOUGHPARALLELTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTCANBEEXPENSIVE,ITISEFFECTIVEATLESSENINGRISKOPERATIONSLEVERINCREASETHESUPPLYCHAINSFLEXIBILITYINITSBROADESTDEFINITION,OPERATIONSINCLUDESALLTHEPROCESSESTHATBUYANDRECEIVERAWMATERIALS,TRANSFORMTHEMINTOAFINALPRODUCT,ANDDIST
9、RIBUTETHEPRODUCTTOTHECUSTOMERCONVENTIONALWISDOMINDICATESTHATSUCCESSFULOPERATIONSAREEFFICIENTTHEYMAXIMIZEUTILIZATIONOFCAPITALASSETSANDEMPLOYEEPRODUCTIVITYSUCHTHINKINGHASDRIVENCOMPANIESTOBUILDLARGERFACTORIESANDPURCHASEMORECOMPLEXMACHINERYOFCOURSE,THESECAPITALINVESTMENTSEXACERBATETHEEFFECTOFUNCERTAINTY
10、,EMBEDDINGFIXEDCOSTSINTOTHEPRODUCTTHATMAKEITUNPROFITABLEATLOWERVOLUMESEFFECTIVEOPERATIONSLEVERSINCREASETHEINHERENTFLEXIBILITYOFACOMPANYSSUPPLYCHAINANDOTHEROPERATIONALCOMPONENTS,THUSIMPROVINGITSABILITYTOSTART,STOP,SLOW,ORACCELERATEPRODUCTIONOPERATIONSLEVERSTHATWORKAGAINSTECONOMICFORCESFOCUSONLEVELING
11、PRODUCTIONSPEAKSANDVALLEYSOUTSOURCINGISTHEOBVIOUSLEVERCONTRACTMANUFACTURINGCMRELATIONSHIPS,FORINSTANCE,CANHELPCOMPANIESADDRESSSHARPINCREASESINDEMANDANDUSUALLYREQUIRELITTLECAPITALINVESTMENTHOWEVER,THEYARENOPANACEATHERELATIONSHIPSAREESPECIALLYRISKYDURINGPERIODSOFHIGHDEMANDWHENCONTRACTMANUFACTURERSCANE
12、ASILYPRIORITIZETHEIRMOSTPROFITABLECUSTOMERSULTIMATELY,THEKEYTOSUCCESSFULOUTSOURCINGWHETHERITISMANUFACTURING,IT,ORBUSINESSPROCESSESISDEVELOPINGASTRATEGICVIEWOFTHECORECOMPETENCIESTHATREPRESENTTHEBASISOFCOMPETITIONFORYOURBUSINESSTHECOMPANYMUSTKEEPTHOSEAREASINHOUSEANDINVESTINTHEMTOGAINANDSUSTAINCOMPETIT
13、IVEADVANTAGEOBVIOUSLY,THEBESTOPERATIONSLEVERAGAINSTCOMPETITIONISOPERATIONSEXCELLENCECOMPANIESTHATACHIEVEALOWCOSTPRODUCERSTATUSWILLWINALLOTHERFACTORSBEINGEQUALIMPLEMENTINGLEANCONCEPTSISTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEMEANSOFACHIEVINGTHATSTATUSPRODUCTFOCUSEDTEAMS,FLOWMANUFACTURING,DEMANDPULL,QUICKMACHINECHANGEOVERS,A
14、NDOTHERLEANCONCEPTSINCREASEPROFITACCOUNTABILITYATALLLEVELSANDENABLECOMPANIESTOBREAKTHEIRRELIANCEONMASSIVEECONOMIESOFSCALEPROPRIETARYPRODUCTIONPROCESSESORTECHNOLOGIESALSOPROVIDEADVANTAGESOVERTHECOMPETITIONANDACTASABUFFERAGAINSTUNCERTAINTYINADDITION,NEWTECHNOLOGIESALLOWCOMPANIESTOAGGRESSIVELYPURSUELOW
15、COSTLOCALES,PURSUINGOFFSHOREPRODUCTIONMUCHMORETHANMANUFACTURINGWITHCOMPANYOWNEDASSETSTHISENABLESCOMPANIESTOPERMANENTLYLOWERTHEIRCOSTSTRUCTUREINNUMEROUSFUNCTIONALAREASWHILERETAININGCOMPLETEOPERATIONALCONTROLINADDRESSINGTECHNOLOGYUNCERTAINTIES,THEOPERATIONSEXECUTIVEMUSTAGAINFOCUSONFLEXIBILITYPRODUCTDE
16、SIGNS,PLANTEQUIPMENT,ANDEVENEMPLOYEESKILLSNEEDENOUGHAGILITYTODEALWITHRAPIDPRODUCTINTRODUCTIONSHOWEVER,WHENADDRESSINGUNCERTAINTIESAROUNDTHELONGTERMVIABILITYOFATECHNOLOGY,ITMAYHELPTOCREATEJOINTVENTURESJVSTOLESSENBOTHRISKANDINVESTMENTINPROPERTY,PLANT,ANDEQUIPMENTREGULARANDTHOROUGHBENCHMARKINGCANPROVIDE
17、ANEARLYWARNINGSYSTEMAGAINSTMISMATCHESININTERNALOREXTERNALOPERATIONSCAPACITYFOREXAMPLE,MANUFACTURERSMUSTSYNCHRONIZENEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTWITHMANUFACTURINGBENCHMARKINGCANHIGHLIGHTFUTUREMISMATCHESINDEVELOPMENTCYCLETIMEANDPRODUCTIONRAMPTIMEBYDOCUMENTINGPERFORMANCETRENDSALSO,BENCHMARKINGPROVIDESAFACTBASEO
18、NWHICHTOMAKEJVOROUTSOURCINGDECISIONSSALESANDSERVICELEVERSREDEFINEANDSTRENGTHENCUSTOMERVALUESALESANDSERVICECOMPRISETHECUSTOMERFACINGACTIVITIESASSOCIATEDWITHGETTINGBUYERSTOPURCHASEAPRODUCT,THENMAINTAININGANDENHANCINGTHEPRODUCTSVALUETHISINCLUDESCHANNELDEVELOPMENTANDPRICING,ASWELLASCUSTOMERSUPPORTANDWAR
19、RANTYSERVICESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHESELEVERSISTOREDEFINECUSTOMERVALUEANDMAXIMIZEMARKETPRESENCEBYENHANCINGSERVICESORLEVERAGINGPRODUCTSANDCHANNELSOUTSIDETHECOMPANYTOLESSENTHEUNCERTAINTIESOFECONOMICFORCES,ACOMPANYMAYENGAGEINLONGTERMSERVICECONTRACTSOFCOURSE,LOCKINGINSUCHCONTRACTSPROBABLYWILLREQUIRESIGNIFICANT
20、DISCOUNTING,BUTTHESTABLECASHFLOWASSOCIATEDWITHSERVICESISUSUALLYWORTHTHEEFFORTFURTHERMORE,THATDISCOUNTINGMAYBEBENEFICIALINOTHERWAYSDURINGADOWNTURN,FORINSTANCE,COMPANIESOFTENWILLDELAYCAPITALEQUIPMENTPURCHASESBYESTABLISHINGASOLIDSERVICERELATIONSHIP,COMPANIESAREWELLPOSITIONEDTOCAPTUREPRODUCTSALESONCETHE
21、RECOVERYENSUESECONOMICFORCESCANALSOPUTTREMENDOUSPRESSUREONLABORINTENSIVESALESCHANNELS,PARTICULARLYINANENVIRONMENTWHEREMAKINGTHEMONTHLYNUMBERSISTHEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEBYEXPLOITINGCHANNELPARTNERS,COMPANIESMINIMIZEINFRASTRUCTUREREQUIREMENTSTHESEPARTNERSHIPSCANBEISOLATEDONMANYLEVELS,INCLUDINGGEOGRAPHYORPROD
22、UCTLINEINADDITION,LEVERAGINGCHANNELPARTNERSALLOWSSMALLERCOMPANIESTOCOMPETEONAGLOBALSCALE,THUSEASINGTHEBURDENOFRISKSASSOCIATEDWITHREGIONALECONOMIESCOMPANIESCANDIFFERENTIATETHEMSELVESFROMTHECOMPETITIONBYOFFERINGSERVICEPRODUCTSTHATPROVIDEVALUEBEYONDKEEPINGTHEMACHINERUNNINGINFORMATIONMANAGEMENT,FOREXAMP
23、LE,SHOULDGOBEYONDMACHINEPERFORMANCETOPROVIDECUSTOMERSWITHABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFPRODUCTENVIRONMENTSEVERALLARGECONSUMERPACKAGEDGOODSCOMPANIESTHATMANAGETHEIRINVENTORIESATTHERETAILERILLUSTRATETHEPOINTINADDITIONTOPROVIDINGASERVICE,THESEPROGRAMSRESULTININCREMENTALSALESFORTHEMANUFACTURERINVALUABLEINFORMATI
24、ONABOUTCONSUMERSPENDINGHABITSALLOWSTHEMTOTAILORINVENTORIESTOLOCATIONS译文通过正确的价值链杠杆维持海湾中的竞争资料来源环球资源世界经理人网站作者MARCWACOANDROGERWERY组织的不确定性和风险出现在各个层次。然而,在企业战略中,风险越大所获得的收益也是越高的。不幸的是,艺术交易的不确定性比科学更大。的确,量的手段可以帮助评价可能结果以及各个期望值行动,然而这些工具常常只适用于评价一种推测。与评估一个公司如何通过改变结构来减少不确定性更加有关。许多不确定的原因大致有三个经济力量、竞争行动与技术变革。经济的力量可能包括
25、商品市场条件下的发展、经济衰退、工业周期与波动这几方面。竞争的威胁从当前竞争者延伸到潜在进入者。这些威胁可能使大型企业接受那些会带来规模经济,有渠道控制优点,或可以纵向整合的价值链成员。技术的不确定性产生了一系列风险从新竞争者到替代技术。后者不仅取代了一个公司的核心产品,而且也取代了过时的整体技术和产品路线例如,由晶体管发展到真空管,由打字机发展到个人电脑,由电报发展到传真机。他们选择这些不确定性的第一步就是去理解内在原因。在鉴定风险后,下一步是审查涉及这些风险的实效性。通过建立一个价值链骨架,管理层能够评价构造中的行动,即组织可以采取一个初级商业策略来减少具体风险负担。一个价值链包括以下几项
26、研究与发展、业务运营、销售和服务。在这种价值链中,你可以通过应用经营杠杆来减少风险的不确定性,增加战略选择的余地。杠杆投资的最大化影响实际上每个公司都有一些研究与发展的形式,包括产品发展,技术满足客户需求,经典产品活动在市场的良好运行,确定客户的要求,进行竞争的评定等。研究与发展重点关注一个公司的竞争基础,那么区别它的主要手段就是成功的竞争。在这个意义上,研究与发展可能要求开发技术和基础设施去支持一个网状系统,就如同开发下一代电信开关一样。最大功效的研究与发展杠杆是那些事先确定风险暴露程度,然后通过特殊技术减少风险的杠杆。在经济力量不确定性的条件下,研究与发展杠杆将最大化地影响企业的投资。例如
27、,公司可能发展产品平台和细分与之相关的市场,从而缓和行业衰退的影响。此外,交易可能延长到技术毗邻的市场,或被批准知识产权许可。例如,微软成功延长了WINDOWS桌面的应用,而产权的许可使得掌上电脑也获得了广泛普及。一种竞争性的研究与发展杠杆同样重要。譬如,参与正规的组织会影响公司技术标准的方向,而且可望掌握使自己更加有能力的标准。然而,产品领导是最牢固的研究与发展杠杆。就产品特性,质量,周转率或销货成本而言,专利权和其他知识所有权使产品在竞争中处于不利地位。在今天的连体经济体制下,多半企业通过发展联盟来获得优势。这种联合允许交易依靠合伙人的附属基础或互补技术去关注技术能力。英特尔参与无线局域网
28、市场正说明了这一点。最初,英特尔的内部工夫做不到预期结果,但公司通过伙伴关系保持了一个紧控计算机的生态系统,通过关键性的市场补贴控制访问原始设备制造商原船用设备厂。一个公司的投资组合同样对研究与发展杠杆提供了技术上的不确定性。行动杠杆增加供应链的灵活性广义上来讲,行动包括所有过程的购买,收到原材料,改造他们到一个最终产品,分发产品给顾客。传统的智慧表明如此有效率的完美行动是因为最大化利用了资本资产和雇员生产率。这样的想法驱使公司建造更大的工厂和收购更复杂的机械。当然,这些资本投资的影响是不确定的,分配固定成本到产品后,减少产量会使企业更加无利可图。有效的行动杠杆增加了公司供应链和其他操作元件的
29、固有灵活性,从而改善它开始、停止、缓慢、或加快生产的能力。行动杠杆针对经济力量关注于均生产的高峰和低谷。外购是显而易见的杠杆。例如,合同制造关系可以帮公司增加地址需求却常常只要少量的资本投资。然而,他们不是万能的。尤其关系到合同制造商能轻松发展他们有利可图顾客的时候。根本上说,无论是在IT制造业还是业务流程方面,一个成功外包的关键是企业的核心竞争力必须具有发展战略的观点。公司必须保持那些组织地区内部的投资去获得竞争优势。显然,最好的行动杠杆针对竞争营运效率,公司只有实现低成本才能获得最终的胜利。执行精益概念是实现该胜利最好的方法。一个以产品为中心的团队,通过增加在流程制造,需求拉动,快速转换以
30、及其他精益概念等各个层次的责任承担,使得公司能够打破对大规模经济的依靠。所有权生产过程或技术也为以上竞争提供了充当缓冲不确定性的好处。此外,新技术允许公司积极追求廉价语言环境,追求近海采油的所得超过制造企业所有财富。这使得公司永久降低他们在众多功能区的成本结构而保留完整的运行控制。在选址技术不确定情况下,操作执行必须再次关注灵活性。产品设计,工厂设备,甚至员工技能都需要足够的灵活性去迅速介绍产品。然而,当选址不确定性围绕一个长期技术的可行性时,它可能帮助合资企业减少两者在房地产、机械设备、技能的投资风险。有规律并且彻底的标杆管理可以针对在内部或外部的行动容量错配提供一个早期预警系统。例如,生产厂家必须同步新产品开发与制造。标杆管理能强调未来发展周期的错配与生产时间的趋势。同样,标杆管理提供了一个使合资企业或外包决断的事实。