1、优才教育定语从句（一）关系代词The Attributive Clause- Relative Pronoun一、 定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。二、关系词定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系副词在定语从句中作状语。三、关系代词代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whom/whowhichthat定语whosewhose1. that的用法that既可以指人，也可以指物，指人时可与wh
2、o, whom互换，指物时有时可与which互换。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。His father works in a factory that/which makes car. 他父亲在一家汽车制造厂工作。作主语，指物The lady (that/who/whom) I want to visit taught me French at that time.我要去 拜访的那位女士那个时候教我法语。作宾语，指人The school that/which we visited yesterday is a good one.我们昨天参观的学校是所好学校。作宾语，指物2. which的用法wh
3、ich一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略（放在介词后除外）。Which也可以指代这个主句。A dictionary is a book which/that gives the meaning of words. 字典就是讲解单词意思的书作主语Here is the book (which/that) the teacher mentioned yesterday. 这就是老师昨天说得那本书作宾语The sun heats the sun, which makes it possible for man to live.太阳给地球热量，这使得人类能够生存。 代替整个主句3.
4、who/whom的用法Whom在从句中用作宾语，现在仅用于正式文体。用who代替whom在从句中做宾语，主语用于口语。如：The gentleman whom Rose encountered addressed her with courtesy.罗斯遇到的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。（正式文体）The man who I saw is called Smith.我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。（非正式文体）在口语中，who, whom, which在从句中做动词宾语时，常常省去。如：I dont like people who talk much but do little. 我不喜欢光说不练的
5、人。作主语Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?你认识我们在门口遇见的那个年轻人吗？作宾语He didnt become the person who his father wanted him to be.他没有成为他父亲希望的那种人。作表语注意：whom在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到whom前面时，不能用who代替。I have many friends to whom I will send postcards. 我有许多需要寄贺卡的朋友。4. whose的用法whose在从句中作定语，可以指人也可以指物。The gir
6、l whose father is a teacher studies very hard. 这个女孩学习很努力，她的父亲是教师。指人We have English classes in the classroom whose door is broken.我们在那个门坏了的教室上英语课。指物四、限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 1. 限制性定语从句：主句和从句不隔开，从句不能省
7、略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。如：He is reading a book which is too difficult for him.Here is the boy who damaged the glass.2. 非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用逗号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。如： The book is written by Guo Jinming,who is only 19 years old. Bobs father, who was an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt. Shanghai, whi
8、ch is developing fast, has become one of worlds trade centers.【注意】：非限制性定语从句不能用that引导 She is very fond of French, which indeed she speaks quite well. which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情 Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad. He lost his job finally, which was exactly what we wanted.五、关系
9、代词的省略引导限制性宾语从句的关系代词在作宾语、表语时可以省略，但作主语和引导非限制性定语从句时，关系代词不可省略。I have been the city twice（which/that）you just visited.你刚参观完的那座城市，我去过两次。After 10 years, John is not the naughty boy(who/that) he used to be.10年后，约翰已经不是当年那个淘气的男孩了。练一练A. 用符号标出下列句子的主句、定语从句、先行词和关系词：主句：_ 定语从句：（） 先行词：先行词关系词：that例：This is the book (
10、that I have been looking for).1. The movie that we saw last night is very exciting.2. Have you bought the book which we talked about?3. I still remember the day which we spent together last week.4. He still lives in the house whose windows face south.5. The boy whose father is a policeman speaks Eng
11、lish most fluently in our class.6. The girl who you met was Johns sister. B填入适当的关系词1. I have a friend _ likes listening to classical music.2. Yesterday Emmy was wearing the new dress _ I gave her.3. The man _ leg was broken in a match was a football player.4. Kevin is reading a book _ is too difficu
12、lt for him.5. The family _ Im staying with lives in the country.6. I know the student _ book was published.7. Betty, _ has never been abroad, is studying English hard.8. My parents live in a house _ is more than 100 years old.9. The boy with _ John spoke is my brother.10. Shanghai is the city _ I vi
13、sited last summer. 1 who 2 which/that / 3 whose 4 which/that 5 that/省略6 whose 7 who 8 which / that 9 whom 10 that /which /省略C单项选择1. Who is the man _ is reading a book over there? （杭州）A. thatB. whoseC. whichD. what 2. The man _ is talking with my teacher is Toms father. （四川眉山）A. whoB.whomC. whoseD. w
14、hich 3. Li Mei is the student _ handwriting is the best in our class.（贵州铜仁）A. whoseB. whomC. whoD.that 4. The people _ helped us build our hometown are from Beijing.（四川德阳）A. whichB. whomC. who5. There will be a stamp show in the museum _ we visited last week. （嘉兴、舟山）A. whoB. whenC. whichD.what 6. Pe
15、ter likes music _ is very loud and energetic. （山东临沂）A. thatB. whoC. whomD. / 7. One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou _ are often visited by foreigners is the West Slender Lake. （扬州）A. whatB. whoC. thatD. / 8. Who is your new head teacher this semester?（黄冈）The woman _ is wearing a red skirt
16、.A. whomB. whoC. whoseD. which 9. Do you know the man _ is reading the book over there? （湖北襄阳）Yes, hes Mr. Green, our PE teacher. A. whichB. whatC. whomD. who 10. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. （湖北十堰）A. whoB. whereC.
17、 whenD. which 11. What are you looking for? （长沙）Im looking for the book _ you lent me yesterday. A. thatB. whoC. whose12. Tony, tell me the result of the discussion _ you had with your dad yesterday. （河南）A. whatB. whichC. whenD. who 1-5AAACC 6-10 ACBDA 11-12AB定语从句（二）关系副词The Attributive Clause- Relat
18、ive Adverb一、关系副词关系副词在句子中作状语。常用的关系副词有where, when, why, that等。关系副词先行词在从句中充当的成分when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语二、关系副词的用法 when的用法when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常为time, day, morning, night, week, year等。Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. 我永远也不会忘记来北京的第一天。He came at a time when we n
19、eeded help.他在我们需要帮助的时候来了。 where的用法where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place, factory, street, house, room, city, town, country, village, school等。This is the house where I was born. 这就是我出生的房子。The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. 他父亲工作的那家工厂在城市的东边。 why的用法why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语，其先行词通常是reason
20、。Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没有人知道他为什么总是迟到。Who can tell me the reason why the train was delayed? 谁能告诉我火车延误的原因？引导定语从句的关系副词代替与其相应的先行词，并且在从句中分别做时间、地点和原因状语，关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”结构。如：I shall never forget the day when we first met.我永远忘不了我们第一次相遇的那一天。= I shall never forget t
21、he day on which we first met.Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我出生的地方。= Beijing is the place in which I was born.Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们的理由吗？= Is this the reason why he refused our offer?由此可见：when = on (in, at, during) + whichwhere = in (at, on) + whichwhy
22、= for which三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 介词+which 此结构相当于一个关系副词，介词的选用由which所代替的名词在构成介词短语时与介词的固定搭配所决定。We dont know the time when/at which the meeting will begin. 我们不知道会议开始的时间。（at the time at which= when）This is the house where/in which he was born. 这是他出生的那间房子。（in the house in which=where） 介词+whom 当关系代词代替的是人而不是物，
23、并在定语从句中作介词宾语时，要用whom。The man with whom you talked just now is our manager.=The man who you talked with just now is our manager. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人就是我们的经理。This is the hero of whom we are proud. = This is the hero who/whom/that we are proud of. 这就是我们引以为荣的英雄。 名词/代词+介词+关系代词I bought a dozen eggs, half of which
24、were broken when I got home. 我买了一打鸡蛋，当我到家时，碎了一半。练一练A填入适当的关系词1. Shanghai is the place _ I went last summer.2. The reason _ Peter is so happy is that he passed the driving test.3. I remember the day _ my dog died. 4. I will go back to the city _ I grow up.5. Sep. 1st is the day _ the school starts.6.
25、The factory _ my father works makes telephones.7. This is the room _ she does her homework every day.8. We went to visit the house _ the great writer was born.9. I will never forget the day _ we first met.10. Please tell me the reason _ you were late again.Key: 1. where 2. why 3 .when/on which 4. wh
26、ere 5 .when6 .where 7 .where 8 .where 9 .when 10. why B. 分别用关系副词、介词+关系代词填空1. The library _ _ I often borrow books is not far from here.The library _ I often borrow books is not far from here. 2. Is this the bus _ _ you left your umbrella?Is this the bus _ you left your umbrella?3. October 1, 1949 wa
27、s the day _ _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. October 1, 1949 was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.4. Children are looking forward to the holidays _ _ they can play together. Children are looking forward to the holidays _ they can play together.5. Who knows the reason _
28、 _ the girl is crying?Who knows the reason _ the girl is crying?6. The reason _ _ the flowers are dead is too much water. The reason _ the flowers are dead is too much water.Key: 1. from which; where 2. on which; where 3. on which; when 4. in which; when 5. for which; why 6. for which; why C单项选择1. A
29、fter living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when2. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom3. Is this the plane _ he came to New York? A. which B. by
30、which C. that D. in which4. This is the school _ I studied three years ago. A. whereB. whenC. thatD. which 5. What do you usually do in your leisure time? I enjoy reading in the library _ I lose myself in a world of good books.A. whichB. thatC. where6. I cant forget the time _ the earthquake happene
31、d in Yushu. A. whenB. whichC. thatD. where 7. I still remember the park _ we first met. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when 8. The old man has two sons, _ are lawyers. A. both of themB. both of whoC. both of whomD. both of they 9. He is a man of great knowledge, _ much can be learned. A. in whomB. about
32、whomC. from whomD. of whom 10. He has left Beijing, _ a meeting is to be held. A. whenB. whereC. asD. which Key: 1-5 BDDAC 6-10 ACCCBD. 自我挑战1. Ill give you my friends home address, _ I can be reached most evenings. （北京）A. which B. when C. whom D. where2. All the neighbor admire this family, _ the pa
33、rents are treating their child like a friend. （安徽）A. why B. where C. which D. that 3. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. （重庆）A. whyB. whatC. thatD. where4. What do you think of teaching? I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serio
34、us but interesting. （北京）A. where B. which C. when D. that 5. Sales director is a position_ communication ability is just as important as sales ability. （重庆）A. which B. that C. when D. where6. We live in an age _ more information is available with great ease than ever before. （浙江）A. why B. when C. to
35、 whom D. on which Key: 1-6 DBDADB定语从句（三）定语从句的难点The Attributive Clause一、 只能使用that，不用which, who 的情况1. 当先行词是all, much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时；All that can be done has been done.能做的都已经做了。I didnt mean this one; I mean the one that was bought yesterday. 我不是指这个，我是指昨
36、天买的那个。2. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the right, few, just等词修饰时；Theres no difficulty that we cant overcome.没有我们克服不了的困难。Ive read all the books that can be borrowed here.我已经读完了这里能借的所有书。3. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时；This is the first letter that Ive writte
37、n in Japanese.这是我用日语写得第一封信。She is the most careful girl that Ive ever known. 她是我认识的最认真的女孩。He was the first that gave us some useful advice. 他是第一个给我们一些有用建议的人。4. 当先行词既有人又有物时；They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. 他们谈论了他们见过的老师和学校。The speaker talked of some writers and books t
38、hat were unknown to us. 演讲者提到的一些作者和作品我们都不知道。5. 当主句是以who, which或what开头的特殊疑问句时；Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?在车站等车的那个人是谁？Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?昨天超过我们的是哪辆车？6. 当主句以There be结构开头时，或关系代词在there be结构中作实义主语，先行词为物。如：There is a seat in the corner that is still free.There a
39、re two tickets of the film that are for you.二、只能用which，不用that 的情况：1. 在非限制性定语从中。如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted. 会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。2. 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他考虑的这件事非常重要。3. 先行词本身是that时。如：I dont like that which he di
40、d. 我不喜欢他做的那件事。三、只用who不用that的情况1. 先行词是指人的不定代词，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, those等；One who does not work hard will never succeed.Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.Those who learn not only from books but also through
41、practice will succeed.2. 在以there be的句子中，先行词为人时；There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.3. 当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行词都为人时；The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.4. 当指人的先行词被一些指物的名词修饰时；Theres only one student in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woman in blue with
42、a baby on her back who is working in the fields?5. 在非限制性定语从句中指人I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.练一练A. 单项选择1. The radio set _ last week has been out of order. A. I boughtB. I bought itC. which I bought itD. what I bought 2. All the apples _ fell down from the tree
43、were eaten up by the pigs. A. whichB. /C. thatD. they 3. I can tell you _ he told me last week. A. all whichB. all whatC. that allD. all that 4. This is the biggest lab _ we have ever built in our university. A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where 5. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A. thatB. /C. whichD. what 6. Air, _ we breathe every day, is around us all the time. A. thatB. /C. itD. which7. This is the museum _ we saw an exhibition the other day. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. in that 8. This is the museum _ you saw the other day. A. thatB. whereC. in which
