1、不定式和动名词的区别和联系1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。一、作主语一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。例如:To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个
2、好习惯。真题回放1. _ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having exposedC. Being exposed D. After being exposed二、作宾语有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可,但意思不同，另外还要熟记下面几点:1)下列短语中的to是介词,其后跟动名词,不跟不定式。be(get) used to习惯于;look forward to盼望;pay attent
3、ion to注意;get down to开始认真做;lead to通向、导致;prefer doing . to doing .宁愿做而不愿做;stick to坚持;devote ones life(time, oneself) to献身于、致力于;object to反对;in addition to .除之外;on the way to .在去的路上、正要成为;等等。2)不定式除可用在except, but, besides等后作宾语之外,一般不用作介词宾语。此时,不定式能否省略to,取决于其前是否有行为动词do或其相应形式。有则省略,无则不能省略。例如:She did nothing bu
4、t wash some clothes that day. 那天她除了洗一些衣服之外什么也没做。We had no choice except to walk home. 除了走着回家我们别无选择。3) 动名词除了其一般式doing,还有完成式having done以及一般式的被动形式being done和完成式的被动形式having been done;动名词前可以加上逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构:sb.s doing。例如:Im sorry for not having kept my promise.非常抱歉,我没能遵守诺言。(not having kept my promise发生在
5、am sorry之前)Do you mind Mary being left alone at home?你介意玛丽被单独一个人留在家里吗?4) 不定式的完成式to have done表示在谓语动词之前已经发生的动作,而不定式的一般式to do表示动作将要发生。不定式还有其被动形式:to be done(表示将来的被动动作)和to have been done(表示过去的被动动作)。三、作表语不定式与动名词作表语时的区别与作主语时相同。例如:My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英语。(泛指,多次性抽象行为)Your task is to go and help
6、the farmers.你的工作是去帮助那些农民。(特指,一次性具体行为)四、作定语不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语;不定式多表示将来的动作,动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。例如:He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。Take these sleeping pills and youll sleep better. 吃了这种安眠药,你会睡得更好。注意:不定式作定语时通常与其前的名词(代词)构成动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,其后通常要加上相应的介词。例如:Please give me a knife with which
7、 to cut.2)在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate, like, love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,
8、 allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 3） 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Dont forget to post the letter for me. Hav
9、e you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：1 forget doing/to
10、 doforget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh，I forg
11、ot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意2 stop doing/to dostop to do 停止，中断原来做的事，开始做另外一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I
12、must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。3 remember doing/to doremember to do 记得
13、去做某事 (未做)remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4 regret doing/to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont reg
14、ret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。5 cease doing/to docease
15、to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 6 try doing/to dotry to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening
16、 but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。7 go on doing/to dogo on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his math，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习8 be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do 不敢，
17、胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕；be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。.9 be interested do
18、ing/to dointerested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想要做某事mean doing 意味着要有一个
19、结果I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。11 begin(start) doing/to dobegin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
20、2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时，常使用不定式to do。It began to melt.1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise. A. dont B. not C. will not D
21、. not to 2. Our master often told us _ things for granted. A. not to have B. not to take C. didnt take D. not to make 3. Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to
22、 do C. not do it D. do not to 5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive 6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 7. The workers want us _ together wi
23、th them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked 8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going 9. I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from child
24、hood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 11. Ive heard him _ about you often. A. spoke B. speaks C. speak 12. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _by his little sister. A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry 13. This company was the first _ portabl
25、e radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 14. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only
26、_the film stars had left.A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told 16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy. A. what B. which C. how D. where 17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to choose B. which to choose C
27、. to choose what D. to choose which 18. “ Have you decided when _?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.” A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving 19. Last summer I took a course on _. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made 20.
28、He doesnt know _ to stay or not. A. whether B. if C. either D. if he will 21. She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 22. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having tu
29、rned it off 23. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 24You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 25. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to mak
30、e1. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard 2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. fo
31、rming D. having formed 3. The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby. A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding 4. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked5. You were silly
32、not _ your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 6. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 7. When flint (电石) _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introdu
33、ced 8. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 9. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take10. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom sudd
34、enly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 12. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ befor
35、e the party. A. get changed* B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 13. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm. A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted 14. I dont know whether you happen _ that Im going to study
36、 in the U. S. A. this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard 15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only_ the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told 16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam. A. pass
37、 B. to pass C. passed D. passing17. _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared 18. _ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D.
38、 Having not completed 19. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget 20. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV. A. to watch B. to watching C. watching
39、 D. watch 21. The flu is believed _ by viruses（病毒）that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 22. The flowers_ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. sme
40、lt D. to be smelt 23. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded * B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded 24. Having been attacked by terrorists, _ . A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was
41、 taken D. warnings were given to tourists 25. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 26. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out
42、 C. carry out D. to carry out 27. Ive worked with child before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect* C. to be expecting D. expect 28. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 29. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 30. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
