1、外文翻译原文THEEFFECTOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREONPROFITABILITYANEMPIRICALANALYSISOFLISTEDFIRMSINGHANASELECTIONMATERIALSOURCETHEJOURNALOFRISKFINANCEVOL6NO5,2005AUTHORJOSHUAABORABSTRACTPURPOSETHISPAPERSEEKSTOINVESTIGATETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDPROFITABILITYOFLISTEDFIRMSONTHEGHANASTOCKEXCHANGEGSEDURI
2、NGAFIVEYEARPERIODDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACHREGRESSIONANALYSISISUSEDINTHEESTIMATIONOFFUNCTIONSRELATINGTHERETURNONEQUITYROEWITHMEASURESOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREFINDINGSTHERESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTLYPOSITIVERELATIONBETWEENTHERATIOOFSHORTTERMDEBTTOTOTALASSETSANDROEHOWEVER,ANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHERATIOO
3、FLONGTERMDEBTTOTOTALASSETSANDROEWASFOUNDWITHREGARDTOTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOTALDEBTANDRETURNRATES,THERESULTSSHOWASIGNIFICANTLYPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHERATIOOFTOTALDEBTTOTOTALASSETSANDRETURNONEQUITYORIGINALITY/VALUETHERESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATPROFITABLEFIRMSDEPENDMOREONDEBTASTHEIRMAINFINANCINGOPTIONIN
4、THEGHANAIANCASE,AHIGHPROPORTION85PERCENTOFTHEDEBTISREPRESENTEDINSHORTTERMDEBTKEYWORDSCAPITALSTRUCTURE,PROFIT,GEARING,GHANAINTRODUCTIONTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONISCRUCIALFORANYBUSINESSORGANIZATIONTHEDECISIONISIMPORTANTBECAUSEOFTHENEEDTOMAXIMIZERETURNSTOVARIOUSORGANIZATIONALCONSTITUENCIES,ANDALSOBECA
5、USEOFTHEIMPACTSUCHADECISIONHASONAFIRMSABILITYTODEALWITHITSCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFAFIRMISACTUALLYAMIXOFDIFFERENTSECURITIESINGENERAL,AFIRMCANCHOOSEAMONGMANYALTERNATIVECAPITALSTRUCTURESITCANISSUEALARGEAMOUNTOFDEBTORVERYLITTLEDEBTITCANARRANGELEASEFINANCING,USEWARRANTS,ISSUECONVERTIBL
6、EBONDS,SIGNFORWARDCONTRACTSORTRADEBONDSWAPSITCANISSUEDOZENSOFDISTINCTSECURITIESINCOUNTLESSCOMBINATIONSHOWEVER,ITATTEMPTSTOFINDTHEPARTICULARCOMBINATIONTHATMAXIMIZESITSOVERALLMARKETVALUEANUMBEROFTHEORIESHAVEBEENADVANCEDINEXPLAININGTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFFIRMSDESPITETHETHEORETICALAPPEALOFCAPITALSTRUCTURE
7、,RESEARCHERSINFINANCIALMANAGEMENTHAVENOTFOUNDTHEOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEBESTTHATACADEMICSANDPRACTITIONERSHAVEBEENABLETOACHIEVEAREPRESCRIPTIONSTHATSATISFYSHORTTERMGOALSFOREXAMPLE,THELACKOFACONSENSUSABOUTWHATWOULDQUALIFYASOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREHASNECESSITATEDTHENEEDFORTHISRESEARCHABETTERUNDERSTANDI
8、NGOFTHEISSUESATHANDREQUIRESALOOKATTHECONCEPTOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDITSEFFECTONFIRMPROFITABILITYTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDPROFITABILITYOFCOMPANIESLISTEDONTHEGHANASTOCKEXCHANGEDURINGTHEPERIOD19982002THEEFFECTOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREONTHEPROFITABILITYOFLISTEDFIRMSINGHANAISASCIEN
9、TIFICAREATHATHASNOTYETBEENEXPLOREDINGHANAIANFINANCELITERATURETHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONGIVESAREVIEWOFTHEEXTANTLITERATUREONTHESUBJECTTHENEXTSECTIONDESCRIBESTHEDATAANDJUSTIFIESTHECHOICEOFTHEVARIABLESUSEDINTHEANALYSISTHEMODELUSEDINTHEANALYSISISTHENESTIMATEDTHESUBSEQUENTSECTIONPRESE
10、NTSANDDISCUSSESTHERESULTSOFTHEEMPIRICALANALYSISFINALLY,THELASTSECTIONSUMMARIZESTHEFINDINGSOFTHERESEARCHANDALSOCONCLUDESTHEDISCUSSIONLITERATUREONCAPITALSTRUCTURETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDFIRMVALUEHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFCONSIDERABLEDEBATETHROUGHOUTTHELITERATURE,DEBATEHASCENTEREDONWHETHERTHE
11、REISANOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREFORANINDIVIDUALFIRMORWHETHERTHEPROPORTIONOFDEBTUSAGEISIRRELEVANTTOTHEINDIVIDUALFIRMSVALUETHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFAFIRMCONCERNSTHEMIXOFDEBTANDEQUITYTHEFIRMUSESINITSOPERATIONBREALEYANDMYERS2003CONTENDTHATTHECHOICEOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREISFUNDAMENTALLYAMARKETINGPROBLEMTHEYSTATETHAT
12、THEFIRMCANISSUEDOZENSOFDISTINCTSECURITIESINCOUNTLESSCOMBINATIONS,BUTITATTEMPTSTOFINDTHEPARTICULARCOMBINATIONTHATMAXIMIZESMARKETVALUEACCORDINGTOWESTONANDBRIGHAM1992,THEOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREISTHEONETHATMAXIMIZESTHEMARKETVALUEOFTHEFIRMSOUTSTANDINGSHARESTHESEMINALWORKBYMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958INCAPITAL
13、STRUCTUREPROVIDEDASUBSTANTIALBOOSTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETHEORETICALFRAMEWORKWITHINWHICHVARIOUSTHEORIESWEREABOUTTOEMERGEINTHEFUTUREMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958CONCLUDEDTOTHEBROADLYKNOWNTHEORYOF“CAPITALSTRUCTUREIRRELEVANCE”WHEREFINANCIALLEVERAGEDOESNOTAFFECTTHEFIRMSMARKETVALUEHOWEVERTHEIRTHEORYWASBASEDONVER
14、YRESTRICTIVEASSUMPTIONSTHATDONOTHOLDINTHEREALWORLDTHESEASSUMPTIONSINCLUDEPERFECTCAPITALMARKETS,HOMOGENOUSEXPECTATIONS,NOTAXES,ANDNOTRANSACTIONCOSTSTHEPRESENCEOFBANKRUPTCYCOSTSANDFAVORABLETAXTREATMENTOFINTERESTPAYMENTSLEADTOTHENOTIONOFAN“OPTIMAL”CAPITALSTRUCTUREWHICHMAXIMIZESTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRM,ORRESPE
15、CTIVELYMINIMIZESITSTOTALCOSTOFCAPITALMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1963REVIEWEDTHEIREARLIERPOSITIONBYINCORPORATINGTAXBENEFITSASDETERMINANTSOFTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFFIRMSTHEKEYFEATUREOFTAXATIONISTHATINTERESTISATAXDEDUCTIBLEEXPENSEAFIRMTHATPAYSTAXESRECEIVESAPARTIALLYOFFSETTINGINTEREST“TAXSHIELD”INTHEFORMOFLOWERTAX
16、ESPAIDTHEREFORE,ASMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1963PROPOSE,FIRMSSHOULDUSEASMUCHDEBTCAPITALASPOSSIBLEINORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEIRVALUEALONGWITHCORPORATETAXATION,RESEARCHERSWEREALSOINTERESTEDINANALYZINGTHECASEOFPERSONALTAXESIMPOSEDONINDIVIDUALSMILLER1977,BASEDONTHETAXLEGISLATIONOFTHEUSA,DISCERNSTHREETAXRATESTHATDETER
17、MINETHETOTALVALUEOFTHEFIRMTHESEARE1THECORPORATETAXRATE2THETAXRATEIMPOSEDONTHEINCOMEOFTHEDIVIDENDS3THETAXRATEIMPOSEDONTHEINCOMEOFINTERESTINFLOWSACCORDINGTOMILLER1977,THEVALUEOFTHEFIRMDEPENDSONTHERELATIVELEVELOFEACHTAXRATE,COMPAREDWITHTHEOTHERTWOOTHERTHEORIESTHATHAVEBEENADVANCEDTOEXPLAINTHECAPITALSTRU
18、CTUREOFFIRMSINCLUDEBANKRUPTCYCOST,AGENCYTHEORY,ANDTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYTHESETHEORIESAREDISCUSSEDINTURNBANKRUPTCYCOSTSARETHECOSTDIRECTLYINCURREDWHENTHEPERCEIVEDPROBABILITYTHATTHEFIRMWILLDEFAULTONFINANCINGISGREATERTHANZEROTHEBANKRUPTCYPROBABILITYINCREASESWITHDEBTLEVELSINCEITINCREASESTHEFEARTHATTHECOMP
19、ANYMIGHTNOTBEABLETOGENERATEPROFITSTOPAYBACKTHEINTERESTANDTHELOANSTHEPOTENTIALCOSTSOFBANKRUPTCYMAYBEBOTHDIRECTANDINDIRECTEXAMPLESOFDIRECTBANKRUPTCYCOSTSARETHELEGALANDADMINISTRATIVECOSTSINTHEBANKRUPTCYPROCESSEXAMPLESOFINDIRECTBANKRUPTCYCOSTSARETHELOSSINPROFITSINCURREDBYTHEFIRMASARESULTOFTHEUNWILLINGNE
20、SSOFSTAKEHOLDERSTODOBUSINESSWITHTHEMTITMAN,1984THEUSEOFDEBTINCAPITALSTRUCTUREOFTHEFIRMALSOLEADSTOAGENCYCOSTSAGENCYCOSTSARISEASARESULTOFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSHAREHOLDERSANDMANAGERSANDTHOSEBETWEENDEBTHOLDERSANDSHAREHOLDERSJENSENANDMECKLING,1976THENEEDTOBALANCEGAINSANDCOSTSOFDEBTFINANCINGEMERGEDASATH
21、EORYKNOWNASTHESTATICTRADEOFFTHEORYBYMYERS1984ITVALUESTHECOMPANYASTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMIFUNLEVEREDPLUSTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHETAXSHIELDMINUSTHEPRESENTVALUEOFBANKRUPTCYANDAGENCYCOSTSTHECONCEPTOFOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREISALSOEXPRESSEDBYMYERS1984ANDMYERSANDMAJLUF1984,BASEDONTHENOTIONOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONTHEEXI
22、STENCEOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESBETWEENTHEFIRMANDLIKELYFINANCEPROVIDERSCAUSESTHERELATIVECOSTSOFFINANCETOVARYBETWEENTHEDIFFERENTSOURCESOFFINANCEFORINSTANCE,ANINTERNALSOURCEOFFINANCEWHERETHEFUNDSPROVIDERISTHEFIRMWILLHAVEMOREINFORMATIONABOUTTHEFIRMTHANNEWEQUITYHOLDERSTHUS,THESENEWEQUITYHOLDERSWILLEXPECTA
23、HIGHERRATEOFRETURNONTHEIRINVESTMENTSTHISMEANSTHATITWILLCOSTTHEFIRMMORETOISSUEFRESHEQUITYSHARESTHANUSINGINTERNALFUNDSSIMILARLY,THISARGUMENTCOULDBEPROVIDEDBETWEENINTERNALFINANCEANDNEWDEBTHOLDERSTHECONCLUSIONDRAWNFROMTHEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONTHEORIESISTHATTHEREISAHIERARCHYOFFIRMPREFERENCESWITHRESPECTTOT
24、HEFINANCINGOFTHEIRINVESTMENTSMYERSANDMAJLUF,1984THIS“PECKINGORDER”THEORYSUGGESTSTHATFIRMSWILLINITIALLYRELYONINTERNALLYGENERATEDFUNDS,IEUNDISTRIBUTEDEARNINGS,WHERETHEREISNOEXISTENCEOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRY,ANDTHENTHEYWILLTURNTODEBTIFADDITIONALFUNDSARENEEDEDANDFINALLYTHEYWILLISSUEEQUITYTOCOVERANYREMAINI
25、NGCAPITALREQUIREMENTSTHEORDEROFPREFERENCESREFLECTSTHERELATIVECOSTSOFVARIOUSFINANCINGOPTIONSTHEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESISSUGGESTSTHATFIRMSAREWILLINGTOSELLEQUITYWHENTHEMARKETOVERVALUESITMYERS,1984CHITTENDENETAL,1996THISISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATMANAGERSACTINFAVOROFTHEINTERESTOFEXISTINGSHAREHOLDERSASACONSE
26、QUENCE,THEYREFUSETOISSUEUNDERVALUEDSHARESUNLESSTHEVALUETRANSFERFROM“OLD”TONEWSHAREHOLDERSISMORETHANOFFSETBYTHENETPRESENTVALUEOFTHEGROWTHOPPORTUNITYTHISLEADSTOTHECONCLUSIONTHATNEWSHARESWILLONLYBEISSUEDATAHIGHERPRICETHANTHATIMPOSEDBYTHEREALMARKETVALUEOFTHEFIRMTHEREFORE,INVESTORSINTERPRETTHEISSUANCEOFE
27、QUITYBYAFIRMASSIGNALOFOVERPRICINGIFEXTERNALFINANCINGISUNAVOIDABLE,THEFIRMWILLOPTFORSECUREDDEBTASOPPOSEDTORISKYDEBTANDFIRMSWILLONLYISSUECOMMONSTOCKSASALASTRESORTMYERSANDMAJLUF1984,MAINTAINTHATFIRMSWOULDPREFERINTERNALSOURCESTOCOSTLYEXTERNALFINANCETHUS,ACCORDINGTOTHEPECKINGORDERHYPOTHESIS,FIRMSTHATAREP
28、ROFITABLEANDTHEREFOREGENERATEHIGHEARNINGSAREEXPECTEDTOUSELESSDEBTCAPITALTHANTHOSETHATDONOTGENERATEHIGHEARNINGSSEVERALRESEARCHERSHAVETESTEDTHEEFFECTSOFPROFITABILITYONFIRMLEVERAGEFRIENDANDLANG1988ANDKESTER1986FINDASIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDDEBT/ASSETRATIOSRAJANANDZINGALES1995
29、ANDWALD1999ALSOCONFIRMASIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVECORRELATIONBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDLEVERAGEFAMAANDFRENCH1998,ANALYZINGTHERELATIONSHIPAMONGTAXES,FINANCINGDECISIONS,ANDTHEFIRMSVALUE,CONCLUDEDTHATTHEDEBTDOESNOTCONCEDETAXBENEFITSBESIDES,THEHIGHLEVERAGEDEGREEGENERATESAGENCYPROBLEMSAMONGSHAREHOLDERSANDCREDITOR
30、STHATPREDICTNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENLEVERAGEANDPROFITABILITYTHEREFORE,NEGATIVEINFORMATIONRELATINGDEBTANDPROFITABILITYOBSCURESTHETAXBENEFITOFTHEDEBTBOOTHETAL2001DEVELOPEDASTUDYATTEMPTINGTORELATETHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFSEVERALCOMPANIESINCOUNTRIESWITHEXTREMELYDIFFERENTFINANCIALMARKETSTHEYCONCLUDEDTHAT
31、THEVARIABLESTHATAFFECTTHECHOICEOFTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREOFTHECOMPANIESARESIMILAR,INSPITEOFTHEGREATDIFFERENCESPRESENTEDBYTHEFINANCIALMARKETSBESIDES,THEYCONCLUDEDTHATPROFITABILITYHASANINVERSERELATIONSHIPWITHDEBTLEVELANDSIZEOFTHEFIRMGRAHAM2000CONCLUDEDINHISWORKTHATBIGANDPROFITABLECOMPANIESPRESENTALOWDEBTRA
32、TEMESQUITAANDLARA2003FOUNDINTHEIRSTUDYTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENRATESOFRETURNANDDEBTINDICATESANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPFORLONGTERMFINANCINGHOWEVER,THEYFOUNDAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPFORSHORTTERMFINANCINGANDEQUITYHADLOCKANDJAMES2002CONCLUDEDTHATCOMPANIESPREFERLOANDEBTFINANCINGBECAUSETHEYANTICIPATEAHIGHERRETURN
33、TAUB1975ALSOFOUNDSIGNIFICANTPOSITIVECOEFFICIENTSFORFOURMEASURESOFPROFITABILITYINAREGRESSIONOFTHESEMEASURESAGAINSTDEBTRATIOPETERSENANDRAJAN1994IDENTIFIEDTHESAMEASSOCIATION,BUTFORINDUSTRIESBAKER1973,WHOWORKEDWITHASIMULTANEOUSEQUATIONSMODELANDNERLOVE1968ALSOFOUNDTHESAMETYPEOFASSOCIATIONFORINDUSTRIESROD
34、ENANDLEWELLEN1995FOUNDASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENPROFITABILITYANDTOTALDEBTASAPERCENTAGEOFTHETOTALBUYOUTFINANCINGPACKAGEINTHEIRSTUDYONLEVERAGEDBUYOUTSCHAMPION1999SUGGESTEDTHATTHEUSEOFLEVERAGEWASONEWAYTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEOFANORGANIZATIONINSUMMARY,THEREISNOUNIVERSALTHEORYOFTHEDEBTEQUITYCH
35、OICEDIFFERENTVIEWSHAVEBEENPUTFORWARDREGARDINGTHEFINANCINGCHOICETHEPRESENTSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREONPROFITABILITYOFLISTEDFIRMSONTHEGSECONCLUSIONSTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONISCRUCIALFORANYBUSINESSORGANIZATIONTHEDECISIONISIMPORTANTBECAUSEOFTHENEEDTOMAXIMIZERETURNSTOVARIOUSORGANIZATI
36、ONALCONSTITUENCIES,ANDALSOBECAUSEOFTHEIMPACTSUCHADECISIONHASONANORGANIZATIONSABILITYTODEALWITHITSCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTTHISPRESENTSTUDYEVALUATEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDPROFITABILITYOFLISTEDFIRMSONTHEGSEDURINGAFIVEYEARPERIOD19982002THERESULTSREVEALEDSIGNIFICANTLYPOSITIVERELATIONBETWE
37、ENSDAANDROE,SUGGESTINGTHATPROFITABLEFIRMSUSEMORESHORTTERMDEBTTOFINANCETHEIROPERATIONSHORTTERMDEBTISANIMPORTANTCOMPONENTORSOURCEOFFINANCINGFORGHANAIANFIRMS,REPRESENTING85PERCENTOFTOTALDEBTFINANCING译文资本结构的影响对加纳上市公司盈利的实证分析(节选)资料来源金融风险2005年第5期作者约舒亚艾博摘要目的本文旨在调查在五年期间的资本结构和加纳联合交易所对上市公司的盈利能力之间的关系。设计/工艺/的方法回
38、归分析,用于与函数有关股本资本结构中,它们涉及资产收益率通过一些措施的资本结构。结论结果表明短期债券和资产总额之比与股本回报率有显著的正的比例关系。然而,长期债务占总资产的比率与股本回报率有发现负向关系。而关于需要偿还的债务合计与收益率之间的关系,结果显示全部债务与总资产之比和股本回报率之间有显著的正相关关系。新型/价值研究表明,盈利的公司更依赖债务作为其主要的融资选择。在加纳案例中,短期债务中表示一个高比例(85)的债务。关键字股权结构;利润;传动装置;加纳引言资本结构的决定是影响任何业务组织的关键。这一决定因素是重要的,因为这影响着最大化收益的各种各样的公司,也因为决定影响公司的能力,以应
39、付激烈的竞争环境。其实混合使用不同证券公司的资本结构,一般来说,就是一家公司可以选择很多替代的资本结构。它可以发出大量的债项或很少的债务;可以安排融资租赁、使用认股权证,发行可转换债券、标志转发合同或贸易债券交换;可以发出几十个不同的证券,可以形成无数的组合。但是,最终将尝试找到在特定的组合,最大限度地实现其整体市场价值。很多相关理论的提出解释都了资本结构。尽管有着对融资结构理论上的需求,但是财务管理的研究者没有发现最优化的资本结构。学者和经营者所能做到的最好的处理就是达到短期的规定目标。例如,缺乏一致的资格迫使这项研究必须进行,以更好地理解现实的问题需要看看资本结构及对企业盈利能力的概念。本
40、文将检验1998年2002年期间在加纳交易所上市公司的盈利能力与资本结构之间的关系。资本结构对的影响上市公司的盈利能力在加纳是一项尚未进行的金融文献科学领域。本文的组织结构如下所示下一节提供有关现存的文献综述,接着再进行数据的描述,并证明在分析中使用的变量的选择是正确的。然后估计在分析中使用的模型。随后一节介绍并讨论实证分析的结果。最后,最后一节概述研究的结果并得出结论。资本结构的相关文献资本结构和公司价值之间的关系一直受到相当大的争论。遍及所有的文献,争论已经集中在对个别公司来说是不是存在最理想的资本结构,或者是公司的债务比例是否与公司的价值存在联系。对企业资本结构的问题,关注的是公司在运营
41、过程中负债和权益的混合使用。BREALEY和MYERS(2003)主张,资本结构的选择基本上是一个市场的问题。他们指出,公司可以发出几十个不同的证券,形成无数的组合,但它将试图找到的市场价值达到最大化的特定组合。根据WESTON和BRIGHAM(1992)所说,优化资本结构是公司发行股票的市场价值达到最大化。MODIGLIANI和MILLER(1958)最初的研究提供了资本结构理论,为各种理论架构在将来的发展提供了框架。MODIGLIANI和MILLER(1958)的推论道,财务杠杆并不影响公司的市场价值就的理论是广泛认识的“不相关的资本结构”理论。然而,他们的理论是在有着非常严格的限制的假设
42、基础上进行的,并不包括在现实世界中。这些假设包括完善资本市场、相同结构的期望、未发生的税务及交易成本。利息优惠的税收待遇和破产费用的存在导致这一概念是一种“最佳”的资本结构,使企业的价值达到最大化,或者分别使其的资本的总成本降至最低。MODIGLIANI和MILLER(1963)将他们早期的研究的税务优惠纳入了企业的资本结构的决定因素。税收的主要特征是利息是可扣除的费用。公司的纳税接收部分抵销利息“税收保护盾”中支付的低税。因此,正如MODIGLIANIANDMILLER(1963)建议,公司应使用尽可能多的债务资本尽可能以其价值最大化。随着共同课税的到来,研究人员在实例分析时也对个人缴纳的个
43、人所得税产生兴趣。MILLER(1977)认为,基于美国的税务法例上有三个税率可以确定公司的总价值。它们是(1)企业所得税率;(2)股息收入税率;(3)与利息有关的收入税率。根据MILLER(1977)所说,企业的价值取决于每一项税率相对于其他两项的水平。还有提出其他的理论解释,提出了企业的资本结构包括破产成本、代理理论、融资顺位理论。下面将依次对这些理论进行讨论。破产费用是直接发生时,公司拖欠融资概率大于零的成本。破产概率会增加债务水平,因为它会增加公司可能无法生成利润来偿还利息和贷款的风险。破产的潜在成本的可能包括直接成本和间接成本。直接破产费用例如,破产过程中的法律和行政费用。间接破产费
44、用例如,有以盈利为目的的公司在利益相关的情况下不愿再与利益相关者进行生意往来。公司的资本结构中债务的使用也会导致代理成本的产生。代理成本产生的结果,股东与管理者之间的关系之间,债权人和股东之间JENSEN和MECKLING(1976)产生结果的关系。MYERS(1984)提出的需要平衡负债融资的收益和成本成的原理被称为静平衡理论。它十分重视本公司价值加税的现值屏蔽减去破产和代理费用的现值。优化资本结构的概念,还被MYERS和MAJLUF(1984)基于信息不对称的概念所表达。公司和可能的资金提供者之间的信息不对称的存在导致产生财政资金的不同来源各异相对的成本。例如,提供公司内部资金的公司将比新
45、加入的债权人获得更多的信息,公司的股票持有者会期望较高的投资回报率。这意味着公司发行新股将比使用内部资金耗费更多的成本。同样,这个论点提供给内部融资和新的债权人。MYERS和MAJLUF(1984)这个推论来自尊重投资者的有着等级制度的公司的信息不对称理论。这种“啄序”理论表明公司最初将依靠内部产生的资金即未分配收入,凡有不存在的信息不对称,如果需要更多的资金,则他们会转为借款,最后他们会发出应付任何剩余的资本要求公平。这种顺序选择反映了不同的融资方案的相对成本。MYERS(1984)和CHITTENDEN等(1996)的啄序假设建议,当市场股价过高时公司愿意卖出股票。这基于管理人员支持现有股
46、东的利益行事的假设。因此,他们拒绝低价发行,除非从“旧”的价值通过新股东的净利润转移。这导致了这样的结果,只发行新股的公司价格将比规定的真正市场价值更高。因此,投资者解释为一家公司股票溢价发行的信号。如果外部融资是不可避免的,相对于风险债务,公司将会选择有担保债务,并且发行普通股股票作为最后的手段。MYERS和MAJLUF(1984)认为,比起成本高昂的外部融资,公司更愿意选择内部融资。因此,依照啄序论假设,公司将有利可图并且形成高收入,比那些无法形成高收入的公司使用较少的债务资本。一些研究者已经检验过财务杠杆盈利能力的效果。FRIEND和LANG(1988)以及KESTER(1986)找到利
47、润率即债务关系和资产负债比率之间的显著的负相关关系。RAJAN和ZINGALES(1995)以及WALD(1999)也确定盈利能力和杠杆效率有显著的负相关关系。FAMA和FRENCH(1998)分析了税收、融资决策之间的关系以及公司的价值,得出结论债务不能给予纳税优惠。高杠杆效率形成股东和债权人之间的代理问题,并且可以预测杠杆作用与利润之间的负相关关系。因此,债务和盈利能力之间的负相关关系遮掩了债务的税收利益。BOOTH等(2001)展开了尝试描述几家公司在金融市场极为不同的国家的资本结构研究。尽管文献中提出的金融市场的很大的差异,但他们关于公司资本结构的结论是似的。他们得出的结论是,公司的盈
48、利能力与负债程度呈负相关关系。GRAHAM(2000)在他的研究中总结,大有盈利的公司出现低的债务比率。MESQUITA和LARA(2003)在他们的研究中找到的回报率与长期负债与债务之比呈负相关关系。然而,他们发现了短期融资与普通股存在正相关关系。HEADLOCK和JAMES(2002)得到的结论是,公司偏向贷款融资。因为他们可以得到比预期更高的回报。TAUB(1975)还发现,重大积极系数的盈利能力的这些措施对负债比率的回归中的四项措施。PETERSEN和RAJAN(1994)确定相同的关联,但只限于工业。曾研究联立方程模型的BAKER(1973)和NERLOVE(1968),也发现了相同
49、类型的工业关联。RODEN和LEWELLEN(1995)在其研究中发现,杠杆收购盈利能力与债务总额有正相关关系。CHAMPION(1999)表明应用杠杆率是一种提高组织性能的方法。总之,债权股权选择没有通用的理论,不同观点已对融资选择进行了阐述。本研究旨在探讨对资本结构对上市公司盈利能力的影响。结论资本结构的决定是影响任何业务组织的关键。这一决定因素是重要的,因为这影响着最大化收益的各种各样的公司,也因为决定影响公司的能力,以应付激烈的竞争环境。本文研究对加纳上市公司在五年间(19982002)资本结构之间的关系进行了评价。结果显示为显著的正相关关系,建议盈利的公司所使用更多的短期债务融资运作。短期债务是资金的来源中一个重要组成部分,占加纳公司债务融资总额的85。