1、本科毕业论文外文原文外文题目THEDYNAMICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESEVIDENCEFORBRAZIL出处INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFTHEORETICALANDAPPLIEDFINANCE作者BENJAMINMTABAKTHISPAPERSTUDIESTHEDYNAMICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESINTHEBRAZILIANECONOMYWEUSERECENTLYDEVELOPEDUNITROOTANDCOINTEGRATIONTESTS,
2、WHICHALLOWENDOGENOUSBREAKS,TOTESTFORALONGRUNRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEVARIABLESWEPERFORMEDLINEAR,ANDNONLINEARCAUSALITYTESTSAFTERCONSIDERINGBOTHVOLATILITYANDLINEARDEPENDENCEWEFOUNDTHATTHEREISNOLONGRUNRELATIONSHIP,BUTTHEREISLINEARGRANGERCAUSALITYFROMSTOCKPRICESTOEXCHANGERATES,INLINEWITHTHEPORTFOLIOAPPRO
3、ACHSTOCKPRICESLEADEXCHANGERATESWITHANEGATIVECORRELATIONFURTHERMORE,WEFOUNDEVIDENCEOFNONLINEARGRANGERCAUSALITYFROMEXCHANGERATESTOSTOCKPRICES,INLINEWITHTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHEXCHANGERATESLEADSTOCKPRICESWEBELIEVETHESEFINDINGSHAVEPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSFORINTERNATIONALINVESTORSANDINTHEDESIGNOFEXCHANGERATE
4、POLICIESKEYWORDSSTOCKPRICESEXCHANGERATESBIVARIATECAUSALITYNONLINEARCAUSALITY1INTRODUCTIONTHELITERATURETHATSTUDIESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXCHANGERATESANDSTOCKPRICESISFARFROMCONCLUSIVETHEREARETWOMAINTHEORIESTHATRELATETHESEFINANCIALMARKETSTHEFIRSTISTHETRADITIONALAPPROACH,WHICHCONCLUDESTHATEXCHANGERATESS
5、HOULDLEADSTOCKPRICESTHETRANSMISSIONCHANNELWOULDBEEXCHANGERATEFLUCTUATIONSWHICHAFFECTFIRMSVALUESTHROUGHCHANGESINCOMPETITIVENESSANDCHANGESINTHEVALUEOFFIRMSASSETSANDLIABILITIES,DENOMINATEDINFOREIGNCURRENCY,ULTIMATELYAFFECTINGFIRMSPROFITSANDTHEREFORETHEVALUEOFEQUITY1ALTERNATIVELY,CHANGESINSTOCKPRICESMAY
6、INFLUENCEMOVEMENTSINEXCHANGERATESVIAPORTFOLIOADJUSTMENTSINFLOWS/OUTFLOWSOFFOREIGNCAPITALIFTHEREWEREAPERSISTENTUPWARDTRENDINSTOCKPRICES,INFLOWSOFFOREIGNCAPITALWOULDRISE1EVENFIRMSTHATARENOTINTERNATIONALLYINTEGRATEDLOWRATIOOFEXPORTSANDIMPORTSTOTOTALSALESANDALOWPROPORTIONOFFOREIGNCURRENCYDENOMINATEDASSE
7、TSANDLIABILITIESMAYBEINDIRECTLYAFFECTEDHOWEVER,ADECREASEINSTOCKPRICESWOULDINDUCEAREDUCTIONINDOMESTICINVESTORSWEALTH,LEADINGTOAFALLINTHEDEMANDFORMONEYANDLOWERINTERESTRATES,CAUSINGCAPITALOUTFLOWSTHATWOULDRESULTINCURRENCYDEPRECIATIONTHEREFORE,UNDERTHEPORTFOLIOAPPROACH,STOCKPRICESWOULDLEADEXCHANGERATESW
8、ITHANEGATIVECORRELATIONINJANUARY1999,BRAZILABANDONEDTHECRAWLINGPEGANDTARGETZONEREGIMESANDADOPTEDAFLOATINGEXCHANGERATE2FROMJANUARY14TOMARCH3,THEBRAZILIANREALDEPRECIATEDDRASTICALLY,4951THEBOVESPAINDEXTHESAOPAULOSTOCKEXCHANGEINDEX,THEMOSTIMPORTANTSTOCKINDEXINTHECOUNTRYINCREASED4097POINTSINTHESAMEPERIOD
9、5934RISETHISEFFECTONTHEDOMESTICSTOCKINDEXISVERYDIFFERENTFROMTHATOBSERVEDINASIANECONOMIESATTHESTARTOFTHEASIANCRISISTHEREFORE,THEBRAZILIANCASEPROVIDESANINTERESTINGOPPORTUNITYTOSTUDYTHEDYNAMICSBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESTHERAPIDINCREASEOFTHESTOCKINDEXCOULDHAVEOCCURREDBECAUSEECONOMICWORLDWIDEBELI
10、EVEDTHATTHECURRENCYWASOVERVALUED,ANDTHATDEPRECIATIONWOULDLEADTOANINCREASEINFIRMCOMPETITIVENESS,ENHANCINGEXPORTSANDRAISINGPROFITSMOREOVER,MANYFIRMSTHATCOMPRISETHESTOCKINDEXHAVEAMERICANDEPOSITORYRECEIPTSADRTHESESTOCKPRICESWOULDRESPONDALMOSTIMMEDIATELYTHROUGHARBITRAGEMECHANISMS,SINCE,WITHTHERAPIDDEPREC
11、IATION,DOMESTICTRADEDSTOCKSWOULDBEVERYCHEAPVISAVISTHEIRADRWEANALYZETHEDYNAMICSBETWEENTHESTOCKINDEXANDTHEEXCHANGERATEUSINGLINEAR,ANDNONLINEAR,GRANGERCAUSALITYTESTSWEEMPLOYSERIESFILTEREDFORVOLATILITYANDLINEARDEPENDENCEWHENPERFORMINGTHENONLINEARCAUSALITYTESTSWEMAKEUSEOFNEWLYDEVELOPEDUNITROOTANDCOINTEGR
12、ATIONTESTS,WHICHALLOWENDOGENOUSBREAKS,TOTESTFORALONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEVARIABLESFURTHERMORE,WEUSEIMPULSERESPONSEFUNCTIONSTOTESTTHEVALIDITYOFBOTHTHETRADITIONALANDPORTFOLIOAPPROACHESTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSINTHENEXTSECTION,WEPRESENTABRIEFLITERATUREREVIEWANDTHEMAINFINDINGSINDEVE
13、LOPEDANDEMERGINGCOUNTRIESSECTION3PRESENTSTHEDATAANDMETHODOLOGYEMPLOYEDSECTION4SHOWSTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFORTHEINTERDEPENDENCIESBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESINBRAZILSECTION5CONCLUDESTHEPAPERANDGIVESSOMEDIRECTIONSFORFURTHERRESEARCH2LITERATUREREVIEWTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXCHANGERATESANDSTOCKPRICESI
14、SOFGREATINTERESTTOMANYACADEMICSANDPROFESSIONALS,SINCETHEYPLAYACRUCIALROLEINTHEECONOMYNONETHELESS,RESULTSARESOMEWHATMIXEDASTOWHETHERSTOCKINDEXESLEADEXCHANGERATESORVICEVERSAANDWHETHERFEEDBACKEFFECTSBICAUSALITYEVENEXISTAMONGTHESEFINANCIALVARIABLESCAMPAETAL11STUDIEDTHECREDIBILITYOFTHECRAWLINGPEGANDTARGE
15、TZONEMAXIBANDREGIMESANDHAVEANICEDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPERIODPRIORTOTHEMAXIDEVALUATIONOFTHEREALIN1999DYNAMICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATES1379AGGARWAL4ARGUEDTHATCHANGESINEXCHANGERATESPROVOKEPROFITSORLOSSESINTHEBALANCESHEETOFMULTINATIONALFIRMS,WHICHINDUCESTHEIRSTOCKPRICESTOCHANGEINTHISCASE,E
16、XCHANGERATESCAUSECHANGESINSTOCKPRICESTRADITIONALAPPROACHDORNBUSCH14ANDBOYER10PRESENTEDMODELSSUGGESTINGTHATCHANGESINSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESARERELATEDBYCAPITALMOVEMENTSDECREASESINSTOCKPRICESREDUCEDOMESTICWEALTH,LOWERINGTHEDEMANDFORMONEYANDINTERESTRATES,INDUCINGCAPITALOUTFLOWSANDCURRENCYDEPRECIATIO
17、NBAHMANIOSKOOEEANDSOHRABIAN6ANALYZEDTHERELATIONBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESINTHEUSECONOMYTHEYFOUNDNOLONGRUNRELATIONSHIPAMONGTHESEVARIABLES,BUTADUALCAUSALRELATIONSHIPINTHESHORTRUNUSINGGRANGER16CAUSALITYTESTS3AMIHUD5ANDBARTOVANDBODNAR7FOUNDTHATLAGGED,ANDNOTCONTEMPORANEOUS,CHANGESINUSDOLLAREXCHAN
18、GERATES,EXPLAINFIRMSCURRENTSTOCKRETURNSRATNER29APPLIEDCOINTEGRATIONANALYSISTOTESTWHETHERUSDOLLAREXCHANGERATESAFFECTUSSTOCKPRICES,USINGMONTHLYDATAFROMMARCH1973TODECEMBER1989HISRESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHEUNDERLYINGLONGTERMSTOCHASTICPROPERTIESOFTHEUSSTOCKINDEXANDFOREIGNEXCHANGERATESARENOTRELATED,SINCETHENU
19、LLOFNOCOINTEGRATIONCOULDNOTBEREJECTED,EVENWHENDIVIDINGTHESAMPLEINTOSUBPERIODSAJAYIANDMOUGOUE3ANALYZEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESINEIGHTADVANCEDECONOMIESCANADA,FRANCE,GERMANY,ITALY,JAPAN,THENETHERLANDS,THEUNITEDKINGDOMANDTHEUNITEDSTATES4USINGANERRORCORRECTIONMODEL,THEYFOUNDSIGNI
20、FICANTSHORTANDLONGRUNFEEDBACKBETWEENTHESETWOVARIABLESABDALLAANDMURINDE1INVESTIGATEDINTERACTIONSBETWEENEXCHANGERATESANDSTOCKPRICESININDIA,KOREA,PAKISTAN,ANDTHEPHILIPPINESUSINGMONTHLYOBSERVATIONSINTHEPERIODFROMJANUARY1985TOJULY1994WITHINANERRORCORRECTIONMODELFRAMEWORK,THEYFOUNDEVIDENCEOFUNIDIRECTIONAL
21、CAUSALITYFROMEXCHANGERATESTOSTOCKPRICESINALLCOUNTRIES,EXCEPTFORTHEPHILIPPINESTHERE,THEYFOUNDTHATSTOCKPRICESGRANGERINFLUENCEEXCHANGERATESONGANDIZAN28USEDWEEKLYDATAOF“SPOTAND90DAYFORWARD”EXCHANGERATESFORAUSTRALIAANDTHEG7COUNTRIESAND“SPOTAND90DAYFORWARD”FUTURESPRICESFOREQUITYPRICESINAUSTRALIA,BRITAIN,F
22、RANCEANDTHEUS,DURINGTHEPERIODFROMOCTOBER1986TODECEMBER1992THEYWEREUNABLETOFINDASIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENEQUITYANDEXCHANGERATEMARKETSTHEYSUGGESTEDTHATTHEUSEOFDAILYDATAOREVENINTRADAYCOULDIMPROVETHEIREMPIRICALRESULTSAJAYIETAL2USEDDAILYDATAANDREPORTEDTHATCAUSALITYRUNSFROMTHESTOCKMARKETTOTHECURRENCY
23、MARKETININDONESIAANDTHEPHILIPPINES,WHILEINKOREAITRUNSINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONNOSIGNIFICANTCAUSALRELATIONISOBSERVEDINTHEYUSETHESP500,THEEFFECTIVEEXCHANGERATE,ANDMONTHLYDATAOVERTHEPERIODFROMJULY1973TODECEMBER1988THEIRSAMPLERUNSFROMAPRIL1985TOJULY1991HONGKONG,SINGAPORE,THAILAND,ORMALAYSIAHOWEVER,INTAIWAN
24、,THEYDETECTEDBIDIRECTIONALCAUSALITYORFEEDBACKFURTHERMORE,CONTEMPORANEOUSADJUSTMENTSARESIGNIFICANTINONLYTHREEOFTHESEEIGHTCOUNTRIESINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THEYFOUNDSIGNIFICANTUNIDIRECTIONALCAUSALITYFROMSTOCKTOCURRENCYMARKETSANDSIGNIFICANTCONTEMPORANEOUSEFFECTSGRANGERETAL17FOUNDSTRONGFEEDBACKRELATIONSBETW
25、EENHONGKONG,MALAYSIA,THAILANDANDTAIWANTHEYUSEDDAILYDATAANDTHEIRSAMPLEPERIODSTARTEDJANUARY3,1986ANDFINISHEDJUNE16,1998FURTHERMORE,THEYFOUNDTHATTHERESULTSAREINLINEWITHTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHINKOREA,WHILETHEYAGREEWITHTHEPORTFOLIOAPPROACHINTHEPHILIPPINESNIEHANDLEE26FOUNDNOSIGNIFICANTLONGRUNRELATIONSHIPBE
26、TWEENSTOCKPRICESANDEXCHANGERATESING7COUNTRIES,USINGBOTHTHEENGLEGRANGERANDJOHANSENSCOINTEGRATIONTESTS6FURTHERMORE,THEYFOUNDAMBIGUOUS,ANDSIGNIFICANT,SHORTRUNRELATIONSHIPSFORTHESECOUNTRIESNONETHELESS,INSOMECOUNTRIES,BOTHSTOCKINDEXESANDEXCHANGERATESMAYSERVETOFORECASTTHEFUTUREPATHSOFTHESEVARIABLESFOREXAM
27、PLE,THEYFOUNDTHATCURRENCYDEPRECIATIONSTIMULATESCANADIANANDUKSTOCKMARKETSWITHAONEDAYLAG,ANDTHATINCREASESINSTOCKPRICESCAUSECURRENCYDEPRECIATIONINITALYANDJAPAN,AGAINWITHAONEDAYLAGINGENERAL,EMPIRICALFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATTHEREARENOLONGRUNEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHESETWOFINANCIALVARIABLESEXCHANGERATE
28、SANDSTOCKPRICESINMOSTCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,MANYSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDTHATTHESEVARIABLESHAVE“PREDICTIVEABILITY”FOREACHOTHER,ALTHOUGHTHEDIRECTIONOFCAUSALITYSEEMSTODEPENDONSPECIFICCHARACTERISTICSOFTHECOUNTRYANALYZEDTOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGE,THISISTHEFIRSTPAPERTHATADDRESSESTHISISSUEINTHEBRAZILIANECONOMY3DATAANDMETHO
29、DOLOGYTHEDATA,OBTAINEDFROMBLOOMBERG,CONSISTSOF1,922OBSERVATIONS,FROMAUGUST1,1994TOMAY14,2002,OFDAILYCLOSINGPRICESINTHESAOPAULOSTOCKEXCHANGEINDEXIBOVESPAANDFOREIGNEXCHANGERATEUNITSOFREALPERUSDOLLARWEUSEDAILYDATASINCETHEUSEOFMONTHLYDATAMAYNOTBEADEQUATETOCAPTURETHEEFFECTSOFCAPITALMOVEMENTS1、UNITROOTSWE
30、USEDTHEAUGMENTEDDICKEYANDFULLER13ADFTESTFORUNITROOTS,USINGBOTHATRENDANDANINTERCEPTINGENERAL,ANADFPMODELISGIVENBYXT1XT1TIXTIT31THEBAYESIANSCHWARZINFORMATIONCRITERIONWASUSEDTOCHOOSETHEORDEROFLAGSPINEQ31FURTHERMORE,WEIMPOSEDANADDITIONALREQUIREMENT,THATTHERESULTINGMODELHASWHITENOISERESIDUALSIFTHERESULTI
31、NGMODELHASSERIALCORRELATION,THEORDEROFLAGSISAUGMENTEDUNTILRESIDUALSWITHNOSERIALCORRELATIONAREOBTAINEDSINCETHEFAILURETOREJECTTHENULLOFAUNITROOTMAYBEDUETOTHELOWPOWEROFUNITROOTTESTSAGAINSTSTATIONARYALTERNATIVES,KWIATKOWSKI,ETAL22PROPOSEDATESTWHERETHENULLISSTATIONARYANDTHEALTERNATIVEISAUNITROOTTHISTESTI
32、SGIVENBYKPSS1/T2S2T/S2LWHERESTEIT1,2,3,TANDS21/TE2T2/T1S/L1ETETSTHERESIDUALSAREGIVENBYTHEE_IS,TISTHENUMBEROFOBSERVATIONSANDLISTHELAGLENGTH译文巴西股票价格与汇率之间关系的实证分析本文研究在巴西经济中股价与汇率的动态关系,我们使用单位根检验和协整关系检验来研究主要变量之间的长期关系。同时在考虑波动性和线性关系的基础上,我们还使用线性因果关系检验和非线性因果关系检验。通过检验,我们发现,两者之间没有任何长期关系,但按照投资组合的方法可以得出股价与汇率之间是呈负相
33、关的,股票价格对汇率存在线性格兰杰因果关系。此外,我们还发现按照传统的方法发现汇率对股票价格存在非线性格兰杰因果关系。我们认为,这些发现对国际投资者和政策制定者有着实际的用处。关键词股票价格,汇率,二元因果关系,非线性因果关系1、介绍本文所用的文献中主要是通过远离定律研究汇率与股价之间的关系。它涉及两个主要的金融市场的理论。首先是传统做法的理论,它认为汇率变动会导致股票价格的变动。汇率波动对股权价值的的影响是通过以外币计价的公司的资产和负债的价值的变化最终引起公司的利润的改变而实现的。而另一种方法是投资组合的方法理论,在投资组合的方法中通过调整利率使得股票价格的变化可能对汇率的变化带来影响。如
34、果保持股票价格持续上升的趋势,将会导致国外资本的流入的增加。而在股票价格下跌的时候,会引起国内投资者的资产的外流,导致货币需求和利率的下降,而资本的外流使得国内货币的贬值。因此,在投资组合的方法下,股票价格和汇率之间是呈负相关。1999年1月,巴西放弃了固定汇率制度,而选择使用浮动汇率制度。在1月14日至3月3巴西货币大幅贬值了4951,巴西证券交易所指数在同一时期上升了4097个百分点(即上升了5934)。亚洲经济学家从巴西股价指数变化对国内经济的产生了重大的影响中观察到了这是亚洲经济危机的开始。因此,巴西的情况为我们提供了一个学习股票价格与汇率动态关系的好机会。巴西股票指数的快速增长的基础
35、是经济的快速增长,在全世界都认为货币价值是被高估时,货币的贬值将会给企业提供更多的出口量和利润,增加企业的竞争力。此外,许多公司的股票指数的构成包括美国存托凭证收据(ADR),因此在面对货币贬值的时候这些股票价格使用套利机制几乎会立即做出反应,使得国内交易的股票的价格在面对美国存托凭证收据时会变得很廉价。我们通过对股票价格与汇率之间的线性检验,非线性检验及格兰杰因果关系检验对两者之间的关系进行分析。我们对有波动的数据采用线性和非线性因果关系检验的方法进行检验。我们采用新开发的单位根和协整检验,用来测试这些变量之间的长期均衡关系。此外,我们还使用脉冲响应函数来测试传统和组合的两种方法对汇率与股价
36、指数两者之间关系的研究结果。本文叙述如下,在下一节中,我们提出了一个简短的主要针对对发达国家和新兴国家的研究结果的分析。第三节,介绍了数据和方法的应用。第四节给出了对巴西的股价和汇率之间的相互关系的实证结果。第五节总结本文,并给出了结论和进一步研究方向。2、文献许多学者和专业人士对汇率和股票价格之间的关系非常感兴趣,而且他们的研究在经济发展中发挥了关键作用。然而,研究的结果包括多种,股价指数与汇率之间可能存在股价指数变动导致汇率的变动,或者反之汇率的变化导致股价指数的变化,或者两者是双向的关系。AGGARWAL认为,汇率变动引起跨国公司的资产负债表上利润或亏损的变动,从而引起其股票价格的变动。
37、这这种情况下,他认为汇率的变动会引起股票价格的变化(传统方法)。DORNBUSCH和BOYER提出了一个表明股票价格与汇率相关的资本流动变动的模型。在股票价格下跌的时候,使得国内的资本外流,降低了国内货币的需求导致利率的下降,导致资本外流和货币贬值。BAHMANIOSKOOEE和SOHRABIAN分析了美国国内经济中的股价和汇率之间的关系。他们没有得出在长期关系中两者的相关关系,但他们使用了格兰杰因果关系检验得出了短期内两者之间的关系。AMIHUD,BARTOV和BODNAR发现在不同时期,由于美元汇率的变化无法表明公司目前的股票收益率,所以两者之间的关系是滞后的。RATNER通过对1973年
38、3月至1989年12月月度数据进行协整分析来测试美元汇率对美国股价的影响。他的研究结果表明,在长期中,美国股票价格与汇率之间是不存在因果关系的,因为即使是分时段的样本都无法得到两者之间的协整的关系。AJAYI和MOUGOUE使用误差修正模型分析了八个国家的股票价格与汇率之间的关系(加拿大,法国,德国,意大利、日本,荷兰,英国和美国),他们发现这两个变量之间显着的短期和长期的关系。ABDALLA和MURINDE使用从1985年1月至1994年7月期间的月度数据研究印度,韩国,巴基斯坦,菲律宾的四国的汇率与股价之间的关系。在一个误差修正模型的框架中,他们证实了除菲律宾以外的三个国家都存在股价与汇率
39、之间的单向因果关系。他们通过格兰杰因果关系检验验证了汇率与股价之间的关系。ONG和IZAN使用1986年10月至1992年12月的澳大利亚和G7个国家的每周的“当前90天的点数”以及在澳大利亚,英国,法国和美国的“当前90天的点数”的期货价格对两者之间的关系进行研究。他们无法找到两者之间的明显的关系。他们猜想,使用日常的数据可能可以改善他们的试验结果。AJAYI等人使用印度尼西亚和菲律宾的每日的数据对其股市和汇率之间的因果关系进行分析,同时认为韩国的汇率与股市之间的因果关系是与上述两个国家相反的,而通过对香港,新加坡,泰国和马来西亚的数据的观察作者认为在这些国家两者之间没有因果关系,但,在台湾
40、,他们认为两者之间存在双向的因果关系。此外,同期在这八个国家中的只有三个国家两者之间的关系有显着的调整。而在发达国家中,他们发现货币市场和股票市场之间有着显著的单向因果关系。GRANGER等人使用香港,马来西亚,泰国和台湾从1986年1月3日到1998年6月16日的每日的数据,发现汇率与股价指数之间有着显著的双向因果关系。此外,他们还发现对韩国的数据的研究的结果是与传统的方法相一致的,但他们更加同意像菲律宾那样的投资组合的方法。NIEH和LEE使用恩格尔GRANGER和JOHANSEN的协整检验发现在G7个国家中股票价格和汇率之间不存在长期的因果关系。此外,他们还发现这些国家在短期内没有确切的
41、因果关系。然而,在一些国家中,无论是股票指数还是汇率都可以对一些变量进行预测。例如,他们发现在加拿大和英国货币的贬值会刺激股价在一天后上升。实证研究表明,一般而言,大多数国家的这两个金融变量(汇率与股票价格)之间是没有长期均衡关系的。然而,许多的研究发现,虽然两者之间的因果关系的方向是根据该国具体特点所得出的,但这些变量具有“为对方进行预测的能力”。据我们所知,这篇文章是第一篇为巴西经济解决这个问题的论文。3、数据和实证方法我们的研究数据是使用1994年8月1日至2002年5月14日巴西证券交易所每日收盘价的股价指数和每日的汇率。因为如果我们使用的月度数据可能不足以发现其对资本流动的影响。1、单位根检验我们用AUGMENTEDDICKEY和FULLER(ADF)检验,一般来说,一个ADF(P)模型可表示为XT1XT1TIXTIT31用施瓦茨贝叶斯准则来选择滞后变量(P)。如果得到的模型是与滞后数列序列相关的,那么除了滞后变量外,模型中还存在一个残差项。由于固定替代品的出现,使得KWIATKOWSKI等的单位根检验无法通过,因此,他们提出了通过让空一个固定的替代品来作为单位根进行检验,这项测试是给出以下的方程KPSS1/T2S2T/S2L,其中STEIT1,2,3,T以及S21/TE2T2/T1S/L1ETETS残差项ES,T的给出是为了观察的数据的数量,而L给出的是滞后的长度。