1、1、选择题 （2 15=30）2、填空题 （25=10 ）3、搭配题 (110=10) 4、名词解释题 (45=20) 5、问题回答 (53=15) 6、论述题 (第39题7分，第40题8分)选择题：1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. ful.3Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language fami
2、ly.4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes.5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning.6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy.7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new wo
3、rds are known as B .derivational affixes.8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. 9.Usually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an or
4、ganizations activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西填空题.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1. affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.2. Back-formatio
5、n Is considered to br opposite process suffixation it is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.3. Isolating language is a language in which each word form consists typically of a singe morpheme .4. When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context.it creates
6、ambiguity .5. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independent words.搭配题. Match the terms in Column A with definitions in Column B. A B1. geomorphic earthlike2. zooid resembling an animal3. geochronology time measurements from earth data4.technocracy government by craftsmen5.petrogr
7、aphic caring on a rock6.polymorph having many shapes7.phonography recording of sound8.phytogenesis development of plants9.synergy working together10.geocentric earth-centered11.magnanimous宽宏大量的12.penology刑罚学13.inculpable无辜的；无可非议的14.revitalize bring to the life15.cosmonaut sailor of the universe16.en
8、ervate reduce mental vigor17.herbicide plant killer18subterranean地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的;地下工作者19.deviate move from the road20.semilunar crescent -shaped名词解释题. Define the following terms. Word: will cover four points :a minimal free from of a language;a sound unity;a unit of meaning;a form that can function in a
9、 sentenceMorpheme: is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.Compounding: a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically ad semantically as a single word.Semantic motivation: refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual mea
10、ning of a word.Extra-linguistic context: may extend to embrace the entire cultural background, which may also affect the meaning of words.Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases Affixation: the formation of new words by adding word-forming affixes to bases.Sematic change:
11、 means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to met the new need.Conceptual meaning: is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Acronymy: is the process of forming new words by pointing the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special n
12、oun phrases and technical terms.Homonymy: are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Dictionary: a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the language ,with information as to its spelling, p
13、ronunciation , meaning and its etymology.问题回答 . Answer the following questions，write your answers on the answer sheet. 2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point?Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suf
14、fixation,its the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.For example:Inform-imforant donation-donate enthusiasm-enthuse 3.What are the three types of antonyms ,give examples to illustrate them respectively?Compl
15、ementary: dead-alive present-absent male-femaleContrary: poor-rich good-bad cold-hotConverse: parent-child husband-wife employer-employee5.What are three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? illustrate your points? Different in denotation符号,connotation含义,application应用6. What are the
16、 major differences between basic word stock基本词汇 and nonbasic非基本 vocabulary?(1)basic word stock possesses five obvious characteristics,but nonbasic vocabulary doesnt(2) basic word stock forms the common,core核心 of the language,however,nonbasic vocabulary doesnt belong to the common ore of the language
17、.7.How many means of word formation and what they are?3 Major processesAffixation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）8 Minor processes :Acronym(首字母缩略词） Blending（混合）Clipping（截短法）Words from proper names(专有名词来源）Back formation（逆构法）Reduplication（复制）Neo-classical Formation （新古典词构成法）Miscellaneous（混杂法）8.what a
18、re the difference between word and vocabulary?(1)word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across水平穿越a piece of paper.(2)vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of总计all the words of a language.9.What is collocative meaning? give one examp
19、le to illustrate your point? Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or fter the word in discussion.For example,Handsome(boy/car/man ) 论述题. Analyze and comment on the following qu
20、estions，write your answers on the answer .1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive 2antibiotic 3composition 4unbearable 5international 6ex-prisoner1 de+struct+tive 2 anti+bio+tic 3 com+po+si+tion 4 un+bear+able 5 inter+batio
21、n+nal 6 ex+prison+ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates. a.the man said he would come to our school next week. b.the visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.3.Collocation can affect the meaning of words .Comment on the statement w
22、ith your own words.Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation.4.the pen is mightier than the sword .explain what pen and sword mean respectively using the theory of motivation. penr
23、eminds one of the tool to write with,thus suggesting writing; sword reminds one of the weapon to fight with,thus suggestion war.Chapter 11、It is generally known that The Anglo-Saxon invasion ,the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman Conquest were three of the most important landmarks in the history
24、of the English people as well as in the history of the English language.2、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria, according to the level of notion, English can be classified as full word 实词and form word虚词.3、What are the four points does the definition of a word cover?minimal
25、free form of a languagea sound unitya unit of meaninga form that can function alone in a sentencechapter2-It is estimated that there are about _5000_ languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about _25_ language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family
26、阿尔泰语系(包括土耳其语、维吾尔语、蒙古语、满语等语言) and so on.-Q：What languages does Indo-European family host？The Indo-European Family hosts most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.-How many groups can Indo-European family be divided into according to the linguists？ Linguists have divided the Indo-European lan
27、guages into Eastern sets（groups） and Western sets（groups）.-Q：Generally，How many stages can the development of English vocabulary be divided into？ What are they？Old EnglishMiddle EnglishModern EnglishEarly modern English Late modern EnglishThe period from 450 to 1100 is known as the Old English perio
28、d or the Anglo-Saxon period.The Celtic language originally spoken in that area was replaced by the West Germanic dialects spoken by the invaders, as the original inhabitants (the Celts) were killed, were relocated, or adopted the language of the now dominant society.-Roughly speaking, the tribes tha
29、t settled in Britain comprise three groups: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.-Norman conquest resulted in a massive borrowing of French words into English vocabulary.-What is the second result of Norman conquest?The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English
30、completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class.-Q：What languages contributed to the vocabulary of modern English？ What characteristics do those languages have？Latin and Greek，the former language were mostly connected with scie
31、nce and abstract ideas， while the latter were mostly literary， technical and scientific words.-Q：What are the reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms?1、The rapid development of modern science and technology.2 、Social，economic，and political changes.3、The influence of other cultures and lang
32、uages.1、The Angles lent their name to the languageEnglish, and to the land England.Chapter3Q1：What is the morpheme according to Engene Nida？ The minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. In other words，the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Can yo
33、u figure out three basic elements of morphemes？1、the smallest meaningful unit2、not divisible nor analyzable3、 sound and meaningIs it a root, a stem, or base?desirable (adj.): 不是词根(可再分解);不是词干(不可以加屈折词缀),是词基(既可以加词缀,又能再分解下去).一、Fill in the missing words. 1. A minimum meaningful unit of a language is morp
34、heme. 2. The part carrying the basic meaning of a word is called root.二、What do the following words have in common? Can you guess out what the meaning of them is respectively? vitamin, vital, vivid, survive, revive.Chapter4Types of Motivation:1）Phonetic motivation（onomatopoeic）拟声，hiss by snakes2）Mor
35、phological motivation(derivation, compounding, conversion)形态学3）Semantic motivation（Metaphor，Metonymy，Synecdoche，Analogy）语义，a stony heart铁石心肠4）Etymological motivation词源 Main types of word meaning1）Grammatical meaning 2）Lexical meaning3）Conceptual meaning (Denotative meaning)4）Associative meaning （1）C
36、onnotative meaning （2）Stylistic meaning （3）Affective meaning （4）Collocative meaningWord-formation: Affixation/Derivation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）Chapte4.22、 Besides conventionality, As for motivation, how many types of motivation are there, and what are they?Onomatopoeic motivationMorphologi
37、cal motivationSemantic motivationEtymological motivationChapter 61. Types of changes: Extension /Narrowing / Elevation / DegradationChapter7Meaning and context 1. Two types of contexts: Linguistic context / Extra-linguistic context 2. The vital role of context in determination of word meaning?Elimin
38、ating ambiguities /Conveying emotional overtonesChapter 8 English Dictionary1) According to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-making began in Anglo-Saxon times.2) The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.3) Cockerams book was the first in English to use the word dictionary in the titleFirst English dictionaries published: 1) Robert Caswdreys Table Alphabetical of Hard Words(1604)2) John Bollokars An English Expositor(1616)3) Henry Cockerams The English Dictionary(1623)
