1、分考点 1 不定式作状语Point 1 做目的状语，意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。Mike had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of the music.麦克不得不大声说话，以便能在如此大的音乐下被别人听见。【特别注意】也可用in order to 或so as to 表示目的，但so as to 不能用于句首。The bus stopped so as to pick
2、up passengers.公交车停下来以便搭载乘客。He got up early in order to catch the first bus.他早起是为了赶上第一版公交车。Point 2 作结果状语。常表示令人意外的结果。Only/just to do 表示意想不到的结果Enough to do 足够做.Too.to do 太.而不能.So/such. as to.如此.以至于.I went to see him last night only/ just to find him out.我昨晚去找他。结果发现他出去了。（表示出乎意料的结果）Mary is too tired to d
3、o the job.玛丽太累了，做不了这项工作。He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。Point 3 作原因状语。常用在表示情感或态度的sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad,happy 等形容词后，常用结构为“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”。Tom was very happy to see his mother.汤姆看到她的妈妈很高兴。I was surprised to find him here.发现他在这里我很开心。【特别注意】easy, difficult, hard, cheap
4、, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good 等形容词表示主语的特征或性质，后面接不定式作状语时，不定式和句子主语之间存在被动关系，但常用主语形式表示被动意义。English is easy to learn. 英语学起来很容易。The book is very hard to understand. 这本书很难理解。分考点2 分词作状语形式意义Doing主动，进行Having doing主动，完成Done被动，完成；用作形容词，表状态Being done被动，进行，意为“正在被做”Having been done被动，完成Point 1 作时间状语，常
5、用在when， while，before，since，as引导的原因状语从句中。He went through the papers while having breakfast(= while he was having breakfast).他边吃早饭边看报纸。When completed(= when it is completed), the road will be open to the public.这条路在竣工后会正式通车。Point 2 作原因状语，相当于because，since，as 引导的原因状语从句。Not understanding this, he asked t
6、he teacher about.= Because he didnt understand this,he asked the teacher about it.因为不理解，关于那个问题他问了老师。Defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged.= Because he was defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged. 由于被同桌打败，他感到气馁。Point 3 作条件状语，相当于if， unless引导的条件状语从句。Working hard, youll succeed. = If you
7、 work hard, you will succeed.如果努力学习，你会成功的。Given more time, I can finish the work. = If I am given more time, I can finish the work.如果多给我点时间，我就能完成这项工作。Point 4 作结果状语。常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果，分词前可接thus。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.他们的车被困在拥挤的交通中，因此耽搁了时间。The fire lasted nearly a m
8、onth, leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有价值的东西。【特别注意】过去分词一般不作结果状语。Point 5 作方式或伴随状语。He made the boy sit there, promising he would not hurt him.他让那个小男孩坐在那边，答应不伤害他。The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.老师走进实验室，身后跟着一些学生。（伴随状语）Point 6 作让步状语，相当于though， although， even if等引导的让不状语从
9、句。Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. = Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. 尽管被警告危险，他依旧在薄冰上滑冰。Lacking of money, he managed to borrow money and bought the phone. = Though he lacked money, he managed to borrow money and bought the phone.虽
10、然缺钱，他还是设法借钱买了手机。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. = Though he had been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 虽然被告诫过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。分考点 3 独立成分作状语Point 有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：独立成分含义Generally speaking一般来说Frankly/ honestly speaking坦白地/老实说
11、Judging from/ by.根据.来判断Considering./taking.into consideration/ account考虑到.To tell you the truth说实话Seeing.考虑到.Supposing/ suppose (that)假如.Provided/ providing (that).假如.Given.考虑到.Assuming.假使.Compared to/with与.相比Judging from his accent, he is from the South.从口音上判断，他是南方人。Considering your health, youd be
12、tter have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。To tell you the truth, Im a little tired.说实话，我有点累。分考点 4 独立主格结构作状语Point 1 独立主格结构的含义、特点及构成：含义：（1）独立主格结构的主语和句子的逻辑主语不同。（2） 独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。（3） 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。构成：（with/without）+n./ pron.+adj./ adv./ to do/ doing/ done/ 介词短语Point 2 名
13、词/代词+非谓语动词Weather permitting, we will go swimming.如果天气允许，我们就去游泳。Everything considered, the plan is better.把一切因素考虑在内的话，这项计划还算不错。Point 3 with/ without +名词/代词+宾语补足语With all lights turned on, the building looks more beautiful.灯全亮的时候，大楼显得更婆罗门了。He lay there thinking, with his hands behind his head.他双手放在头下
14、，躺在那儿思考。考点23 非谓语动词作定语的用法分考点1 不定式作定语。Point 1 不定式作定语表示将来的动作。I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事要做。The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上被讨论的那个问题非常重要。Point 2 不定式放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果做定语的不定式是不及物动词，其后要加介词。Im not sure which restaurant to eat at.我不确定要在哪家餐馆吃饭。I have no room to live in
15、. 我没有房子住。He has no pan to write with. 他没有钢笔写字。Point 3 不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no， all， any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系。He was the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到达学校，最后一个离校。Point 4 被修饰词是抽象名词时，用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有:ability, chance, i
16、dea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。Do you have the ability to read and write in English?你具备读写英语的能力吗？I have no chance to go sightseeing.我没有机会外出观光。【特别注意】不定式作定语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式。She has a sister to look after.她有个妹妹需要照顾。（she是look after的执行者）I want to
17、 go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought?我要去北京。你有什么东西需要买吗？（you 不是buy的执行者）分考点2 分词作定语 Point V.-ing 作定语表示主动、进行；being done 作定语表示被动、进行；done 作定语被动、完成。The boy standing there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩是我的弟弟。（主动、进行）A broken cup is lying on the ground.地上有一只破了的茶杯。（被动，完成）The houses being built are for the t
18、eachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。（被动，进行）【特别注意】作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：V.-ing 和过去分词。过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。Falling leaves 正在下落的叶子（表示正在进行）Fallen leaves 落叶（表已完成）The exploded bomb 已经爆炸的炸弹A retired miner 已退休的矿工Returned students 已归国的留学生分考点3 动名词作定语Point 动名词作定语，说明被修饰词的用途或目的。A walking stick 拐杖A reading room 阅览室A sleeping car 卧铺车考
19、点24 非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法分考点1 不定式作宾语补足语Point 1 不定式作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，表将来、主动。I didnt mean you to hear it.我没打算让你听到这件事。He wants me to go with him.他想让我和他一起去。Point 2 有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语+ sb. +to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：Advice 建议 allow 允许 ask 询问；要求 beg 乞求 cause 导致 encourage鼓励Expect 期望 forbid 禁止 force 强迫 in
20、tend 意欲 invite 邀请 order 订购Persuade说服 prefer 喜爱 require 需要 teach 教 remind 提醒 tell 告诉Want 想要 warn 警告 wish 想要 wait for 等待 call on 号召；要求 depend on 依靠You are not allowed to smoke here.此处不允许吸烟。The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多肉。He depends on you to help him with his English. 他指望你帮他
21、学英语。【特别注意】下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语，它们是：sb. be said/ believed/ known/ reported/ considered/ thought +to do/ to have done/ to be done/ to be doing / to have been done sth.He is said to have been cheated in the street.据说，他在大街上被骗了。Heat is considered to be a form of energy.热能被看作是一种能量。The accident is reported to h
22、ave killed two people.据报道，那次事故中死了两个人。分考点 2 分词作宾语补足语 Point 1 现在分词作宾语补足语时，表进行，主动。They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。Listen! Do you heard someone calling for help?听！你听到有人在求救吗？ Point 2 过去分词作宾语补足语时，表完成，被动。He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.他试图使自
23、己的工作在医学界得到认可。The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.大部分的菜，客人们都没动，因为它们不怎么好吃。考点25 非谓语动词作宾语的用法Point 1 下列动词只接不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。即：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope;refuse, manage, wish, pretend;offer, promise, choose, plan;
24、agree, ask/ beg, help 等后只接不定式作宾语。此外 afford,strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定时作宾补。She pretended no to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我们约好在这里见面，但是她到现在都还没露面。Point 2 下列动词只接动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。
25、即：consider,suggest/advice, look forward to, excuse/ pardon;admit,delay/ put off, fancy(想要)； avoid， miss, keep/ keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/ appreciate; forbid,imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/permit,escape等后只能接动名词作宾语。此外，be used to(习惯于)， lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, objec
26、t to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand, give up, feel like, insist on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy(in), have difficulty/ trouble 等动词短语后要用动名词作宾语。David suggested selling your house and car to pay the debt.戴维建议卖掉你的房子和车来抵债。The law forbids smoking in public building.法律禁止在公共场合吸烟。I would
27、 appreciate your calling back this afternoon.今天下午如果你能给我回电话，我将非常感激。Point 3 不定式作动词 learn， decide， wonder， find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how，what，whether， where， when等。Hes still learning how to dance.他仍在学怎么跳舞。I dont know what to do.我不知道做些什么。【特别注意】此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语须与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则要用宾语从句。 I wonder how he solved the
28、 problem.我想知道她是怎样解决这个问题的。I dont know whether the guest will come tonight.我不知道那位客人今晚是否会来。分考点 26 非谓语动词作主语、表语的用法分考点1 不定式作主语和表语Point 1 不定式作主语，一般表示具体的某次动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定时是真正的主语，放在句子的后面，以使句子保持平衡。To climb the mountain is hard work but to go down the mountain is great fun.上山很艰难，下山却很好玩。It is exciting to surf
29、the Internet.上网是件令人兴奋的事。It is not easy to find your way around the town.在这个小镇要找到路很不容易。Point 2 不定式作表语时常用来表示预订要发生的动作，也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设；但当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明表语的内容时，这时的不定式只作单纯的表语，而不具备未来的含义。 His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。My job is to clean the rooms every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。分考点2 动名词作主语和表语Poi
30、nt1 动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型Its a waste of time doing.; Its no use/ good doing.; it is useless /nice/ interesting/.doing.; There is no.等中。Collecting stamps can enlarge ones knowledge.集邮可以扩大一个人的知识面。Smoking is not allowed here.此处禁止吸烟。It is no use arguing with him about it.和他争论这件事是没用的。There is no joking about such serious matters.这样严肃的事开不得玩笑。Point 2 动名词作表语时，多表示抽象的行为，句子主语常表示无生命的名词或what 引导的名词性从句。Our job is playing all kinds of music.我的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。What I hate most is being laughed at.我最痛恨的就是被人嘲笑。
