1、介词介词又叫前置词,介词放在名词或相当于名词的前面。介词和其后的名词构成介词短语,介词短语主要用来表示时间、地点、目的、程度和方式等。介词还可同动词配合构成短语动词。从介词本身的意义来看,介词可以分成十个种类:一表示时间的介词(一)表示时间的介词:1at, on, in(1) at 表示“在某一时刻、某一时点”at 5:30 在5:30 at sunrise 日出时 at lunch 午饭时at noon 正午时 at night 夜间I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6:00起床。表示“在岁” 时 用at the age of。如:at the age of fi
2、ve.在五岁时。(2) on 表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午如:on Monday在星期一 on April 1st在四月一日 I heard a shot on the morning of March 18.三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night;但若指具体某一天的上述时段时,则一律用on。如:On the afternoon of May 23.在五月二十三日下午。(3) in 表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。in September 在九月 in wint
3、er 在冬季in 1999 在1999年 in the 20th century在20世纪in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上2for, during, through(1) for表示“一段时间”,后接与数词连用的时间名词。多与完成时连用。Ive been a soldier for 5 years.我入伍已5年了。She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。表示“持续一段时间”时,for后面必须跟“数字+时间名词”,而during后决不可接数字。(2) during表示“在期间”He visited
4、 many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期间他参观了许多美丽的地方。What did you do during the summer vacation? 你在暑假做了什么?(3) through表示“一直,自始至终”They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。She treated me like her brother through these years. 这些年来她始终把我当哥哥对待。 3from, since(1) from表示“从时间的起点”,作“从”解,多用于“fromto/ti
5、ll”中。You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什幺时间来都行。The exam will start from 9:00am. 考试将从上午九点开始。from“从(开始)”未必持续到现在,如:from 1995 to 1998.从1995年到1998年。而since是指“自从以来一直持续到现在”since一般只与现在完成时连用,而from不受此限。(2) since表示“自从以来(直到现在)”He has been away from home since 1973.他自从1973年就离开了家乡。We have known each
6、 other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。for与since表示一段时间,但for与时间段连用,而since与时间点连用。如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week自从上周直到现在4before, by, till, until(1) before指“在之前”Please come before ten oclock.请10点以前来。The meeting will end after 3:00pm.会议将在下午三点后结束。表示“在以前”时,before与by基本可通用。但by还有“截至为止”之意,此时可与完成时连用,而befor
7、e一般不与完成时连用。如:How many models have you made by the end of last month?截至上月底你做了多少个模型?(2) by指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前”I must finish my homework by lunch.午饭前我必须做完作业。We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。(3) till (until) “直到为止”You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等到他明天。He
8、 didnt come back until twelve oclock last night.他昨晚下到12点才回来。在肯定句中,till (until)必须与延续动词连用。若与点动词连用,till (until)只能用于否定句中。5after, in, withinafter表示“在之后”,是before的反义词。Well hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症,一年后去世了。Ill phone you after 1 arrive.到达后我给你打电话。(after作连
9、词)within“在时间之内”I can finish it within an hour.我不需一小时就可把它做完。比 较 after与inafter后可跟时间段,也可跟时间点,如after school(放学后),而in后必须跟一段时间,如in an hour(一小时后)。after既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时,而in只能用于将来时。after既可作介词,又可作连词,而in只能作介词in“在时间之后”Ill arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。in与within后都必须跟时间段。二表示地点的介词(二)表示“地点、方向”的介词:1in ,outside, between,
10、amongin表示“在里面”,如:Whats in the box? 盒子里是什么?She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。outside指“在外面”There are many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。What did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么?between在之间(指二者)There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。The building stands betwee
11、n the park and the small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。 between是指“在两者之间”,而among指“在多个之间”。among在之间(指三者以上)“There is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd.警察向人群喊道:“你们中间有个小偷!”He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。2on, above, over, below, under(1) on在上面,表面相互接触。There is an apple on the t
12、able. 桌上有一个苹果。On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。(2) above只表示“在上方或位置高出”,与below相对。A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。(3) over“在正上方”,与under相对。There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。(4)
13、below在下方,低于There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。(5) under在正下方They sat under a big tree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么?3near, by, beside(1) near在附近,与far相对A hospital was built near the railway station.在火车
14、站附近建了一所医院。My hone is near he school. 我的家离学校很近。(2) by = beside,靠近,在旁边,比near距离更近 He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。He lay down beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。4in front of, behind, around(1) in front of在前面A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河They put a bunch of flowers in front o
15、f the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。 in the front of表示“在前部”,指里面。There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。(2) behind在后面A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。(3) around在周围,围绕There are many trees around the villege.村子周围有很多树围绕。There are flowers aro
16、und the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。5from, to, for, into, out of(1) from从The train started from Paris.火车发自巴黎。She will fly from Beijing to Hongkong. 她将从北京飞往香港。(2) to到(目的地)去,向He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德国。They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。(3) for向,表目的方向He left for Tianjin on business yesterday.他昨天出
17、差去天津了。The train for Shanghai has been away. 去往上海的火车已经开走了。towards, to和for都可表示“向”,其区别如下:towards仅指朝向某个方向,不一定是目的地,而 to和for都是“向目的地”。for作“向(目的地)”时,常用于固定搭配中,如:leave for; start for(4) into进入Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。The teacher came into the classroom with a smile. 老师微笑着走进了教室。(5) out of从
18、出来A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一个穿红衣服的漂亮女孩从商店里走了出来。They pulled him out of the water. 他们把他从水里拉了出来。6along, across, through(1) along沿着He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。(2) across横穿The little girl is afra
19、id to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。Its dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。(3) through穿过It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。7at, in二者都表示“在某个地方”,但at多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家
20、、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路27号。The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于13点到达北京。 表示方位的介词:in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如: Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如: Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或
21、接壤。如: Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。三表示方式的介词表示工具或手段的介词:by, with, on 1. by用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。 注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,用by时不用冠词,用in时要用冠词。请比较: I went there by bus/in a bus. 我是坐公共汽车去的那儿。 2. with表示“用某种工具”。如: He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。 注意:with表示用某种工具时,必须
22、用冠词或物主代词。 3. on表示“以方式”,多用于固定词组。 They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。 She learns English on the radio/on TV. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。四表示原因的介词表原因或理由的介词:for, at, from, of, with, by, because of 1. for表示原因,常: I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。 2. at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而”。如: He was surprised at the n
23、ews. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。 3. from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。如: He died from the wound. 他因受伤而致死。 4. of指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。如: The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。 5. with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。如: Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。 He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。 6. by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。 Her body was b
24、ent by age. 他因年老背弯了。 She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。 7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如: He retired last month because of illness/because he ill. 8. owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。如: Owing to the rain they could not come. 由于下雨他们没来。 9. thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常译为“幸亏,多亏”。如: Thanks to John, we won the ga
25、me. 多亏约翰,我们才赢了这场比赛。 10. out of表示动机的起因,常译为“出于”。如: He asked the question out of curiosity. 他出于好奇才问了那个问题。 11. through多表示因局部而影响全局的原因。如: The war was lost through bad organization. 战争因组织不周而失败了。五 表示关于的介词4表示“关于”的介词:of, about, on(1) of仅指“关于”人或事物的存在,如:He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。He thought
26、of this matter yesterday.他昨天想到了这件事。He thought about this matter yesterday.他昨天考虑了这件事。(2) about指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。Its a book for children about Africa and its people.它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?(3) on是指“关于”学术性的或严肃的,供专门研究用的。Its a textbook on the histo
27、ry of China.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。六表示比较的介词6like, as(1) like像一样(其实不是)The little tiger looks like a cat.这只小老虎看起来像只猫。The mooncakes are like the moon. 月饼像月亮。(2) as作为,以身份(其实是)He was hanged as a spy.他被作为间谍绞死了。He talk to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。七表示除外的介词表示除某人某物外的介词:besides, except 1. besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除外,还”。
28、如: Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外,还有30个学生去看了电影。(他和另外30人都去了) He is interested in tennis besides(=as well as)football. 除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。 2. except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。如: Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动) All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人
29、。(其他人是日本人,可他不是) 注意:(A) except通常与表示全体的all, every连用;若与other连用,只能用besides。如:He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。 (B) except是排除同类;而except for是排除非同类,常在说明基本情况 The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外,这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的) 但except for也可代替exce
30、pt,特别是在句首时,因为except是不能用于句首的。如: Except George, you can all go. 除乔治外,你们都可以去。八 表示条件的介词With your help, we might finish the work earlier. 有你的帮助,我们可能早点做完这工作。Man cannot live without water. 如果没有水人就不能活。九 表示结果的介词She tore the letter to pieces. 她把信撕个粉碎。十表示对于的介词Sea air is good for the health. 海上的空气对健康有好处。To her
31、it was all unusual. 这一切对她都很不平常。十一表示材料的介词:of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如: This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如: Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如: Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。 注意:in指用材料,不用冠词;而with指用工具,要用冠词。请比
32、较:draw in pencil/draw with a pencil。十二 表示支持或反对的介词:against, for against反对,for支持,互为反义词。如: Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法?13 表示材料的介词:of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如: This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如: Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如: Please fill
33、in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。 注意:in指用材料,不用冠词;而with指用工具,要用冠词。请比较:draw in pencil/draw with a pencil。 14 表示计量的介词:at, for, by 1. at表示“以速度”“以价格”。如: It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用交换
34、,以为代价”。如: He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意:at表示单价(price) ,for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以计”,后跟度量单位。如: They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。从介词本身的意义来看:1. 表示时间的介词about, around, before, by, at, after, in, on, around, between, during, for, from, since, till,
35、until, within2. 表示地点的介词about, at, in, on, over, through, across, along, around, before, between, beyond, down, up, to, toward, under, near3. 表示方式的介词by bus 乘公共汽车see with ones own eyes 亲眼看.write in ink 用墨水写.on foot 步行,徒步He looked at me without expression. 他毫无表情地看着我。4. 表示原因的介词He was punished for steali
36、ng. 他因偷窃而被惩罚。suffer from a cold 患伤风be ashamed of 因而感到羞愧shake with cold 因寒冷而发抖5. 表示关于的介词What is the book about? 这本书是关于什么内容的?(about关于一般情况)I heard him talk on Chinese medicine last night. 昨晚我听到他讲中国医学。(on关于理论、学术)a long story of adventure 一个长篇冒险故事6. 表示比较的介词His face is as black as coal. 他的脸跟煤炭一样黑。He saw a
37、 number of small hard things like stones. 他看见一些像石头一样的小小的坚硬的东西。7. 表示除外的介词He works every day but Sunday. 除星期天外,他每天都工作。We all went except Tom. 除汤姆外,我们都去了。The letter is good except for the spelling. 这封信除了拼写错误之外,还算是很通顺的。Besides English, he studies German and French. 除英语外,他还学习德语和法语。(besides中文译成“除外”,实则表示包含
38、在内。)8. 表示条件的介词With your help, we might finish the work earlier. 有你的帮助,我们可能早点做完这工作。Man cannot live without water. 如果没有水人就不能活。9. 表示结果的介词She tore the letter to pieces. 她把信撕个粉碎。10. 表示对于的介词Sea air is good for the health. 海上的空气对健康有好处。To her it was all unusual. 这一切对她都很不平常。介词的省略在以下几种情况中,介词常常省略。1当表示时间的词前有thi
39、s, that, next, last, every, each, some, any, all等时,介词应省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.(last week前不能用介词in等)上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you like. 你想哪天来哪天来。Come on any day you like.()next前可以加冠词,但意义不同。next week下周(以现在为起点)the next week第二周(以过去某时为起点)2表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一”解时,前面不用介词,如:每小时80英里。80 miles in an hour.()80 miles an hour.正确An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。3含有way的短语。如:in the same way, in this/that way, in another way等用于句末时,in常省略。She did it the same way.她用同样的方法做的。10