1、How Empathy Unfolds The moment Hope, just ninemonths old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up inher own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had beenhurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bearfor his crying friend Paul; whenPaul kept
2、crying, Michael retrieved Pauls security blanket for him. 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。 Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results
3、 ofthe study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy.Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy.这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听
4、到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, cry
5、ing when they see another childs tears.成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安 一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。 By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone elses, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research b
6、y Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a one-year-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friends mother, who was also in the room. 到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。 Thi
7、s confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wip
8、ed his own eyes, though they had no tears.这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. T
9、itchener, an American psychologist. Titcheners theory was that empathy stemmed from a sortof physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself.这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始字面含义，而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳的理论是：同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿；这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。 He soug
10、ht a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can be felt for the general plight of another with no sharing whatever of what that other person is feeling. 他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词；同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的，无须分担他人的任何感受。 Motor mimicry fades from toddlers repertoire at around two and a half years, at which poin
11、t they realize that someone elses pain is different from their own, and are better able to comfort them. A typical incident, from a mothers diary:小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为，那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同，会更有能力安慰别人。下面是摘自一位母亲日记里的典型事例： A neighbors baby cries and Jenny approaches and tries to give him some cookies. She
12、 follows him around and begins to whimper to herself. She then tries to stroke his hair, but he pulls away He calms down, but Jenny still looks worried.She continues to bring him toys and to pat his head and shoulders.邻居家的婴儿哭了，珍妮走上前去，试图给他一些小甜饼。她跟着他转，开始带着哭腔低声自言自语。然后她试图抚摸他的头发，可是他躲开了他平静下来，但是珍妮仍然面带忧色。她继
13、续给他拿来玩具，轻拍他的头和肩膀。 At this point in their development toddlers begin to diverge from one another in their overall sensitivity to other peoples emotional upsets, with some, like Jenny, keenly aware and others tuning out.在这个年龄，幼儿对于他人感情波动的总体敏感度开始有所不同，有些像珍妮一样，感同身受，有些则不予理睬。A series of studies by Marian Ra
14、dke-Yarrow and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler at the National Institute of Mental Health showed that a large part of this difference in empathic concern had to do with how parents disciplined their children. Children, they found, were more empathic when the discipline included calling strong attention to the d
15、istress their misbehavior caused someone else:美国国家心理健康研究所的玛丽安拉德克亚罗和卡罗琳察恩瓦克斯勒所做的一系列研究表明，这种在同感关注方面的差异大部分与父母怎样教养子女有关。她们发现，如果在家教中让孩子特别注意他们的恶作剧给别人造成的痛苦，孩子就比较有同感心。Look how sad youve made her feel instead of That was naughty. They found too that childrens empathy is also shaped by seeing how others react w
16、hen someone else is distressed; by imitating what they see, children develop a repertoire of empathic response, especially in helping other people who are distressed. 比如对孩子说“瞧你让她多伤心啊”，而不是说“你真调皮”。她们也发现，观看别人遇到痛苦时其他人的反应，儿童的同感心也会受到影响。通过模仿亲眼所见，儿童能培养出一套同感反应行为，尤其是在帮助那些痛苦的人的时候。 That was the strapline of the
17、 2002 film Catch Me If You Can, which tells the story of Frank Abagnale, Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio), a brilliant young master of deception who at different times impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and an airplane pilot, forging checks worth more than six million dollars in 26 countries. He became the you
18、ngest man to ever make the FBIs most-wanted list for forgery. Hunted and caught in the film by fictional FBI agent Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), Abagnale later escaped. He eventually became a consultant for the FBI where he focused on white-collar crime. 这是2002年的电影有种来抓我的剧情简介。影片讲述了小弗兰克阿巴格纳尔（莱昂纳多迪卡普里奥饰演）
19、的故事。影片主人公是一位聪明绝顶的年轻骗术大师，曾在不同时间扮演医生、律师和飞行员的角色，在26个国家伪造了价值600万美元以上的支票。 他成了联邦调查局有史以来伪造罪头号通缉令名单上最年轻的通缉犯。 在影片中，阿巴格纳尔被虚构的联邦调查局特工卡尔汉拉提（汤姆汉克斯饰演）追捕，但后来逃脱了。 他最终成了联邦调查局专攻白领犯罪的顾问专家。3 Its a great film, but could it happen in real life? In fact, Catch Me If You Can is based on the true story of Frank Abagnale, wh
20、ose career as a fraudster lasted about six years before he was caught, who escaped from custody three times (once through an airplane toilet), and who spent a total of six years in prison in France, Sweden and the US. He now runs a consultancy advising the world of business how to avoid fraud. He ha
21、s raised enough money to pay back all his victims, and is now a multi-millionaire. 有种来抓我是一部很棒的电影，但影片中的事情会在现实生活中发生吗？其实，有种来抓我是根据弗兰克阿巴格纳尔的真实故事改编的，他的行骗生涯持续了大约六年；被抓后，曾三次逃脱监管（有一次是从飞机的厕所逃走的）；在法国、瑞典和美国的监狱中总共度过了六年时光。 他现在经营一家咨询事务所，为企业界提供防造假咨询。 他挣到了足够的钱，赔付了所有的受害者，如今已是大富豪。4 Since 2003, identity theft has become
22、 increasingly common. Few people could imagine how important things like taking mail to the post office and not leaving it in the mailbox for pickup, shredding documents instead of throwing them out with the trash, even using a pen costing a couple of bucks, have become to avoid life-changing crimes
23、. 2003年以来，身份盗窃案变得越来越常见。 很少有人会想象到，为了预防这种改变人生的犯罪，采取一些预防措施有多么重要，比如把邮件拿到邮局去寄而不是丢在信箱里等人来取、把文件切碎而不是直接把它们连同垃圾一道扔出去，甚至使用几美元一支的（特效）笔等等。5 More and more people are becoming anonymous victims of identity theft. We spend many hours and dollars trying to recover our name, our credit, our money and our lives. We n
24、eed to look for different ways to protect ourselves. We can improve our chances of avoiding this crime, but it will never go away. 越来越多的人正在成为身份盗窃案的无名受害者。 我们花费许多时间和金钱，去努力挽回我们的姓名、我们的信用、我们的钱和我们的生活。 我们需要想方设法来保护自己。 我们可以减少此类犯罪的机会，但是它永远不会消失。6 Its not just a list of dos and donts, we need to change our mind
25、set. Although online banking is now commonplace, theres a significant group of people in the countrythe baby boomers, 15 per cent of the populationwho still prefer to use paper. Whats more, 30 per cent of cases of fraud occur within this group. A check has all the information about you that an ident
26、ity thief needs. If you use a ballpoint pen, the ink can be removed with the help of a regular household chemical and the sum of money can be changed. More than 1.2 million bad checks are issued every day, more than 13 per second. 这不仅仅是要求我们列一份“该做”和“不该做”事项的清单，我们还需要改变心态。 虽然网上银行现在很常见，但国内有一大群人即占人口15的生育高
27、峰时期出生的一代人还是更喜欢用纸。 而且，30的诈骗案都发生在这群人当中。 支票上有身份盗贼所需的你的全部信息。 如果你用圆珠笔，笔迹可以用一般的家用化学药品除去，钱数可以更改。 每天发出的空头支票高达120万张以上，平均每秒13张以上。7 Check fraud is big business . and growing by 25 per cent every year. Criminals count on our mistakes to make their jobs easier. So how can we prevent identity theft before it happ
28、ens to us? 支票造假是个大产业每年以25的速率增长。 犯罪分子指望我们犯错误，好让他们更容易得手。 那么我们怎样才能防患于未然呢？8 Take a few precautions. Dont leave your mail in your mailbox overnight or over the weekend. Thieves wait for the red flag to go up, so they can look through your outgoing mail for useful personal information or checks. Use a gel
29、 pen for checks and important forms, the ink is trapped in the fibre of the paper, and it cant be removed with chemicals. Also, shred or tear up all documents which contain personal information before you put them in the trash. 采取一些预防措施。 不要把你的邮件留在邮箱里过夜或过周末。 小偷就等着看你家信箱的小红旗（注：在美国，信箱上插上小红旗表示有邮件需要投递），以便
30、通过你要投递的邮件找寻有用的个人信息或支票。 要用签字笔填写支票和重要表格，（因为）签字笔的墨水会渗进纸张的纤维中，无法用化学药品除去。 还有，切碎或撕碎含有个人信息的所有文件，然后再把它们丢进垃圾桶。9 Remember that there are plenty of online opportunities for thieves to create a false identity based on your own. Were all aware of the risks to personal information on computer databases by hacking
31、 and Trojan horses. But choosing someone and doing a Google search can also yield large amounts of personal information, and so can online social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. And just as we take our pocketbook with us when we leave the office to go to the bathroom, its also w
32、orth logging off your computer to avoid opportunistic theft. 记住，网上有大量机会可以被小偷利用。他们根据你的身份伪造假身份。 我们都知道黑客行为和木马软件对电脑数据库中个人信息的威胁。 但是在谷歌上搜索某人也会透露大量个人信息，在线社交网站（如“我的空间”、“相册”和“毕波”）也一样。 正如我们离开办公室去厕所时要随身带上钱包一样，离开电脑时也应该注销你的电脑以防临时起意的盗窃。10 Finally, if you get robbed in a more traditional wayin the streetcanceling
33、your credit cards is obviously the first thing to do. But dont forget that even after theyre reported lost, they can be used as identification to acquire store cards . and you get the criminal record. 最后一点，假如你遭遇较传统方式的抢劫比如在大街上挂失你的信用卡显然是要做的第一件事。 但是别忘了，即使挂了失，信用卡也可以用作身份证件来获得购物卡那你就有了犯罪记录。11 Identity frau
34、d can go on for years without the victims knowledge. There is no escaping the fact that right now fraudsters are finding identity crime all too easy. If you havent had your identity stolen, its only because they havent got to you yet. Your turn will come 身份伪造可以肆行多年而不为受害者所知。 一个无法回避的事实是：现在的诈骗者觉得身份犯罪简直
35、是太容易了。 如果你的身份尚未失窃，那只是因为他们还没有对你动手。 就会轮到你的。Making the headlines1 It isnt very often that the media lead with the same story everywhere in the world. Such an event would have to be of enormous international significance. But this is exactly what occurred in September 2001 with the terrorist attack on t
36、he Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York. It is probably not exaggerated to say that from that moment the world was a different place. 世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。 这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。 但是这正是2001年9月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。 从那一刻起世界改变了模样，这样说也许并不夸张。2 But it is not just the historical and internatio
37、nal dimension that made 9/11 memorable and (to use a word the media like) newsworthy. It was the shock and horror, too. So striking, so sensational, was the news that, years after the event, many people can still remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they first heard it. The
38、y can remember their own reactions: For many people across the globe their first instinct was to go and tell someone else about it, thus providing confirmation of the old saying that bad news travels fast. 但是，使9/11值得纪念并（用媒体喜欢的话来说）具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。 还有震惊和恐惧。 这一消息极度震撼，极具爆炸性。事发多年以后，许多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到
39、这一消息时身在何处、当时正在做什么。 他们能记得自己的反应：对世界各地的许多人来说，他们的第一本能是去把这一消息告诉别人。这就证实了那句老话：“坏事传千里”。3 And so it is with all major news stories. I remember when I was at primary school the teacher announcing pale-faced to a startled class of seven year olds President Kennedy is dead. I didnt know who President Kennedy wa
40、s, but I was so upset at hearing the news that I went rushing home afterwards to tell my parents (who already knew, of course). In fact, this is one of my earliest memories. 一切重大新闻都是如此。 我记得上小学的时候，老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说，肯尼迪总统死了。 我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁，但是我听到这一消息后非常不安，后来就跑回家去告诉了父母（当然，他们已经知道了）。 事实上，这是我最早的记忆之一。4 So
41、what exactly is news? The objective importance of an event is obviously not enough there are plenty of enormous global issues out there, with dramatic consequences, from poverty to global warmingbut since they are ongoing, they dont all make the just international, but odd, unexpected, and (in the s
42、ense that it was possible to identify with the plight of people caught up in the drama) very human. 那么，新闻到底是什么？ 一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够世界上有大量全球性的大问题，都会造成戏剧性的后果，从贫困问题到全球变暖问题但由于它们都是进行中的，并不都会在同一天成为头条。对比之下，9/11不仅具有国际性，而且奇特怪异、出人意料，还（可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的痛苦感同身受，从这个意义上讲）极具人性。5 Odd doesnt mean huge. Take the story in
43、todays China Daily about a mouse holding up a flight from Vietnam to Japan. The mouse was spotted running down the aisle of a plane in Hanoi airport. It was eventually caught by a group of 12 technicians worried that the mouse could chew through wires and cause a short circuit. By the time it took o
44、ff the plane was more than four hours late. 奇特怪异并不意味着重大。 就拿今天的中国日报上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。 在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。 它最终被12 名技术人员合力逮住，他们怕它会咬破电线，造成短路。 飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。6 Not an event with momentous international consequences, you might say, (apart from a few passengers arriving late for their appo
45、intments in another country), but there are echoes of the story across the globe, in online editions of papers from Asia to America, via Scotland (Mouse chase holds up flight, in the Edinburgh Evening News). 你也许会说，这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件（除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外）。但是全球却颇有反响，从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载（爱丁堡晚报的标题是捉老鼠延误航班）。7 A
46、nother element of newsworthiness is immediacy. This refers to the nearness of the event in time. An event which happened a week ago is not generally newsunless youve just read about it. When is one of the five wh questions traineejournalists are regularly told that they have to use to frame a news s
47、tory (the others are who, what, where and why); today, this morning, and yesterday are probably at the top of the list of time adverbs in a news report. Similarly, an event which is about to happen (today, this evening or tonight) may also be newsworthy, although, by definition, it is not unexpected
48、 and so less sensational. 新闻价值的另一个元素是即时性。 这是指事件发生的时间近。 一周前发生的事件一般来说就不是新闻了除非你刚刚读到它。 “何时”是受训记者常被教导用以勾勒新闻故事的五个“何”问题之一（其余是“何人”、“何事”、“何地”和“何故”）；今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新闻报道所使用的时间副词中名列前茅。 同样，即将发生的事件（今天、今晚或今夜）也可能具有新闻价值，虽然，从定义上讲，它不出人意外，也就不那么耸人听闻了。8 When it comes to immediacy, those media which can present news in real time, such as TV, radio, and the Internet, have an enormous advantage over the press. To see an event unfolding in front of your eyes is rather different from readin
