1、外文翻译原文ACADEMICACCOUNTINGRESEARCHANDTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSMATERIALSOURCEACCOUNTINGHORIZONAUTHORKATHERINESCHIPPERTHEPRECEDINGDISCUSSIONANDCOMPARISONHASHIGHLIGHTEDTHEFRICTIONSANDDISCONNECTIONSBETWEENCONVENTIONALACADEMICACCOUNTINGRESEARCHANDRESEARCHWHICH,IARGUE,WOULDBEVIEWEDASRELEVANTFORSTANDARDSETTI
2、NGDOESTHISMEANTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFACADEMICACCOUNTINGRESEARCHERSTOTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSIS,BYTHEVERYNATUREOFTHERESEARCHPROCESS,LIMITEDTHEANSWER,IBELIEVE,ISAQUALIFIEDYESTHATIS,THEREARESOMEASPECTSOFTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESS,IETHOSEWHICHINVOLVETHEAPPLICATIONOFNORMATIVECRITERIA,WHICHLIEFAROUTSIDETHEP
3、URVIEWOFACADEMICRESEARCHTHEREAREOTHERSTAGESOFTHEPROCESS,HOWEVER,WHEREIBELIEVEACADEMICRESEARCHERSCANHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTFORPURPOSESOFTHISDISCUSSIONPAPER,IWILLCHARACTERIZETHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSASHAVINGTHREEPARTSTHEFIRSTPARTCONCERNSTHEESTABLISHMENTOFBASICCONCEPTSINACCOUNTING,THESEINCLUDEFOREXAMPLETHE
4、CONCEPTSOFASSETS,LIABILITIESANDREVENUESASAPRACTICALMATTER,THEFASBSCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKMAYSERVEASTHEBASICCONCEPTSTHESECONDPARTOFSTANDARDSETTINGASKS,WHATCONSIDERATIONSAFFECTHOWTHOSECONCEPTSAREAPPLIEDTOECONOMICEVENTSANDTRANSACTIONSTHECONSIDERATIONSMIGHTINCLUDEHOWTHERESULTINGACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONWOULDBEU
5、SED,THECOSTSTOPRODUCETHEINFORMATION,THEACCEPTABILITYOFVARIOUSALTERNATIVESTOEXTERNALCONSTITUENCIES,THEDEGREETOWHICHVARIOUSALTERNATIVESYIELDVERIFIABLEINFORMATIONANDTHEIMPACTOFVARIOUSALTERNATIVESONTHEINTERNALCONSISTENCYANDCOHERENCEOFTHEACCOUNTINGSYSTEMPRESUMABLY,ANAGGREGATIONOFTHESECONSIDERATIONSYIELDS
6、DECISIONCRITERIATOBEUSEDINTHETHIRDSTAGETHESEMIGHTINCLUDE,FOREXAMPLE,RECOGNITIONRULESANDVERIFIABILITYSTANDARDSTHETHIRDPARTOFSTANDARDSETTINGINVOLVESCHOOSINGTHESTANDARDSTHEMSELVESATTHISSTAGE,EACHSTANDARDSETTERIMPOSESHISOWNCRITERIATHESENEEDNOTBEUNIFORMACROSSPERSONSOROVERTIMEINMYVIEW,ACADEMICRESEARCHERSC
7、ANHAVEACONSTRUCTIVEIMPACTONTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSATTHESECONDSTAGE,WHEREFACTSANDTHEORETICALPREDICTIONSCANBEMARSHALEDASPARTOFIDENTIFYINGANDDESCRIBINGTHELINKSTHECONSIDERATIONSTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTBETWEENCONCEPTSANDSTANDARDSTHEEXTENTOFTHATIMPACTWILLOFCOURSEVARYWITHTHESPECIFICSTANDARDSETTINGCONSIDERATI
8、ONUNDEREXAMINATION,BECAUSETHEESSENTIALLYDESCRIPTIVEAND,INTHECASEOFANALYTICALRESEARCH,PREDICTIVENATUREOFSOCIALSCIENCERESEARCHMEANSITISBETTERSUITEDFORADDRESSINGSOMEQUESTIONSTHANOTHERSSOMEOFTHEPROBLEMSFACINGSTANDARDSETTERSARENOTSOLVABLEBYRESEARCHSOMUCHASTHEYAREADDRESSABLEFROMAKNOWLEDGEOFRESEARCHCONSIDE
9、R,FOREXAMPLE,ALLEGATIONSTHATTHEBLACKSCHOLESOPTIONVALUATIONFORMULAISTOOCOMPLEX,TOOARCANEORTOOINACCURATETOBEUSEDASABASISFORANACCOUNTINGMEASUREMENTFAMILIARITYWITHRESEARCHINACCOUNTINGANDFINANCEWOULDPERHAPSENABLEAPROPONENTOFTHEUSEOFTHISVALUATIONFORMULATOANSWERTHESEALLEGATIONSINSEVERALWAYSFIRST,THEPROPONE
10、NTCOULDEXPLAINININTUITIVETERMSHOWTHEFORMULAWORKS,ANDHOWITISINFACTIMPLEMENTEDINAVARIETYOFSETTINGSTHEPROPONENTCOULDALSOEXPLAINPRECISELYWHERETHEFORMULAREQUIRESSIMPLIFICATIONSRELATIVETOTHESPECIFICSOFTHEACCOUNTINGMEASUREMENTPROBLEMATHANDTHEABILITYTOMAKETHESEARGUMENTSPRESUPPOSESSUBSTANTIALFAMILIARITYWITHT
11、HERESEARCHBASEDONTHISVALUATIONFORMULAASWELLASTHEPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSSTEMMINGFROMTHISRESEARCHBUTTHEREISNOPARTICULARRESEARCHPAPERWHICHCONTAINSTHEESSENCEOFTHEARGUMENTSTOBEUSEDTOSAYTHATASTANDARDSETTINGPROBLEMISADDRESSABLEFROMAKNOWLEDGEOFRESEARCHIS,FIRST,TOACKNOWLEDGETHEINDIRECTPOLICYRELEVANCEOFACADEMIC
12、RESEARCHANDSECOND,TORAISETHEQUESTIONOFHOWSUCHKNOWLEDGEISTOBEBROUGHTTOTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESS,THATIS,HOWITISTOBEUSEDASPOINTEDOUTBYLEISENRINGANDJOHNSON1994,RESEARCHMUSTBEINSOMESENSEUNDERSTANDABLETOTHESTANDARDSETTERIFHEISTOUSEITWHILEITMAYSEEMDESIRABLEINPRINCIPLEFORSTANDARDSETTERSTHEMSELVESTODEVELOPTH
13、ESKILLSNECESSARYTOUNDERSTANDACADEMICRESEARCHWHICHISORCOULDBEPOLICYRELEVANT,THISDOESNOTSEEMPRACTICABLE,GIVENTHEMANYDEMANDSONSTANDARDSETTERSTIMEANDTHEVARIETYOFISSUESTHEYFACEACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ARESUBJECTSPECIALISTSWHOCANBECALLEDUPONTOASSISTSTANDARDSETTERSWITHTHEIRKNOWLEDGEOFRESEARCHINAG
14、IVENAREAOFIMMEDIATEINTERESTBECAUSERESEARCHPROVIDESFACTSANDPREDICTIONS,ITISOFLIMITEDUSEFULNESSORNOUSEFULNESSINTHEFIRSTANDTHIRDSTAGESOFSTANDARDSETTINGTHEREARETWOREASONSFORTHISVIEW,THEFIRSTOFWHICHSTEMSFROMMYUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDECISIONCRITERIAUSEDINSTANDARDSETTINGBASEDONMYDISCUSSIONSWITHPERSONSINVOLVEDIN
15、THEFASBSSTANDARDSETTINGPROCESS,IBELIEVETHATTHEPRIMARYCRITERIONUSEDINSTANDARDSETTINGISCONSISTENCYWITHTHEFASBSCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTOEVALUATECONSISTENCY,ABOARDMEMBERPRESUMABLYMAKESSOMESUBJECTIVECOMPARISONSANDCOMESTOACONCLUSIONABOUTWHETHERTHEALTERNATIVEUNDERCONSIDERATIONISSUFFICIENTLYCONSISTENTWITHTHECON
16、CEPTUALFRAMEWORKFROMASOCIALSCIENCESPERSPECTIVE,WHETHERANALTERNATIVEISORISNOTSUFFICIENTLYCONSISTENTWITHSOMETHINGELSEISANINHERENTLYNONRESEARCHABLEISSUETHATIS,THEREISNODESCRIPTIVEEMPIRICALORANALYTICALQUESTIONATISSUEHERETHEREISINSTEADANINTERNALTOTHEBOARDMEMBEREXERCISEOFEXPERTISEINREACHINGASUBJECTIVEJUDG
17、MENTRESEARCHCANEVALUATESELECTEDCONSEQUENCESOFSUCHAJUDGMENT,BUTABSENTAMETRICOFCOMPARISON,RESEARCHCANNOTPROVIDEOBJECTIVEEVIDENCEONWHETHERAGIVENPROPOSEDSTANDARDISCLOSETO,ORFARFROM,CONSISTENCYWITHTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTHESECONDREASONHASTODOWITHDIFFICULTIESOFRULEMAKINGINTHEABSENCEOFAPRICEMECHANISMTOAGGRE
18、GATEPREFERENCESTHISISAFAMILIARSOCIALCHOICEPROBLEM,ONETHATISWELLACCEPTEDINCERTAINACADEMICCIRCLESWHENEVERMANYPERSONSAREINVOLVEDINTHATIS,AFFECTEDBYARULE,BUTTHEREISNOAGREEDUPONMETRICFORAGGREGATINGTHEIRPREFERENCESOVERTHEVARIOUSALTERNATIVESFORTHISRULE,WECANNOTSAYFORCERTAINTHATAGIVENRULEISAN“IMPROVEMENT“OV
19、ERANYOTHERPOSSIBLERULETHATIS,IFAPROPOSEDRULECHANGEISDISADVANTAGEOUSTOONEGROUPBUTADVANTAGEOUSTOANOTHERGROUP,THESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSOFFERSNOMECHANISMFORCUMULATINGTHEGROUPSPREFERENCESTOARRIVEATANUNAMBIGUOUSDECISIONINADDITION,ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONGENERALLYAREPUBLICGOODSNONPURCHAS
20、ERSARENOTEXCLUDEDFROMTHEUSEOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSTHEYAPPLYTOALLCOVEREDFIRMSANDTHEREISNOMECHANISMFORBIDDINGONTHESTANDARDSINCONTRAST,MOSTOBSERVERSWOULDPROBABLYAGREETHATANEWINVENTORYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMISANIMPROVEMENTIFITPERMITSTHEFIRMTOSPENDLESSCASHWITHNOOTHERADVERSECONSEQUENCESTHEOBJECTIVEOFPROFITMAXIMIZA
21、TIONPROVIDESAGENERALLYAGREEDUPONMETRICFOREVALUATINGMANYPRODUCTIONANDOPERATINGALTERNATIVESNOSUCHSUMMARIZINGORAGGREGATINGMECHANISMISAVAILABLEINTHECASEOFSTANDARDSETTINGCONVENTIONALACADEMICACCOUNTINGRESEARCHCANEVALUATESOMEOFTHECONSEQUENCESOFVARIOUSACCOUNTINGRULESTOSOMECONSTITUENCIESIBELIEVE,HOWEVER,THAT
22、SUCHCONSEQUENCESARENOTVIEWEDASESPECIALLYIMPORTANTINTHEBOARDSDELIBERATIONSTHEREASONSTHATCONSEQUENCESARENOTTHEMSELVESAMECHANISMFORDETERMININGPREFERABILITY,DEFINEDASCONSISTENCYWITHTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTHUS,EMPIRICALACCOUNTINGRESEARCHWHICHDEALSINEMPIRICALREGULARITIESANDEFFECTSOFINFORMATIONDISCLOSURESCA
23、NNOTBEUSEDTOJUDGEPREFERABILITYNADDITION,CONVENTIONALACCOUNTINGRESEARCHCANBEUSEDTOEVALUATETHEVALUERELEVANCEOFSOMEDISCLOSUREWHEREVALUERELEVANCEISTYPICALLYASSESSEDBYTHESTATISTICALASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHENUMBERDISCLOSEDANDSOMEMEASURERELATEDTOSHAREVALUESBUTTHEEXISTENCEOFSUCHANASSOCIATIONDOESNOTANSWERTHEFASB
24、SNORMATIVEQUESTIONOFWHETHERTHEVALUERELEVANTITEMSHOULDBEPLACEDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSONEREASONISTHATTHECRITERIONOFTHERESEARCHACONTEMPORANEOUSRELATIONBETWEENSHAREVALUESANDADISCLOSEDNUMBERLIESOUTSIDETHECRITERIONOFCONSISTENCYWITHTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKASECONDREASONISTHATSHAREVALUESCANNOTHEUSEDASASIGNALA
25、BOUTPREFERENCESFORACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSIE,SINCEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSAREAPUBLICGOOD,THEYARENOTPRICEDWITHSHARESFINALLY,MYDISCUSSIONSWITHPERSONSINVOLVEDINTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSINDICATEDTHATPREPARERIMPLEMENTATIONISSUESPLAYAROLEINTHECHOICEOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSOMEMENTIONEDTHATSTANDARDSETTERSWOULDLIKETOHAV
26、EACADEMICGUIDANCEONWHETHERTHECALCULATIONSIMPLIEDBYAPROPOSEDSTANDARDANDITSACCOMPANYINGMEASUREMENTGUIDELINESCANBEDONEATREASONABLECOSTTHISCONSIDERATIONSEEMSTOLIEWITHINTHESCOPEOFTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKALTHOUGHITDOESNOTAPPEARTOMETOBETHEPRIMARYFOCUSINPARTICULAR,ANUMBEROFALTERNATIVESWHICHSEEMAPPROXIMATELYEQ
27、UALLYCONSISTENTWITHMOSTASPECTSOFTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKCOULDDIFFERINTHEIRCOSTSOFIMPLEMENTATIONTOWHATEXTENTCANACADEMICRESEARCHERSCONTRIBUTEDIRECTLYTOPROVIDINGINFORMATIONABOUTMEASUREMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONCONCERNSCERTAINLY,RESEARCHERSCOULDPARTICIPATEINTHEDESIGNOFFIELDTESTS,ASDISCUSSEDINMOREDETAILINSECTIO
28、NIVAMOREIMPORTANTISSUE,HOWEVER,CONCERNSWHETHERANDWHENSUCHACTIVITIESFALLINTOTHECATEGORYOFRESEARCHASOPPOSEDTOCONSULTINGWHILETHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENRESEARCHANDCONSULTINGISSOMETIMESINDISTINCT,ANDDIFFERENTPERSONSWOULDDRAWTHELINEDIFFERENTLY,INMYVIEWRESEARCH,RELATIVETOCONSULTING,ISDRIVENBYMOREFUNDAMENTALANDM
29、OREGENERALQUESTIONSANDISSUES,ANDGIVESRISETOSOMETHINGOFAPUBLICGOODTHUS,IFTHERESULTOFTHEACTIVITYISAPRIVATETRANSMITTALOFINFORMATIONTOASINGLEUSER,ASOPPOSEDTOBROADDISSEMINATION,THENTHEACTIVITYLACKSACHARACTERISTICINORMALLYASSOCIATEWITHRESEARCHMOREGENERALLY,IFTHEACTIVITYGIVESRISETOAPRIVATEBENEFITBUTNOPUBLI
30、CBENEFIT,INTHESENSETHATTHEOUTPUTOFTHEACTIVITYISOWNEDBYTHECLIENT,THENIBELIEVETHEACTIVITYISMORELIKECONSULTINGTHANITISLIKERESEARCHIDONOTMEANTOIMPLYTHATACADEMICRESEARCHERSAREILLEQUIPPEDTOPROVIDECONSULTINGSERVICES,ORTHATTHEYSHOULDNOTDOSOIFTHECONSULTINGAPPLICATIONREQUIRESSUBSTANTIALRESEARCHBASEDKNOWLEDGEA
31、NDSKILLS,THENCOMPETENTACADEMICRESEARCHERSWOULDVERYLIKELYBETHEIDEALCONSULTANTSPURELYCONSULTINGWORKCANALSOHAVEAPOSITIVEFEEDBACKEFFECTONRESEARCHEFFORTSBYBRINGINGTHERESEARCHERINTOCONTACTWITHPROBLEMSANDISSUESTHATHEWOULDOTHERWISENOTHAVEENCOUNTEREDINADDITION,ANINVESTIGATIONCANBEVERYIMPORTANTFORAPRACTICALDE
32、CISIONMAKINGPURPOSEWITHOUTGIVINGRISETONEWKNOWLEDGETOSUMMARIZE,IHAVEINDICATEDWHEREINTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSIBELIEVEACADEMICRESEARCHERSCANHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTINPARTICULAR,IHAVENOTEDTHATRESEARCHERSCANHELPFAMILIARIZEFASBMEMBERSANDSTAFFWITHRESEARCHFINDINGSTHEYCANALSOACTASCONSULTANTSONFASBRESEARCHPROJECT
33、S,ORPOSSIBLYUNDERTAKERESEARCHACTIVITIESTHATAREINTENDEDTOBEDIRECTLYRELEVANTTOTHESTANDARDSETTINGPROCESSINALLTHESEROLES,HOWEVER,ACCESSTODATAISTHEKEYFORTHOSEWHOUSEEMPIRICALARCHIVALMETHODS译文学术会计研究与准则制定过程资料来源会计视野作者KATHERINESCHIPPER之前的讨论和比较突出了摩擦、脱节与常规学术会计研究和研究,我认为,这将被视为有关标准的设置。这是否意味着学术会计通过本质的研究所取得的贡献是有限的呢我
34、认为,答案是肯定的。也就是说,有一些方面的标准,即决定过程中涉及的应用在于普遍性标准是远远超出研究领域以外的管辖权限的。当然也存在有其他阶段的过程,不过我相信在那些过程里,学术研究人员能带来积极的影响。说到本文讨论的目的,我将标准的制定过程分成了三部分。第一部分问题建立基本概念;在会计,包括资产、负债和收入的概念。作为一个实践问题,美国财务会计标准委员会的概念框架将作为基本概念。我在制订标准的第二部分中提出疑问,即什么因素会影响这些概念应用于经济活动和交易事项可能包括最终的会计信息如何被使用以及产生这些会计信息的成本,各种替代外部支持者的接受,以及各种替代品产量核实的资料,在内部一致性的影响,
35、各种替代品和会计制度的一致性。据推测,这些因素产生的决策标准通常会聚集在第三阶段。这些可能包括,例如识别规则和核查标准。标准制定的第三步包括选择标准本身。在这个阶段,每个标准制定者制定自己的准则这些不用是固定的个人或一段时间。在我看来,学术研究人员会在第二阶段的标准设定中产生具有建设性的影响,在第二部分里,事实和理论的预测会被整理为识别和描述(事项会被考虑并连接概念和标准的一部分。其影响的程度当然会依在测试中具体准则的制定而改变。以为本质上最基本的对社会科学研究的描述更适合处理问题。一些准则制定者所面临无法解决的问题是不能够从众多的知识中进行很好的搜索。比如说,标准欧式期权估值公式就被指控太复
36、杂,过于晦涩难懂或被用来作为基础会计确认和计量会过于不精确。熟悉会计与金融研究的一些人可能会从几方面支持使用这种评估方法来回答这些指控。第一,支持者可以直观的用语解释公式需要简化相对于具体的会计计量问题,以及它是如何在事实上执行各种各样的设置。但是,并没有专门的研究文献用到包含这些争论的本质。可以说,标准制定的问题是从知识中搜索位置。第一,间接承认学术研究的政策相关性其次,提出这样的问题关于这些知识是如何被应用到标准中的过程,也就是说,它是如何被利用起来的。LEISENRING和JOHNSON1994指出,如果准则制定者会使用准则,那么研究一定要建立在某种意义上。虽然这些看起来似乎可取的,在原
37、则上,准则制定者们一定要自己去开发必要的技能,从而进行与政策相关的学术研究。但是这似乎还行不通,因为准则制定者会面临很多时间上或其他各种事件上的要求。对于学术研究者,另一方面来看,他们是可以受邀从他们切身利益出发来以自己专业领域的知识来协助准则制定者的学科专家。这有两个理由来证明这个观点,第一个来自于我对这个决定标准用于标准设置。根据我与在美国财务会计标准委员会任职的标准制定者的讨论,我认为准则制定中使用的主要标准符合美国财务会计标准委员会的概念框架。为得到评估的一致性,一名董事会成员进行了主观比较并得到一个需考虑是否选择符合足够的概念框架结论。从社会科学的角度来看,一种替代方案是否与其他的方
38、案充分一致,在本质上这就是一种不可研究的问题。也就是说,在这里没有描述性的经验或由事件分析出的问题这就有了一种实际上是一个内部董事会成员在研究主观判断的实验工作。选定的研究可以评估这样的判断的后果,但不在一个度量进行了对比,研究不能提供客观证据提请标准给定是否接近或远离,是否与概念框架相一致。第二个原因,是因为有在对价格机制的情况下聚集的喜好决策规则的困难。这是一个我们很熟悉的社会选择问题,一个在某些学术理论界被广为认可并接受的。当许多人参与了或是被动的一个规则,但是在准则里没有一个关于替代方案的偏好的量的约定,我们就不能肯定地说,这个已给定的规则对任何其他可能的规则是一种“改善”。也就是说,
39、如果所拟议规则的变化是对一组有利,对另一组不利。那么在标准制定过程中就没有一种群体喜好的累积机制来得到最终明确的决定。此外,会计准则和会计信息通常是一种公共物品不可买卖的物品是被排除在会计标准(它们适用于范围内的所有企业和有没有机制上的标准竞标)之外的。与之相反的,大多数观察家可能会同意,如果一个新的库存管理系统允许该公司没有花更少的现金等不良后果,那么这就是一个进步。利润最大化的目标提供了一个普遍商定的指标评价标准来评价,生产和经营的替代品估价众多的生产和经营方案。没有这样的概括或聚合机制是在现有标准制定情况。传统的学术会计研究可以评估各种会计规则在一些区域的某些后果。我相信无论如何,这些结
40、果都不会被看作尤其重要的委员会的审议。原因是后果本身就不是以确定优先的机制。作为一致性定义的概念框架。因此,实证会计研究,其中涉及在规律性的经验和信息披露,不能进行很好的判断。此外,传统的会计研究可用于评估相关增值部分的披露(其中价值的相关性通常是由数之间的披露相关的股票价值和一定程度的统计协会评定)。但是,这种组织的存在并没有回答财务会计准则委员会关于是否将价值相关的项目置于财务报表中的规范问题。其中一个原因是,股价与披露的数字的现实关系是位于一致性准则的概念框架外的。第二个原因是,股票价值不能作为会计准则(即由于会计标准是一项公益事业,他们不与股票价格)的偏好的信号。最后,我与人们的讨论包
41、括了标准制定过程中配制执行问题中发挥作用的会计准则的选择。有些提到,标准制定者希望有一个学术指导建议,也就是是否拟议中隐含的计算标准以及是否可使与之配套的测量做到成本合理。这种考虑似乎在概念框架的范围之内(尽管在我看来它并不是主要焦点)。特别是,替代品的数目似乎与大约同样的概念框架相一致的许多方面可以不同,在实施成本总之,我已表示凡在标准制定过程中,我相信,学术研究人员可以产生积极的影响特别是,我注意到,研究人员可以协助财务会计准则委员会的成员以及工作人员进行研究。他们也可以在财务会计准则委员会研究项目时作为专业咨询顾问,或者在旨在直接相关的标准制定的活动中进行研究。对于所有的这些角色,获取数据都是使用存档方法的关键。