名词形容词动词副词.doc

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1、词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党 China中国代词Pronoun (pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他 that那数词Numeral (num.)表示数量或顺序one一 first第一形容词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全的 great伟大的副词Adverb (adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦地 here这里冠词Article (art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb (v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃

2、 have有介词Preposition (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在。下 in在。里连词Conjunction (conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和 but但是感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气一、名词按意义分类1.专有名词-表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写) 例:China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great

3、 Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2.普通名词-表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。(例如:teacher 老师tea 茶 reform 改革)普通名词又可进一步分为四类: 1. 个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。(car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇photo 照片) 2. 集体名词(Collective Nouns): 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。( people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 ) 3

4、. 物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 ( fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶 ) 4. 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。( labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 ) 按是否可数分类名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns).不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式

5、,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词. 可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式 名词名词的功能:名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。1.主语:The bag is in the desk. 书包在桌子里边。2.宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3.表语:This is a good book. 这是一本好书。4.宾语补助语We selected him our monitor. 我们选他为我们的班长。 5.介词宾

6、语Mary lives with her parents. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起.6.定语:She is a Party member. 她是一位党员。 名词的复数可数名词有单数和复数几种形式:1. 单数名词词尾加s(例:mapmaps ,boyboys ,horsehorses ,tabletables)2. s , x , sh , ch结尾的词加es. (例:classclasses, boxboxes, busbuses,dishdishes)3.以o结尾的词,变复数时有生命加es.无生命加s (heroheroes ,negronegroes ,tomato,tomatoes,p

7、otatopotatoes)4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s (例:familyfamilies , citycities, partyparties)5. 以f或fe结尾的名词,#巧记以ffe结尾的可数名词复数 妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife 追得贼狼满街跑,thief,wolf 碰倒架子丧己命,shelf,self,life 手帕树叶半空飘。handkerchief,leaf,half 变f或fe为v,再加es 6.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加s,读|z| 7. 名词复数的不规则变化: (1)childchild

8、ren womanwomen an Englishmantwo Englishmen (2)单复同形 deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means , Swiss (3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 people police cattle是复数 (OK:a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle , the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss ) (Error: a people,a police,a cat

9、tle ) 表示国民总称时,作复数用。 (The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。) (4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词 1.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 2.news是不可数名词。(5) 表示由两部分构成的东西, glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes (衣服) 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双) a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers suit(套)(6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思 go

10、ods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼) 不同国家的人的单复数口诀:中日瑞士不用变,英法国人A变E,其余S加后面 名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo J

11、apanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen注意事项1、 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式: The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(family,class, team, gro

12、up, row, police, school)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:His family is large.(她的家人很多) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:His family are all teachers(她的家人都是老师) 3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4、maths,

13、news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数: The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5、glasses, shoes, socks,trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 名词口诀人和事物各有名,万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词,具体抽象有不同。 时间空间和地点,方向位置有专称。主宾定表都可作,名词具有多功能。 2、 动词表示动作和状态的词叫做动词。1) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,

14、分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如: We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。having是实义动词。He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。) 2) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例

15、如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 3) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如: She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变

16、化,是非限定动词。 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。 4)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular Form in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。系动词系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等

17、情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept sile

18、nt at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词 这

19、些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如: The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success.他

20、的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) 助动词最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他

21、已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如:He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 短语动词动词加其他词

22、性构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如: Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1) 动词+副词,如:black out; 2) 动词+介词,如:look into; 3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。(一)形容词和副词概述形容词是指那些用来描述或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。一般放在其所修饰的名词之前。在句中用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、句子以及其他副词的词。在形式上,许多副词带有后缀ly。形容词、副词是中学英语重

23、要语法项目,也是中考重要考查内容。考查重点是:(1)考查形容词与副词区别。形容词与副词均属修饰性词类,但因被修饰内容有所不同而具备不同的用法,中考非常注重对此进行考查,在单项选择题中出现了大量此类试题。(2)考查“级”的范围。两个事物进行比较应使用比较级,三个或三个以上事物进行比较应使用最高级。(3)考查比较级、最高级的注意点:同类事物进行比较。将主语排除在被比较的范围之外的比较,因为主语只能和他人或他物相比,而不能和自己相比。使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内,否则离开这个范围,主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级。(4)考查比较级的重要句型。比较级有许多热点句型:from bad to

24、 worse/worse and worse(每况愈下);more and more(越来越多的,越来越);the+比较级,the+比较级(越越)。(5)考查asas同级比较句型。(6)考查比较级的程度修饰语。比较级的程度修饰语有:much,a 1ot,even,still,a bit,a little等。(7)考查易混形容词与副词的区别(二)基础知识梳理1形容词的用法和位置1)形容词作表语,表明主语的性质和特征,放在连系动词之后。如:Computers are very useful in our everyday lifeLeaves turn yellow in autumn2)形容词作

25、定语,修饰名词或不定代词,通常放在名词之前,不定代词之后。如:This is an unhealthy dietThere is nothing important in todays newspaper3)形容词作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,与其构成复合宾语。如:You should keep your classroom clean and tidyI found it difficult to get on well with the manager2副词的用法和位置1)副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。根据其用途与含义,副词可分为下列六大类:(1)时间

26、副词。常用的有:ago,before,now,then,soon,already,yet等。(2)地点副词。常用的有:here,there,up,down,above,below,inside,outside等。(3)疑问副词。常见的有:where,when,why,how等。(4)程度副词。常见的有:very,much,so,too,quite,enough等。(5)方式副词。多由“形容词+ly”后缀构成。如:carefully,quickly,easily,quietly等。(6)频度副词。常用的有:always,often,sometimes,usually,hardly,never等。

27、2)副词在句中主要用作状语。也可充当定语、表语等。如:Its snowing heavily outside(状语,修饰动词)I have never heard such a beautiful voice(状语,修饰动词)unluckily, he failed in this physics exam again(状语,修饰整个句子)He was too excited to say a word(状语,修饰形容词)Class is over(表语)The weather here is different from that of Singapore(定语)3)程度副词通常位于被修饰的

28、形容词副词之前,但enough则要放在后面。如:It was much more freezing today than yesterdayHe ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with himWe got up early enough to catch the first bus4)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前,be动词、助动词和情态动词之后,但一般不放在句末。如:I have never been late for classYou must always work like that5)几个副词同时出现时,其顺序一般为:方式副词+地点副词+时间副

29、词(也可位于句首)。一、选择题1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges3. I will tell him as soon as he _ back A. come B. comes C. will come D. Came4. Nobody

30、_ how to run this machines. A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing5. The day is bright and _. Lets go for a walk. A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy6. The ice in the lake is about one meter _. Its strong enough to skate on.A. long B. high C. thick D. wide7. Dont go out. Its raining _.A. quic

31、kly B. heavily C. loudly D. hardly8. - Im sure Ive got a bad cold. - Take this medicine, and youll feel _.A. healthy B. best C. good D. much better9. I _ to the cinema. I _ there every Sunday. A. gogo B. am going go C. go am going D. am goingam going10. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home

32、. A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk11. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples12. Miss Gao asked a question, but it was _ that nobody could answer it.A. very difficult B. too difficult C. dif

33、ficult enough D. so difficult13. I bought _ exercise - books with _ money.A. a few, a few B. a few, a little C. a little, a few D. a little, a little14. Li Ming did his homework _. So he left school last.A. easily B. quickly C. happily D. slowly15. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has

34、become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room16. He often _ late in the forest. It _ me very much., A. stayedworried B. staied worried C. stayedworryed D. staied Worried17. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Mar

35、ys and Peter D. Marys and Peters18. It is raining hard. He is _ to be late. A. Lovely B. likely C. lively D. friendly19._ Jack _ on with his work or _ to have a rest?A. Did went stopped B. Did go StopC. Did went stop D. Did go Stopped20. Marys mother bought a _ coat for her yesterday. A. new big blu

36、e silk B. new blue silk big C. new silk blue big D. blue silk new big21. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen22. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone,

37、millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions23. This time yesterday Jack _ his bike. He _ TV. A. repaired didnt watch B. was repairing watched C. repaired watched D. was repairing wasnt watching24. Its important _ exercise every mor

38、ning.A. of you to take B. for you to take C. of you taking D. for you25. Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life26.This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my f

39、ather and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother27. You must drive _ next time, or there may be another accident.A. more carefully B. carefully C. careful D. more careful28.The teacher_ (give) us a history lesson when Tom walked into the classroom. A. gave B. is giving C. was given D. was giving29. What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please. A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees30. Please _ him that we _ able to help him. A. tellwill be B. tells would be C. toldwill be D. told would be

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