1、摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读A认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。D简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应
2、该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变
3、成一两句即可。4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6)
4、你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never th
5、ought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English n
6、ovels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on
7、 the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful li
8、ke eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attack
9、s. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Pauls health and that it
10、 could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。 经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。ArticleChildren Must be Taught to Tell Righ
11、t from WrongWilliam KilpatrickMany of todays young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why thats true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values
12、 that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. (品格教育)” Character education didnt ask childr
13、en to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.Decision-making cu
14、rriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues theyve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have
15、only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys consi
16、dered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a
17、child who feels good about himself or herself wont want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she cant do anything bad.Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the n
18、on-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of todays drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosop
19、hy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated “feel-good” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wr
20、ong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need moneyif it feels rightyou go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusionjust about any conclusioncan be reached and justified using the decision
21、-making method.It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morali
22、ty not by debating it but by practicing it.SampleSummary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”In his essay “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong,” William Kilpatrick argues fervently that the “decision-making” approach to the moral education of American youth, which repla
23、ced “character education” 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.According to Kilpatrick, decision-making methods instill in students a wrong belief that all norms of morality are s
24、ubjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even questioned. This belief deprives them of the chance to secure solid moral standards and induces misconceptions about what should be clearly right or wrong.In parallel with this inadequacy of the
25、“decision-making” approach are the unexpected outcomes of those values-education programs focusing on students self-esteem that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating “decision-making” curriculums. Their mistaken assumption that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from crit
26、icizing and disciplining their own behaviors.Basing his conclusion on his analysis of the fundamental flaws of the decision-making approach, Kilpatrick finally proposes an immediate shift back to character education which he believes teaches morality more effectively by emphasizing practice instead
27、of discussion.Summary 常用句式1. This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about2. This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/3. In this passage (about ), the author 4. In this passage about , the author 5. The author began the essay/ passage by telling/ presenting6. First/Firstly/ In the begi
28、nning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)7. Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on with8. Finally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/ stresses that9. Finally, the author summarizes that 二、常见句
29、型1）This paper deals with.2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc). 3）This essay presents knowledge that.4）This thesis discusses.5）This thesis analyzes.6）This paper provides an overview of.7)This paper elaborates on .8）This article gives an overview of.9）This article compares.and sum
30、marizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning.11)This paper presents up12)This article covers the role of chemicals in. 13)This paper addresses important topics including.14)This paper touches upon. 15)This paper strongly emphasizes.17)This article not only describes.but also su
31、ggests.18)This paper considers.19)This paper provides a method of .20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.21)This paper offers the latest information regarding.22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of. 23)This article explores.24)This paper expresses views on.25)This pa
32、per reflects the state of the art in.26)This paper explains the procedures for.27)This paper develops the theory of .28)This article reviews the techniques used in.29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to.30)This article is about.31)This essay is related to .32)This paper concerns
33、.33)This paper gives an account of .34)This article tells of.35)This paper tries to describe.36)This paper provides an analysis of .37)This paper reports the latest information on .38)The author of this article reviews.39)The writer of this paper discusses.40)The writer of this essay tries to explor
34、e.41)The aim of this paper is to determine.42)The purpose of this article is to review.43)The objective of this paper is to explore.破题用语，一般有： The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something This article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)some
35、thing. This article has been prepared (or:designed,written). The purpose of this article is to determine something. The problem of something is discussed .结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法： The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that.This article shows that. It is suggested that.The authors suggestion (or:conclusi
36、on )is that The author finds it necessary to .Useful Transitions and Transitional PhrasesIntroduction to a Topic as for, concerning, with regard to, with respect to, in terms of To Summarize in all, in a word, in brief, briefly, in other words, in short, in summary, that is, finally, generally, in c
37、onclusion, on the whole, therefore, to sum up, to conclude, and so, this shows, thus we see To Compare by comparison, here again, in the same way, in a similar manner, likewise, similarly, so too, as, also, equally, accordingly, moreover, as well, and To Contrast conversely, however, instead (of), i
38、n spite of that, anyhow, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, still, yet, nevertheless, in contrast, notwithstanding, in spite of this, although, but, despite, even though To Show Cause and Effect accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence
39、, it follows that, so/so that, then, therefore, thus, thereupon To Explain actually, admittedly, because, certainly, for example, in fact, indeed, really of course, since, that is, for instance, namely, specifically, such as, to illustrate, in particular, in this manner, thus To Show Conviction afte
40、r all, at least, at the same time, apparently, even so, evidently, certainly, conceivably, conclusively, doubtless, no doubt, perhaps, possibly, presumably, probably, surely, undoubtedly To Show Various Conditions in this event, in these circumstances, this (that) being so, provided that, in spite o
41、f, none/nevertheless, at the same time, even if, if, unless, otherwise, although, even though, though, despite To Add Information add to this, again, also, besides, equally, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, once more, then too, too, yet again, yet another, and, as well, beyond that, even
42、, next, similarly To Show Chronological Order after that, afterwards, later, shortly, subsequently, concurrently, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, now, simultaneously, when/while/was, first, second, etc., formerly, earlier, previously, before that, then, already, at last, at length, by that time,
43、finally, during, immediately, next, soon, still, in the interim, presently, at the same time, in the end, temporarily, thereafter To Show Concession admittedly, after all, all the same, at any rate, granted, however, in any case, in spite of, it is true that, nevertheless, obviously, of course, stil
44、l, to be sure Location above, below, beyond, farther, further, here, nearby, opposite, there, to tIn the distant past, many people thought bats had magical powers, but times have changed. Today, many people believe that bats are rodents, that they cannot see, and that they are more likely than other
45、 animals to carry rabies. All of these beliefs are mistaken. Bats are not rodents, are not blind, and are no more likely than dogs and cats to transmit rabies. Bats, in fact, are among the least understood and least appreciated of animals.Bats are not rodents with wings, contrary to popular belief.
46、Like all rodents, bats are mammals, but they have a skeleton similar to the human skeleton. The bones in bat wings are much like those in arms and the human hand, with a thumb and four fingers. In bats, the bones of the arms and the four fingers of the hands are very long. This bone structure helps
47、support the web of skin that stretches from the body to the ends of the fingers to form wings.Although bats cannot see colors, they have good vision in both dim and bright light. Since most bats stay in darkness during the day and do their feeding at night, they do not use their vision to maneuver i
48、n the dark but use a process called echolocation. This process enables bats to emit sounds from their mouths that bounce off objects and allow them to avoid the objects when flying. They use this system to locate flying insects to feed on as well. Typically, insect-eating bats emerge at dusk and fly to streams or ponds where they feed.Th
