1、外文翻译原文REGULATIONBYDISCLOSURETHECASEOFINTERNALCONTROLMATERIALHTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/CONTENT/351U43877V108J45/AUTHORLAURAFSPIRAMICHAELPAGETHESUBJECTOFINTERNALCONTROL,ONCEAGUARANTEEDREMEDYFORSLEEPLESSNESS,HASMADEASPECTACULARENTRYONTOPOLITICALANDREGULATORYAGENDASPOWER199757INHISANALYSISOFTHEDEVEL
2、OPMENTOFTHEROLEOFAUDIT,POWEROBSERVESTHATINTERNALCONTROLHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTASPARTOFASYSTEMOFREGULATIONWHICHRELIESONMAKINGINTERNALMECHANISMSVISIBLETHROUGHFORMSOFSELFVALIDATIONANDDISCLOSURECORPORATEGOVERNANCEREQUIREMENTSHAVEFREQUENTLYBEENCOUCHEDINTHEFORMOFCODESOFPRACTICEONTHEPRINCIPLEOFCOMPL
3、YOREXPLAINRATHERTHANPRESCRIPTIVELEGISLATIONTHEMONITORINGROLEOFTHEBOARDOFDIRECTORS,WHICHFORMSTHEAPEXOFTHEINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMOFANORGANISATION,HASBEENEMPHASISEDTHEINFLUENCEOFPARTICULARINTERESTGROUPSHASBEENIMPORTANTINTHENEGOTIATIONOFTHESEDEVELOPMENTSAUDITORS,BOTHINTERNALANDEXTERNAL,CANCLAIMEXPERTISEIN
4、INTERNALCONTROL,ADVANCINGTHEIRORGANISATIONALPOSITIONINTHECASEOFINTERNALAUDITORSSPIRAANDPAGE2003ANDINCREASINGTHEPOTENTIALFORSALESOFSPECIALISEDSERVICESINTHECASEOFEXTERNALAUDITORSREGULATORSANDLEGISLATORSHAVEFOCUSEDONINTERNALCONTROLISSUESASAPOLICYRESPONSETOCRISESCUNNINGHAM2004THEUSEOFINTERNALCONTROLASAC
5、ORPORATEGOVERNANCEDEVICEREFLECTSASUBTLEBUTSIGNIFICANTCHANGEINITSCONCEPTION,MOVINGFROMTHEORIGINALSUPPORTIVENOTIONTHATINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMSWEREANINTEGRALPARTOFTHESTRUCTUREOFANORGANIZATIONWHICHENABLEDITSGOALSTOBEACHIEVED,TOTHEMORERECENTVIEWOFINTERNALCONTROLASASUBSTANTIALLYPREVENTIVESYSTEM,DESIGNEDTOMI
6、NIMISEOBSTRUCTIONSTOGOALACHIEVEMENTANDCARRYINGSIGNIFICANTLYGREATEREXPECTATIONSOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSUCHSYSTEMSASPAGEANDSPIRA2004NOTE,COMPANIESHAVEALSOINCREASINGLYTAKENRISKBASEDAPPROACHESTOINTERNALCONTROLBECAUSEOFTHEINCREASEDPACEOFORGANIZATIONALCHANGECONTROLSYSTEMSCHANGETOOFASTTOBERIGIDLYDOCUMENTEDAND
7、COMPANIESMAYNOTEVENHAVEFULLDOCUMENTATIONRELATINGTOSOMEOFTHEIRITBASEDSYSTEMSFORTHESEREASONSTHEREHASBEENANINCREASEINDELEGATIONOFCONTROLDOWNWARDSINTHEORGANIZATIONANDTHEREISLIKELYTOBENOCENTRALRECORDOFCONTROLSYSTEMSTHEEMERGENCEOFRISKBASEDAPPROACHESTOINTERNALCONTROLHASRESULTEDINACONFLUENCEOFINTERNALCONTRO
8、LANDRISKMANAGEMENTTOTHEPOINTTHATANINFLUENTIALPUBLICATIONJONESANDSUTHERLAND1999ISSUEDATTHESAMETIMEASTHETURNBULLGUIDANCEREFERREDFREQUENTLYTOINTERNALCONTROLANDRISKMANAGEMENTASASINGLECONCEPTINPROVIDINGPRACTICALASSISTANCEFORBOARDSINCOMPLYINGWITHTHETURNBULLDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSTHEDEMONSTRATIONOFGOODCORPO
9、RATEGOVERNANCEISACHALLENGEFORBOARDSOFDIRECTORSBUTDESCRIBINGSTRUCTURALMECHANISMSSUCHASINTERNALCONTROLPROCESSESMAYBEONEWAYOFMEETINGDEMANDSFORTRANSPARENCYTHUS,WHATWASONCEANINTERNALINTERESTBECOMESAMEANSOFDEMONSTRATINGREGULATORYCOMPLIANCECONCERNSABOUTINTERNALCONTROLINTHEUSANDTHEUKAROSEINITIALLYFROMADESIR
10、ETOESTABLISHTHEBOUNDARIESOFEXTERNALAUDITORRESPONSIBILITYTHEDIFFICULTIESOFDEFININGINTERNALCONTROLAREILLUSTRATEDINTHEEARLIESTUSEXPERIENCE,ASSUMMARIZEDINALECTUREBYMAUTZ1980HEQUOTESTHE1949AICPADEFINITIONINTERNALCONTROLCOMPRISESTHEPLANOFORGANIZATIONANDALLOFTHECOORDINATEMETHODSANDMEASURESADOPTEDWITHINABUS
11、INESSTOSAFEGUARDITSASSETS,CHECKTHEACCURACYANDRELIABILITYOFITSACCOUNTINGDATA,PROMOTEOPERATIONALEFFICIENCY,ANDENCOURAGEADHERENCETOPRESCRIBEDMANAGERIALPOLICIESANDDESCRIBESTHECONCERNOFFIRMSLEGALCOUNSELABOUTTHEBROADNESSOFTHISDEFINITIONTHISCONCERNLEDTOANEWDEFINITIONISSUEDIN1958WHICHSPLITTHEFOURPARTSOFTHEO
12、RIGINALDEFINITIONBETWEENACCOUNTINGCONTROLSAFEGUARDINGASSETSANDCHECKINGRELIABILITYANDACCURACYOFACCOUNTINGDATAANDADMINISTRATIVECONTROLPROMOTIONOFOPERATIONALEFFICIENCYANDENCOURAGEMENTOFADHERENCETOPRESCRIBEDMANAGEMENTPOLICIESANDDEFINEDAUDITORSRESPONSIBILITYASREVIEWINGACCOUNTINGCONTROLSONLYAFURTHERNARROW
13、INGTOOKPLACEIN1972WHENTHEUSAUDITINGPROFESSIONLIMITEDTHETWOCOMPONENTSOFACCOUNTINGCONTROLEVENMOREUPTOTHISPOINT,THEDEFINITIONWASREALLYONLYOFCONCERNTOCOMPANIESANDTHEIRAUDITORSBUTTHEPASSINGOFTHEFOREIGNCORRUPTPRACTICESACTIN1977CHANGEDTHISTHEACTWASPASSEDINRESPONSETOBRIBERYSCANDALSANDFORTHERSTTIMEENVISAGEDT
14、HEUSEOFINTERNALCONTROLASREGULATIONITWASBASEDONANARROWCONCEPTIONOFINTERNALCONTROLNEWLYDESCRIBEDASINTERNALACCOUNTINGCONTROLITALSOCHANGEDTHEFOCUSOFINTERNALCONTROLWHEREASTHECONCERNSOFACCOUNTINGCONTROLHADBEENATLOWORGANIZATIONALLEVELSANDCLERICALPROCEDURES,THEACTNOWSHIFTEDATTENTIONTOCONTROLSATBOARDLEVELFOR
15、THEFIRSTTIMEAPROCESSFORIDENTIFYING,EVALUATINGANDMANAGINGTHESIGNIFICANTRISKSFACEDBYTHEGROUPHASBEENINPLACETHROUGHOUTTHEPERIODANDISREVIEWEDREGULARLYBYTHEBOARDTHEMANAGEMENTOFEACHBUSINESSISRESPONSIBLEFORESTABLISHINGDETAILEDCONTROLSWHICHAREEMBEDDEDWITHINOPERATIONALANDFINANCIALPROCEDURESINORDERTOMANAGEBUSI
16、NESSRISKSONADAYTODAYBASISCHANGESINKEYBUSINESSOBJECTIVESWHICHMAYIMPACTONTHERISKROLEOFTHEGROUPANDREQUIRECHANGESTOEXISTINGCONTROLSANDPROCEDURESWEREMONITOREDDURINGTHEYEARBYTHECHIEFEXECUTIVEANDGROUPFINANCEDIRECTORTHROUGHTHEESTABLISHEDFRAMEWORKOFMONTHLYREVIEWSWITHTHEMANAGINGDIRECTORSANDFINANCIALCONTROLLER
17、SOFEACHOFTHEBUSINESSUNITSTHEFINDINGSANDRECOMMENDATIONSOFINTERNALAUDITWORKCARRIEDOUTDURINGTHE2004FINANCIALYEARHAVEBEENREPORTEDTOTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEANDASUMMARYOFTHEFINDINGSHASBEENPRESENTEDTOTHEBOARDTHEINTERNALAUDITPROGRAMFOCUSESONTHEKEYRISKSINHERENTINTHEBUSINESSESANDTHESYSTEMOFCONTROLNECESSARYTOMANAGESU
18、CHRISKSPARITYPLCTHEREISLITTLESURPRISEHEREINFACTITAPPEARSTOBEASERIESOFSTATEMENTSOFTHEOBVIOUSTHESAMEIMPRESSIONISGAINEDWHENREVIEWINGTHEDISCLOSURESOFSHAFTSBURYPLCTHEKEYELEMENTSOFTHECOMPANYSPROCEDURESANDINTERNALFINANCIALCONTROLFRAMEWORKARE1THECLOSEINVOLVEMENTOFTHEEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSINALLASPECTSOFDAYTODAYO
19、PERATIONS,INCLUDINGREGULARMEETINGSWITHSENIORSTAFFTOREVIEWALLOPERATIONALASPECTSOFTHEBUSINESS2CLEARLYDEFINEDRESPONSIBILITIESANDLIMITSOFAUTHORITYTHEBOARDHASRESPONSIBILITYFORSTRATEGYANDHASADOPTEDASCHEDULEOFMATTERSWHICHAREREQUIREDTOBEBROUGHTTOITFORDECISION3ACOMPREHENSIVESYSTEMOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDFOREC
20、ASTINGFINANCIALACCOUNTSAREPREPAREDQUARTERLYANDSUBMITTEDTOTHEBOARDPROFITANDCASHFLOWFORECASTSAREPREPAREDATLEASTQUARTERLY,APPROVEDBYTHEBOARDANDUSEDTOMONITORACTUALPERFORMANCE4REGULARMEETINGSOFTHEBOARDANDAUDITCOMMITTEEATWHICHFINANCIALINFORMATIONISREVIEWEDANDBUSINESSRISKSAREIDENTIFIEDANDMONITOREDTHECOMPAN
21、YSEEMSTOHAVETHEKINDSOFCONTROLSTHATCOULDBEEXPECTEDINAPUBLICCOMPANYTHEONLYCONTEXTINWHICHRISKISMENTIONEDISIDENTIFICATIONANDMONITORINGTHATOCCURS,INSOMEUNEXPLAINEDWAYATREGULARBOARDANDAUDITCOMMITTEEMEETINGSBOTHTHESEDISCLOSURESARELARGELYSTATEMENTSOFTHEOBVIOUSWHILETHEYAREAPPARENTLYCOMPANYSPECIFICTHEREISNOTH
22、INGTHATSURPRISES,INDEED,ONEWOULDBEVERYSURPRISEDIFTHEOPPOSITEWERESTATEDOTHERCOMPANIESDISCLOSURESFALLONACONTINUUMOFINFORMATIVENESSFOREXAMPLEELECTROCOMPONENTSPLCEXPLAINSTHATRISKMANAGEMENTISANINTEGRALPARTOFTHESYSTEMOFINTERNALCONTROLANDGOESONTOGIVEADETAILSOFITSCONTROLSTRUCTUREANDRISKPROCESSESWITHINAREPOR
23、TOFAVERAGELENGTHSUBSTANTIVEDISCLOSURESMAYINCLUDEDESCRIPTIONSOFCOMPANYSTRUCTURE,PARTICULARLYRELATINGTOCOMMITTEESCHARGEDWITHRISKMANAGEMENTRESPONSIBILITIESANDTHEIRRELATIONSHIPANDCOMMUNICATIONSWITHTHEBOARDTHEROLEOFTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEANDOFTHEINTERNALAUDITFUNCTION,ANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEMANDWITHTHEBOAR
24、DDESCRIPTIONSOFRISKSIDENTIFIEDASMATERIALDESCRIPTIONSOFRISKEVENTSANDACTIONTAKENINRESPONSENATIONALGRIDPLCPROVIDESALENGTHYSECTIONRISKFACTORSWHICHIDENTIFIESAVERYEXTENSIVERANGEOFRISKSFACEDBYTHECOMPANYBUTASONETURNBULLREVIEWRESPONDENTOBSERVED,THISISAHISTORICALRECORDANDCURRENTSITUATIONSMAYDIFFER45EFFECTIVEN
25、ESSOFINTERNALCONTROLANDDEALINGWITHWEAKNESSESPARA38OFTHEGUIDANCESATESINRELATIONTOCODEPROVISIOND21,THEBOARDSHOULDSUMMARISETHEPROCESSITWHEREAPPLICABLE,THROUGHITSCOMMITTEESHASAPPLIEDINREVIEWINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESYSTEMOFINTERNALCONTROLITSHOULDALSODISCLOSETHEPROCESSITHASAPPLIEDTODEALWITHMATERIALINTERNA
26、LCONTROLASPECTSOFANYSIGNIFICANTPROBLEMSDISCLOSEDINTHEANNUALREPORTANDACCOUNTSASMENTIONEDPREVIOUSLY,REPORTINGONINTERNALCONTROLEFFECTIVENESSWASTHEMOSTCONTENTIOUSOFTHECADBURYRECOMMENDATIONSANDTHECOMPROMISEREACHEDINTHECOMBINEDCODEWASTHATCOMPANIESSHOULDREPORTTHEPROCESSTHATTHEYHADUNDERTAKEN,BUTNOTNECESSARI
27、LYTHERESULTSONLYONECOMPANYEXPRESSEDAPOSITIVEOPINIONONTHEQUALITYOFINTERNALCONTROLTHEGUIDANCEDOESNOTASKEXPLICITLYTHATBOARDSINDICATETHECONCLUSIONSDRAWNFROMTHEREVIEWSUNDERTAKENANDONLYONECOMPANYDOESSOINAPOSITIVEFASHIONTHEBOARDCONSIDERSTHATTHEMEASURESTAKEN,INCLUDINGPHYSICALCONTROLS,SEGREGATIONOFDUTIESANDR
28、EVIEWSBYMANAGEMENT,PROVIDESUFFICIENTANDOBJECTIVEASSURANCEOTHERSTENDTOFRAMETHEIRCONCLUSIONSINANEGATIVEWAYINTHEOPINIONOFTHEBOARDTHEREVIEWDIDNOTINDICATETHATTHESYSTEMWASINEFFECTIVEORUNSATISFACTORYHAVINGREVIEWEDITSEFFECTIVENESS,THEDIRECTORSARENOTAWAREOFANYSIGNIFICANTWEAKNESSORDEFICIENCYINTHEGROUPSSYSTEMO
29、FINTERNALCONTROLSDURINGTHEYEARMERSEYDOCKSANDHARBOURCOMPANYWHERESUCHASTATEMENTISACCOMPANIEDBYAMOREDETAILEDACCOUNTOFTHEREVIEWPROCESS,ITAPPEARSTOHAVEBEENINCLUDEDASAFORMALITYWITHINASUBSTANTIVE,COMPANYSPECIFICDISCLOSUREINRARECASES,ACTIONSTAKENASARESULTOFREVIEWSORINCIDENTSAREDESCRIBEDFOLLOWINGTHESIGNIFICA
30、NTISSUESEXPERIENCEDWITHINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHENEWSUPPLYCHAINSYSTEM,THEFOLLOWINGADDITIONALPROCESSESHAVEBEENPUTINPLACESPECIFICMANAGEMENTTEAMSWERECONVENEDTOEXAMINETHEROOTCAUSEOFTHESUPPLYPROBLEMS,ANDTOPUTINPLACENEWPROCESSESANDCONTROLSTOREDUCEANDELIMINATETHESEISSUESMANAGEMENTREPORTWEEKLYTOTHEEXECUTIVECO
31、MMITTEEONTHEPROGRESSWITHTHESTABILIZATIONOFTHESYSTEMANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFSUPPLYTOOURCUSTOMERSTHERISKMANAGEMENTPROCESSOUTLINEDBELOWWASREVIEWEDANDENHANCEDWITHTHEEMPHASISONOWNERSHIP,RISKMITIGATIONACTIVITIESANDIMPROVEDMONITORINGACTIVITIESTOACTASEARLYWARNINGINDICATORSOFRISKOCCURRENCETHESEACTIVITIESAREDESI
32、GNEDTOSTRENGTHENTHECONTROLENVIRONMENTMFIFURNITUREGROUPPLCTHISANALYSISUSINGTHEHEADINGSDERIVEDFROMTHETURNBULLGUIDANCESEEABOVEDEMONSTRATESTHESUPERFICIALITYOFDISCLOSURESTHATAPPEARTOCOMPLYFORMALLYWITHTHEGUIDANCE译文信息披露制度内部控制资料来源HTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN/CONTENT/351U43877V108J45/作者LAURAFSPIRAMICHAELPAG
33、E使用内部控制作为公司治理的一种策略，反映了公司治理中一个微妙但是重要的改变。来自于原来“支持”的概念，内部控制系统是组织结构的重要组成部分，从而使组织能够达成目标,最近的内部控制观点，作为一种实质上的“预防”的观点，旨在使达成目标所必不能少的阻碍最小化，同时，希望能够达成更为明显的系统有效化的期望。如SPIRA2004所写的，公司在内部控制中越来越多的采用“风险基础”的方法，因为组织改变步伐的加速控制系统改变太快而不能完备的记录或者公司可能没有全部的记录基于内控系统的一些有关资料。由于这些原因，控制的“委托”，在组织的控制下和有可能没有关键中心记录的控制系统情况下，会出现增加的趋势。考虑美国
34、和英国内部控制的最初出现，是源自于建立外部审计师责任的想法。定义内部控制的困难在于说明早期的美国内控经验，从MAUTZ1980的演讲中和1949年的美国会计师协会定义中概括得知内部控制计划包括组织和所有同类方法和业务中被采纳的措施，这些都被用来保卫企业的资产，检查的精确性和可靠性，从而保证其会计数据的可靠性，提高企业运作的效率，并鼓励遵守规定的管理政策。确认、评估、管理重要风险的过程，是组织定期检视以及董事会定期评估的过程。每一笔交易的管理必须对相应的具体交易负责，这种具体交易是为了控制日常经营的商业风险，包括商业运作和财政程序。主要商业目标上的改变，将影响组织的风险，并且要求由执行董事和集团
35、财务总监对现存的控制和检测程序进行更改，这种改变在每月一次由执行董事和所有业务单位的财务评估框架中体现出来。2004年执行的内部审计工作的结论和建议，已经报送到财政年度审计委员会，同时，审计结果的一份总结已经报送到了董事会。内部审计程序集中于业务的固有风险和处理这些风险的管理需要。令人有些惊讶的是事实上，这似乎是对一系列显而易见的报告的陈述。在重新审视沙夫茨博里公共有限公司时，同样的事出现了。公司程序和内部财务控制关键元素的框架是1、常务董事面对的财务困难涉及日常操作的各个方面，包括高级员工评论自己业务方面操作的东起会议。2、明确的职责和权限。董事会对已采纳的战略和需要被决定的事物的计划负责。
36、3、完备的财政报告和预测。财政账户被准备并且按季度提交给董事会。经董事会批准的利润和现金流预测至少每季度报告一次，并且习惯于检测试剂经济指标。4、董事会定期会议。审计委员会对商业风险的财务信息进行综述,确认和监控。该公司似乎拥有一般认为是公共有限公司才有的各种控制方法。风险唯一的来源被提到是“识别和监控”，这种风险发生（在一些没有预料的情况下）在董事会例会和审计委员会会议。这两种披露很大程度上属于“对显而易见的事的陈述”，而明显得，对公司细节没什么课惊讶的，实际上，可能感到惊讶的是相反的情况。其他公司披露指向连续统一的信息化。例如，ELECTROCOMPONENTS公共有限公司解释说，风险管理
37、是“内部控制体系的一个管理部分”，并且该公司在一份平均时间长度的报告中，给出了控制结构的细节和风险程序。实质性的披露包括公司架构的描述,特别是有关委员会起诉与风险管理责任,他们之间的关系以及董事会的交流审计委员会的作用和内部审计部门,它们和董事会之间的联系确定风险的描述材料对风险事件的发生,而采取的行动的反应国家电网公共有限公司提供了一个很长的章节“风险因素”，这种因素确定了公司面临的一个非常广泛的风险范围。但是当特恩布尔回顾所观察到的，这是一种历史记录，并且现状已经不同。45有效性和处理内部控制的弱点与密码条款D21条款相关，董事会应该总结其过程（过程应该适用其委员会）申请回顾有效的内部控制
38、制度。当然，也应该披露适用于处理在每年的年度报表中披露的重大问题的内部控制。如前所述，报告的内部控制效果最受争议的是推荐吉百利的意见和如何达成对联合准则的妥协，在这方面，公司应该报道他们可以承担的过程，但是不是一定要有结果，期间，只有一个公司对内部控制制度表示乐观。指导委员会并没有明确要求董事会对已做的事进行回顾并给出解释，但是只有一个公司做了如此积极的改变。董事会认为应该采取的措施，包括实物控制，责任的划分和评审，提供充足客观的管理保证。其他人倾向于以较为消极的方式建立自己的结论以董事会的观点来看，复审并没有指出，该系统是无效或者令人不满意的。评估了该系统的有效性，董事们并没有意识到任何严重
39、的缺陷或在这一年里集团系统内部控制的不足（MERSEYDOCKSANDHARBOURCOMPANY）。这样的声明伴随着的是一个更加详细的回顾过程，它似乎已经被纳入为一种独立的形式，公司具体信息披露要求。在极少数的情况下,采取行动作为审查或事件的的结果被描述为伴随着新的供应链的实施，一个附加的过程已经被落实到位具体管理队伍被召集来检查我们供应问题的根本原因，把新的过程控制和降低排除这些问题落实到位；执行委员会每周的报告进展情况显示系统的稳定和为客户供应的有效性；以下有关风险管理程序的概述被复述，所有权的强调，风险缓解措施和改进了的监测活动运行，作为早期预警风险指标的产生。这些活动是为了加强控制环境。MFI家具集团公共有限公司这一分析使用的标题来源于特恩布尔指导，论证了因为披露的浅薄才会出现正式的执行指导。
