1、英语词性一名词:1. 含义:表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。2. 分类:专有名词和普通名词3. 普通名词分为可数名词的和不可数名词 可数名词1)可数名词单数表达法:一般可用a/ an 来修饰,表示数量“一”;注意: 在辅 音发音开头的单词前用a; 在元音发音开头的单词前用 an ; 2)可数名词有复数形式 3)可数名词用many修饰表“许多” 不可数名词1)不可数名词没有复数形式 2)可数名词用much修饰表“许多”4. 专有名词是表示人、地方、事物等特有的名词,它的第一个字母要大写。如: 人名:Tom,Peter,Mr Yang 地名:Europe,New York,Wanz
2、hou 节日、月份、星期:Christmas,February,Saturday 一般来讲,专有名词前面不用定冠词the。但江河海洋,山脉群岛地理名称前要用定冠词;有两个以上的普通名词组成的专有名词前,一般要用定冠词。 the Yangtze River the Great Wall二. 代词:1含义:用来代替名词或名词短语的词。2分类:按意义特征和语法功能可分为人称代词、物主代词等9类。3. 分类讲解: 1) 人称代词 用法口诀: 人称代词分两格,主格宾格来分说;主格定把主语作,宾格作宾不会错。 1 主格在句中作主语时,一般放在谓语动词之前: We are good friends. He
3、often plays basketball.2 宾格作宾语。放在及物动词或介词之后,有时在口语中,可以作表语; I dont know her. (动宾) Look at me.(介宾) Open the door, please! Its me. (作表语)3 人称代词并列用法的排列顺序: A:单数人称代词做主语时,排列顺序:第二人称-第三人称-第一人称; 如:You, he and I ; 请翻译:我,你和她都是好朋友。_ B: 复数人称代词做主语时,排列顺序:第一人称-第二人称-第三人称; 如:We, you and they 请翻译:我们,你们和他们都喜欢音乐。_ 2) 物主代词1
4、物主代词两类型,形容词性、名词性。 形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语;起形容词的作用,用在名词前。名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,起名词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 如:Those volleyballs are theirs. = They are their volleyballs.2 为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。 例:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink. 注意:为避免重复使用bag,可写成:My bag is y
5、ellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.三. 冠词1. 含义: 它是一个虚词,须置于名词之前,限定名词;2. 分类: a.不定冠词(a,an) b. 定冠词(the) c.零冠词(即在某些场合不使用冠词);3. A:关于 a 和 an: l)表示数量有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强。I have a soccer ball. 2)第一次提到某人或某物,不定冠词起介绍作用。I see an old man. Hes Toms father. 3)表示某个人或事物,但不具体说明何人或何物。A boy is under the tre
6、e. B:定冠词的基本用法 l)特指某人或某物。The book on the desk is mine 2)指双方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books,Jim? 3)指上文提到过的人或物。There is an old woman. The old woman is my grandma. 4)用在世上独一无二的事物名词前。the sun, the sky 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级前。The third one 6)用在山脉、江河、海洋、岛等名词前。the Yellow River 7)用在姓氏复数形式之前,表示“某某一家”或“某某夫妇”。the Greens
7、 8)用在乐器名词前。play the piano 9)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall 10)用在某些习惯用语中。in the morning C:零冠词的基本用法: 1)名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词或不定代词等限定词。I have some questions. 2)专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词等不可数名词前。China,water,music 3)球类活动、学科名词、一日三餐前。We have English and math every day 4)复数名词表示泛指。They are workers 5)节日、星期、月份、季节名称前。June 1 i
8、s Childrens Day 6)某些固定词组或习惯用语中。at night, go to school D:定冠不定冠 意思差千万!有些名词前用冠词或不用冠词,其意义有所不同 at table在吃饭- at the table在桌子旁 in class在上课-in the class在班级中四动词1. 含义:动词表示主语的动作或状态2. 动词的种类。 (1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。She likes apples. (2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。Classes finish. (3)连系动词,接表语。They are nurses. His mother looks young. If
9、 you keep milk for too long, it goes bad (4)助动词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。 DO you like pandas? I dont play soccer. (5)情态动词,接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。He must go now. I can speak English.五形容词1. 含义:用以修饰名词,表示事物的特征的词。e.g. long, big, cheap, old2. 形容词在句子中的作用:形容词在句子中可定语、表语、同位语、宾语补足语等 The sweater is cheap. 表语 The
10、 long skirt is my mothers.定语 He makes me happy.宾语补足语 3. 多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序一件棕色的长T 恤_ 一件白色的短毛衣_ 六副词1副词的用法及位置 (1)修饰动词作状语 多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语之后。 She speaks English well. 频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。 He always goes to school at 7:00. She is often late. (2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。 He has a very nice watch. The box is to
11、o heavy. (3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。 You speak too fast. 七. 介词1. 含义:又称前置词,是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须接宾语,介词与其宾语构成介词短语。2. 常见介词的基本用法1 with 和一起 He wants to play with me.2 about 关于 What about this coat?(怎么样)= How about this coat?3 after 在之后 after class after school4 in 1)在里面 My book is in the schoolbag. 2)表时间+时间段
12、in the morning in June 3)+颜色:穿着.颜色的衣服The girl in red is my sister.5 on 1)在上面 Our books are on the desk. 2)+具体日期或具体哪天的时间段on Monday morning on May second 6 under在下面 There are two balls under the desk.7 near 在附近 We live near the park.8 of 的 Do you know the name of the girl?9 before 在之前 I get there befo
13、re 7:00.10 behind 在后面The sun is hidden behind the clouds.11 for 1)因为 Thank you for 2) 为了 I buy a sweater for my mother. 3)+时间段,表示持续一段时间 I have a music class for forty minutes12 from 从 from morning to evening13 at 1)朝方向 Look at me, please. 2)表时间+具体时间点 I go to school at 8:00.八数词1. 基数词的构词法:2. 序数词。含义:表示
14、顺序的词称为序数词。九连词1. 连词定义: 用来连接词、短语或句子的词。2. 用法:(1)表并列关系: and:和,又-用来连接两个并列的成分,或表示顺承关系; My parents and I like watching TV. 表并列 This pen is red and that one is blue. 表顺承 (2)表转折关系: but 但是 I like math, but my friend doesnt.句子成分句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。主要成分:主语和谓语1、 主语一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象。主语的位置:一般位于句首,由名词、代词、数词或
15、相当于名词的词、短语等充当。The school is far from here. _做主语 She goes to school by bike._做主语Eight is a lucky number. _做主语 Playing basketball is interesting. _做主语To be a doctor is my dream. _做主语2、谓语表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态。英语中由动词be、行为动词来充当谓语动词句子的时态和语态是通过谓语表现出来。分析句子的主语和谓语Mr. Li teaches English.He can play the piano.He
16、is my father.3、表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。表语的位置用在动词be和系动词的后面。由名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、副词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。Your pen is black._做表语 He is twelve._做表语My dream is to be a teacher._做表语 My favorite is playing tennis._做表语4、宾语是动作的对象或承受者。及物动词必须跟宾语。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.I see a beautiful girl._做宾语 I want three._做宾语He lik
17、es it._做宾语 I like going shopping._做宾语She likes to watch TV._做宾语 We think it is interesting._做宾语5、宾语补足语(宾补)有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语(宾补), 有时候句子的意思就不完整。充当宾补的有:1. 形容词作宾语补足语 The sun keeps us warm.2. 介词短语作宾语补足语: I found her in the room.3. 副词作宾语补足语 Please let him in.4. 名词作宾语补足语。 We made him moni
18、tor of the class.5. 动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语。 I asked him to come.6、定语定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里的的)1. 形容词作定语(一般放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you.2. 名词作定语: 名词作定语一般用单数形式 school bus,但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shop man 和 woman修饰的名词如果是复数,它们总以复数的形式作定语,如: men drivers
19、, women doctors3. 数词作定语: There are only thirty students in our class.4. 副词作定语(放在被修饰词之后): Do you know the young man over there?5. 介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后): The students in our class like swimming.7、状语修饰动词,形容词或副词,有的修饰全句, 用以说明地点, 时间, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 结果, 条件, 让步等.1. 副词作状语: The old man speaks slowly.表方式 The bag
20、is very big.表程度2. 介词短语作状语: I have an English class for one hour. 表时间3. 原因状语 I like P.E. because its interesting.划分句子成分练习题(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语1. Peoplealloverthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D2. Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? A B C D3.Theymakehimmonitorof the class.A B C D(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 1.Why ishesohappy? A B C 2. Thebagisyellow.A B C 3. Sheisthe firstto learnabout it. A B C D6