1、原文BANKLENDINGANDTHEENVIRONMENTPOLICIESANDOPPORTUNITIESPAULTHOMPSONSENIORLECTURERINACCOUNTING,HUDDERSELDUNIVERSITYBUSINESSSCHOOL,HUDDERSELD,UKINRECENTYEARSTHEREHASBEENSIGNICANTGROWTHINPUBLICCONCERNFORTHESTATEOFOURNATURALENVIRONMENT,PROMPTEDLARGELYBYTHEPHENOMENAOFAPPARENTLYUNUSUALANDDESTRUCTIVEWEATHER
2、PATTERNS,DECLININGAIRQUALITYINURBANAREAS,RISINGCONCENTRATIONSOFGREENHOUSEGASES,ANDSOFORTHTHESEALARMINGTRENDSHAVEBEENLINKEDINPARTTOINDUSTRYSUNSUSTAINABLECONSUMPTIONOFNATURALRESOURCES,ANDTHEATTENDANTPOLLUTIONTHISREALISATIONHASCHANGEDTHEATTITUDEOFTHEGENERALPUBLICWHICHNOWREGARDSBUSINESSASHAVINGAROLETOPL
3、AYIN,IFNOTARESPONSIBILITYFOR,SAFEGUARDINGTHEENVIRONMENTSHRIVASTAVA,1993FURTHERMORE,THEGOVERNMENTSOFMANYCOUNTRIES,ESPECIALLYDEVELOPEDONES,HAVEBEGUNTOIMPLEMENTMOREDETAILEDLEGISLATIONTOPROTECTTHEENVIRONMENTFORINSTANCE,THEUKHASWITNESSEDTHEENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONACT1990ANDTHEENVIRONMENTACT1995,WHICHHAVES
4、OUGHTTORAISEENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDSANDMORETIGHTLYREGULATEBUSINESSACTIVITYTHEEFFECTONBUSINESSESHASBEENPROFOUNDDURINGTHE1980S,ENVIRONMENTALISSUESCHALLENGEDANDCHANGEDTHEATTITUDESANDPRACTICESOFMANYNATURALRESOURCEBASEDCOMPANIES,RESULTINGINTHEINCORPORATIONOFENVIRONMENTALCONSIDERATIONSINTOEVERYSTAGEOFAPRODU
5、CTSLIFECYCLETHENANCIALCONSEQUENCESOFENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSANDPOORCORPORATEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCECANBECONSIDERABLEANDMAYTHREATENCORPORATEVIABILITYFOREXAMPLE,EXXONISESTIMATEDTOHAVESPENTUS35BILLIONCLEANINGUPAFTERTHEEXXONVALDEZOILSPILLINALASKATHISNANCIALBURDENHASBEENCOMPOUNDEDBYCIVILCLAIMSFORDAMAGESINE
6、XCESSOFUS15BILLIONINTHEUK,THEATOMICENERGYAUTHORITYESTIMATEDTHATCLEANUPCOSTSFORDECOMMISSIONEDNUCLEARPOWERPLANTSINTHEUKCOULDEXCEED82BILLIONVAUGHAN,1994INTHE1990SINCREASEDATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOTHEROLEOFTHENANCIALSECTORINCAUSINGENVIRONMENTALDAMAGEAND,CONVERSELYHELPINGTORAISEENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDSINPARTI
7、CULAR,THEREISANEMERGINGCONSENSUSAMONGSTACADEMICSANDPROFESSIONALSTHATBANKSAREINEXTRICABLYLINKEDBYTHEIRLENDINGANDINVESTMENTPRACTICESTOCOMMERCIALACTIVITYTHATDEGRADESTHENATURALENVIRONMENTSAROKINANDSCHULKIN,1991SMITH,1994MOREOVER,THENUMBEROFINDUSTRIESUNDERREFROMENVIRONMENTALISTSHASGROWNVERYRAPIDLYFROMAFE
8、W“SMOKESTACK”INDUSTRIESTOINCLUDEALLCONSTITUENTSOFTHESUPPLYCHAIN,WITHBANKINGNOWVERYMUCHINTHERINGLINEELKINGTON,1994BANKINGANDTHEENVIRONMENTMEETINMANYWAYS,MOSTNOTABLYTHROUGHTHECORPORATELENDINGOPERATIONSOFTHELARGEBANKS,WHICHLENDCONSIDERABLESUMSTOCOMMERCIALCUSTOMERSINORDERTONANCEACTIVITIESWHICHINEVITABLY
9、HAVEANIMPACTONTHEQUALITYOFTHENATURALENVIRONMENTITTHUSFOLLOWSTHATBANKSHAVEAROLETOPLAYINHELPINGTORAISEENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDSWANLESS,1995THISROLECOULDBEPLAYEDOUTINAVARIETYOFWAYSFIRST,BANKSCOULDACTASENVIRONMENTALPOLICEMEN,SCRUTINISINGBORROWERSTOENSURETHEYCOMPLYWITHENVIRONMENTALSTANDARDSANDDENYINGNANCETO
10、THOSETHATFAILTOMEETSUCHSTANDARDSSENIORBANKERSREGARDPOLICINGASFALLINGOUTSIDETHEIRTRADITIONALAREAOFEXPERTISEANDINANYCASETHEJOBOFSTATUTORYREGULATORSWANLESS,1995SECOND,BANKSCOULDTAKEAPARTNERSHIPAPPROACHWITHDIFFERENTSECTORSOFTHEECONOMY,ENCOURAGINGBORROWERSTOADOPTSOUNDENVIRONMENTALPRACTICESANDPROVIDINGTHE
11、MWITHINFORMATIONTOASSISTWITHTHEIRENVIRONMENTALRISKMANAGEMENTANDINTURNREDUCEHARMFULENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSBANKSAPPEARMOREWILLINGTOPURSUETHISAPPROACHASEVIDENCEDBYTHEPUBLICAWARENESSANDCOMMUNICATIONINITIATIVESOFMANYHIGHSTREETBANKS,INCLUDINGABBEYNATIONAL,NATWESTANDTHECOOPERATIVE,ANDSPECICVENTURESLIKETHELATT
12、ERSNATIONALCENTREFORBUSINESSANDECOLOGYWHICHOFFERSADVICETOBUSINESSCUSTOMERSONENVIRONMENTALISSUESTHEPROVISIONOFINFORMATIONCOULDBEVIEWEDASAVALUEADDEDSERVICE,CRUCIALLYATNILORLOWCOST,BYBUSINESSCUSTOMERS,ANDHENCEESSENTIALLYSERVEASAMEANSOFPRODUCTDIFFERENTIATIONFORTHEBANKSOFFERINGITFINALLY,BANKSCOULDTAKEONA
13、MOREOVERTLYPROACTIVEENVIRONMENTALSTANCEFORINSTANCE,THEYCOULDTARGETTHEIRLOANSATBUSINESSESWHICHDEMONSTRATESUPERIORENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEAND/OROPERATEWITHINTHEENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGYANDSERVICESECTORHEREAFTERREFERREDTOASTHE“ENVIRONMENTALSECTOR”,OREVENSUBSIDISELOANSMADETOTHOSEBUSINESSESWITHPROVENSOUNDE
14、NVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTANDFORPROJECTSWHICHHAVEANOBVIOUSENVIRONMENTALBENETBOTHBARCLAYSANDNATWESTHAVERECENTLYINTRODUCEDSUBSIDISED“ENVIRONMENTALLENDING”SCHEMESSUCHINITIATIVESEFFECTIVELYAMOUNTTOAFORMOF“GREENMARKETING”“GREENMARKETING”OFFERSANUMBEROFPOTENTIALBENETSTOBANKS,BOTHDIRECTANDINDIRECTTHEINDIRECTBE
15、NEFITMAYBEINTHEFORMOFIMPROVEDPUBLICRELATIONSTHATCOMESFROMDEMONSTRATINGTOTHEWIDERPUBLICTHATTHEBANKISSOCIALLYANDENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLETHISMAYATTRACTNEWCUSTOMERSONTERMSPREFERENTIALTOTHEBANK,FORINSTANCEANINOWOFNEWDEPOSITS,DESPITEOFFERINGUNCOMPETITIVERATESOFINTEREST,WHICHINTURNLOWERTHEBANKSCOSTBASETH
16、EDIRECTBENETMAYTAKETHEFORMOFATTRACTINGMORELUCRATIVELENDINGPROPOSITIONSBYTARGETINGCERTAINTYPESOFBUSINESSESITHASBEENARGUEDTHATITISBENEFICIALFORBANKSTOINCREASETHEIREXPOSURETOTHREECATEGORIESOFCOMPANIESCOMPANIESTHATAREENVIRONMENTALLYAWAREANDEFFECTIVEINENVIRONMENTALRISKMANAGEMENT,SINCEONTHEWHOLETHEIRTYPIC
17、ALLYFASTERGROWTHANDLOWERRISKPROLETRANSLATESINTOBETTERCREDITRISKSANDMOREPROTABLETRANSACTIONALOPPORTUNITIESCOMPANIESCOMMITTEDTONANCINGHIGHENVIRONMENTALINVESTMENT,FORREASONSOFCOMPLIANCEWITHENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONSANDCOMPANIESOPERATINGINTHEENVIRONMENTALSECTOR,SINCETHISRAPIDLYEXPANDINGSECTOROFFERSCONSIDE
18、RABLEOPPORTUNITIESFORNEWLENDINGSPENCERCOOKE,1994THEARTICLEHASTWOPRIMARYAIMSFIRST,ITATTEMPTSTODENE“ENVIRONMENTALRISK”FROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFABANKONEWAYTHATBANKSCANLIMITTHEIREXPOSURETOENVIRONMENTALRISKSISTHROUGHAFORMALLENDINGPOLICYWHICHSETSOUT,AMONGSTOTHERTHINGS,THETYPESOFCLIENTSANDSECTORSTHEBANKWILLANDW
19、ILLNOTTRANSACTWITHASWELLASTHOSEITISACTIVELYTARGETINGINTHISWAYABANKSLENDINGPOLICYCANSERVEASAKEYINPUTINTOTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEBANKSMARKETINGSTRATEGYWITHREGARDTOCORPORATELOANSSECOND,ITEXAMINESTHEATTITUDES,LENDINGPOLICIESANDMARKETINGSTRATEGIESOFASAMPLEOFUKBANKSWITHRESPECTTOTHEENVIRONMENT,SOASTOESTABLISH
20、WHETHER,ANDIFSOHOW,ABANKSENVIRONMENTALRISKMANAGEMENTANDMARKETINGSTRATEGYINTERRELATEWHATISENVIRONMENTALRISKANAPPROPRIATESTARTINGPOINTFORANINVESTIGATIONINTOTHEEXTENTTOWHICHUKBANKSTAKEENVIRONMENTALFACTORSINTOACCOUNTWHENMAKINGLENDINGDECISIONSISTOSUMMARISEWHATCONSTITUTESENVIRONMENTALRISKINTHECONTEXTOFCOR
21、PORATELENDINGBANKSTENDTODENEENVIRONMENTALRISKINTERMSOFTHENANCIALRISKTHATMAYAFFECTTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHEIRLOANPORTFOLIOSMITH,1994INDEED,THEOBJECTOFCREDITAPPRAISALFORABANKASAWHOLEISTOAPPROVELOANSWITHANACCEPTABLERISKRETURNTRADEOFFBERRYETAL,1993HENCE,BANKLENDINGPRINCIPLESREMAINCENTREDUPONNANCIALRISKMANAGE
22、MENTANDPERCEPTIONSOFENVIRONMENTALRISKARECONSIDEREDPRIMARILYONTHISBASISMANYCOMMENTATORSHAVEPROPOSEDTHATLENDERSARECONFRONTEDWITHTHREETYPESOFENVIRONMENTALRISKDIRECT,INDIRECTANDREPUTATIONALCASE,1996WANLESS,1995DIRECTRISKINCERTAINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESABANKMAYINCURDIRECTLEGALLIABILITYFORCLEANINGUPCONTAMINATI
23、ONTHATHASBEENCAUSEDBYANINSOLVENTBORROWERTHESEREMEDIATIONCOSTSCANBESUBSTANTIAL,EVENTOTHEPOINTOFEXCEEDINGTHELOANPRINCIPALORTHEORIGINALSECURITYVALUEINTHEUKTHERECENTLYENACTEDENVIRONMENTACT1995HASESTABLISHEDAREGIMEFORCOMPELLINGPOLLUTERS,OROWNERSOROCCUPIERSOFLAND,TOCLEANUPCONTAMINATEDLANDTOANAPPROPRIATEST
24、ANDARDDAWSON,1996IFTHEPOLLUTERCANNOTBEFOUNDTHISOBLIGATIONFALLSUPONTHEOWNEROROCCUPIEROFTHELANDFORTHETIMEBEINGAND,IFTHEYAREINSOLVENT,THERESPONSIBILITYCANFALLONTHELENDERTHATHASTAKENPOSSESSIONOFTHELANDCASE,1996CONSEQUENTLY,THEBANKSHAVEAVESTEDINTERESTINEVALUATINGENVIRONMENTALRISKWHENDECIDINGWHETHERTOLEND
25、ANDHOWBESTTOSECUREALOANCASE1996ARGUESTHAT“THEPROBABILITYOFABANKBEINGHELDDIRECTLYLIABLEISLOW,SINCETHESEDIRECTRISKS,WHERETHEYMAYOCCUR,AREAVOIDABLEGIVENFORESIGHTANDPROVIDEDAPPROPRIATECAREANDTIMELYACTIONISTAKEN”HOWEVER,THEPRESENTCREDITEXPOSURESOFLENDERSAREALEGACYOFPASTCREDITDECISIONS,WHICHAREDIFFICULT,I
26、FNOTIMPOSSIBLE,TOUNRAVELANDSOTHESE“DIRECT”RISKSCANOFTENONLYBEEFFECTIVELYELIMINATEDBYNOTTAKINGSECURITYONFORECLOSUREARECENTCASESHOWSHOWTHELACKOFALITTLECAREFULFORETHOUGHTRESULTEDINALENDERLOSINGMONEYCAMPBELLANDSHERER,1996ONEOFTHEHIGHSTREETBANKSFUNDEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANEWHOTELTHEBUSINESSPROVEDPROTABLEBUTA
27、FTERAFEWYEARSTHEOWNERSDECIDEDTOSELLUPANDREALISEACAPITALGAINDURINGTHEPROCESSOFSELLINGITEMERGEDTHATTHEHOTELHADBEENBUILTONTHESITEOFASMALLPETROLSTATION,ANDTHATTHISHADCAUSEDSOMECONTAMINATIONOFTHESOILTHISPROMPTEDTHEBUYERSTOWITHDRAWFROMNEGOTIATIONSANDTHELOCALAUTHORITYTOPUTACLOSUREORDERONTHEBUSINESS,THEREBY
28、CAUSINGTHEOWNERSTODEFAULTONTHEIRLOANREPAYMENTSTHEBANKWASFORCEDTOMAKEAPROVISIONFORTHEDEBTMOREOVER,THEOWNERSOFTHEPETROLSTATIONCOULDNOTBEFOUNDWHICHMEANTTHATTHEBANKFACEDNOTONLYALOANLOSS,BUTALSOABILLFORCLEANINGUPTHECONTAMINATIONIFITREPOSSESSEDTHEHOTELINDIRECTRISKTHISARISESWHEREABORROWERENGAGESINANACTIVIT
29、YTHATDAMAGESTHEENVIRONMENTWHICHRESULTSINANESCALATIONOFCOSTSORREDUCTIONINREVENUESFOREXAMPLE,COSTSOFCOMPLYINGWITHINCREASINGLYONEROUSENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONS,NESFORNONCOMPLIANCEWITHENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATION,COSTSFORCLEANINGUPAPOLLUTEDSITE,ANDLOSTREVENUESOWINGTODAMAGEDREPUTATION,PRODUCTIONCURTAILMENTORTE
30、RMINATIONTHESENANCIAL“PENALTIES”WILLIMPAIRTHEBORROWERSPROTABILITYANDCASHOWS,THEREBYREDUCINGITSABILITYTOREPAYLOANSANDINTURNINCREASINGTHERISKTOTHELENDERFOREXAMPLE,THARVEY,1995KITSON,1996INDEED,THECOOPERATIVEBANKSSTRATEGYHASBEENREGARDEDBYSOMEASACLASSICNICHEMARKETINGEXERCISEKITSON,1996THISTYPEOFRISKISDI
31、FFERENTFROMTHERSTTWOINTHATITCANBEPRESENTEVENWHENTHEBANKDOESNOTHAVEACREDITEXPOSUREWITHTHECUSTOMERANYTRANSACTIONWITHTHECUSTOMERCANCONSTITUTE“ASSOCIATIONWITH”ANDSOBECONSTRUEDASAMOUNTINGTO“PARTNERSHIPINCRIME”WHILSTITDOESNOTDIRECTLYAFFECTTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHEEXISTINGLOANPORTFOLIO,ITDOESIMPACTUPONFUTUREREV
32、ENUESTREAMS,INTHATITCANIMPAIRABANKSABILITYTOGENERATEFUTURECUSTOMCONSEQUENTLY,REPUTATIONALRISKISARGUABLYTHEMOSTDIFFICULTTOIDENTIFYANDQUANTIFYNANCIALLYTHEABOVERISKSAREOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHCERTAININDUSTRYSECTORS,SUCHASCHEMICALSANDWATER,ANDASSUCHTHESESECTORSCANBELABELLEDASHIGHENVIRONMENTALRISKSECTORSHOWEV
33、ER,ALLBORROWERSINSOMEWAYPOSEANENVIRONMENTALCREDITRISK,EVENTOTHEPOINTTHATCOMPANIESOPERATINGINLOWRISKSECTORSCANBEEXPOSEDTOHIGHLEVELOFENVIRONMENTALRISKIFTHEYFAILTOMANAGETHEMEFFECTIVELYFURTHERMORE,THEENVIRONMENTALRISKPROLEOFEXISTINGLOANPORTFOLIOSISLARGELYTHERESULTOFPASTCREDITDECISIONSANDCIRCUMSTANCES,AN
34、DTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHESEPORTFOLIOSCANONLYBEPRACTICABLYCHANGEDINCREMENTALLYOVERTIMEASNEWLOANSREPLACEOLDTHISBRINGSUSTOTHEINTERFACEBETWEENENVIRONMENTALRISKMANAGEMENTANDMARKETINGSTRATEGYTHECURRENTMARKETINGSTRATEGYOFABANKCLEARLYPLAYSAROLEINDETERMININGTHECOMPOSITION,ANDHENCERISKPROLE,OFITSLOANPORTFOLIO,BYAT
35、TRACTINGORDETERRINGPARTICULARTYPESOFPOTENTIALBORROWERSENVIRONMENTALRISKSHAVEPROMPTEDMANYBANKSTOINCLUDEENVIRONMENTALCONSIDERATIONSASPARTOFTHECREDITAPPRAISALPROCESSCOULSONANDDIXON,1995UNEP,1992,1995VAUGHAN,1994WANLESS,1995HOWEVER,THELITERATUREINDICATESTHATBANKSTENDTOFOCUSONTHEDOWNSIDEASSOCIATEDWITHTHE
36、ENVIRONMENTRISKWHILENEGLECTINGTHEUPSIDE,THATISTHEREVENUESIDEOFTHEEQUATIONUNEP,1995LITTLERESEARCHWOULDAPPEARTOHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDINTOINVESTIGATINGTHISASSERTIONTHATBANKSCONCENTRATEONENVIRONMENTALTHREATSRATHERTHANOPPORTUNITESAFERTILEAREA,THEREFORE,FORRESEARCHWOULDBEANEXPLORATIONOFHOWTHEMAINUKBANKSARERESP
37、ONDINGTOTHEENVIRONMENTALAGENDA,INPARTICULARTHEIRGENERALSTRATEGYFORMANAGINGENVIRONMENTALCREDITRISKANDTOWHATEXTENTTHEYARECAPITALISINGONNEWLENDINGOPPORTUNITIESCREATEDBYTHEENVIRONMENTHENCE,THENEXTSECTIONSEEKSTOINVESTIGATEWHETHERBANKSHAVEADAPTEDTHEIRLENDINGPOLICIESTOTAKEACCOUNTOFENVIRONMENTALISSUES本科毕业论文
38、外文翻译外文题目BANKLENDINGANDTHEENVIRONMENTPOLICIESANDOPPORTUNITIES出处INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBANKMARKETING作者PAULTHOMPSON译文银行贷款和环境政策和机会最近几年，公众对自然环境的关注都有显著的提高,销售量下降和毁灭性的气候模式的空气质量在城市地区出现,温室气体的浓度上升等等，这些现象在很大程度上表现明显异常。这些令人恐慌的趋势及有关行业的不可持续的自然资源的消费,随之而来的污染，改变了那些大众的态度，这对商业发挥了很大的作用,如果不是一种维护环境的责任SHRIVASTAVA,1993。此外,许多国
39、家的政府,特别是发达国家,将更详细开始实行立法来保护环境。例如,英国都目睹了环保法案1990年和环境法案1995年,寻求提高人们的环保标准和更密切的调节业务活动。在贸易上起着很大作用。在80年代,环境问题的挑战改变了许多以自然资源为基础的公司的态度，导致在实际工作中，环境问题是在一个产品的生命周期的每个阶段都密切相关的。环境问题的财务结果及糟糕的公司环境绩效会相当严重并且可能会威胁公司的可行性。例如,据估计,埃克森用三十五亿美元清洗阿拉斯加埃克森瓦尔迪兹石油泄漏。这个财政负担与民事损害赔偿超过150亿美元。在英国,原子能用于核电站的强度清理费估计可能会超过82亿美元沃恩,1994年。在20世纪
40、90年代，世界更加关注财政部门在环境破坏方面的角色,这样有助于提高人们的环保标准。目前，特别是这一新兴共识，使学术界和专业人士的做法紧密相连，以银行借贷和投资商业活动，实践降解的自然环境SAROKIN和SCHULKIN,1991年成立，史密斯,1994年6月初版。此外,一些行业包括所有的供应链的各个环节,以及与银行在最前线的那些工业，很快受到环境保护主义者攻击。尔金顿,1994年。在许多方面银行为了资助活动，通过企业贷款业务借给商业客户,势必会影响自然环境的质量。因此它意味着银行已经扮演着重要的角色,帮助提高人们的环保标准WANLESS,1995。这个角色可以以各种不同的方式扮演。第一,银行作
41、为环境警察,借款人会去确保他们遵守环保标准的机会,并且否认金融那些未能达到这样的标准。它是在任何情况下的法定调节器。WANLESS,1995。第二,银行将会以合伙的方式与不同的经济部门合作,鼓励借款人采用环境实践提供的信息,协助他们的环境风险管理,从而降低有害环境的影响。银行看上去更愿意追求公众意识,沟通众多的高街银行,采用这种针对商业和生态措施，包括NATWEST，合作性质的企业以及在国家中心的特定企业。在环境问题方面，向商业客户提供咨询意见。提供的信息可以被视为价值附加服务,至关重要的是在零或低成本的商业客户,并因此本质上作为一种差异化的产品给银行。最后,银行将会更多的站在公开环境的立场。
42、例如,他们对于在环境绩效展现更优秀的或在环境技术和服务部门以下简称“环境体系”工作更好的的企业给予贷款,甚至是给具有良好的环境管理的企业贷款和一个明显的环境项目证明。克莱银行和NATWEST有最近推出了资助“环境贷款”的方案，有效的这种自主的数量，这是一种“绿色营销”。“绿色营销”同时提出了一些潜在的银行利益,包括直接的利益和间接的利益。间接利益的形式可能是改善来自广阔的公众的公共关系，承诺银行社交和环保。这可能吸引新客户向条件优惠银行贷款,比如很少的新的存款,尽管没有竞争力的利率,但却是降低银行的成本基础。直接利益是针对某些类型的企业以不同的形式吸引更有利的贷款。它已被认为有益于银行提高其收
43、支差于三大类公司公司环保意识的和有效的环境风险管理,因为总的说来,他们典型的快速增长和更低的风险状况转化为更好的信用风险和更加有益的交易机会公司致力于融资高的环境投资,由于符合公司从事于环境方面的环保法,这个迅速发展了部门提供相当多的新的贷款机会SPENCERCOOKE,1994年。本文有两个主要的目标。首先,它试图从银行角度阐明“环境风险”。一种银行可以他们的收支差限制到环境风险是通过一个正式的贷款政策出发,除其他事项外,不同类型的客户和部门,银行将会和不会办理以及那些积极的目标相一致。在这种情况下,银行贷款政策可以作为一种关键的决心投入银行的市场营销战略的关于公司的贷款。第二,对其贷款政策
44、的态度、样品和营销战略的英国银行，以环境来确定是否能够成功,如果是这样,银行的环境风险管理和营销策略互连。什么是环境危机适当的起点做一个调查,在一定程度上,英国银行采取环境因素考虑使借贷决策是总结一下构成环境风险的情况下,企业贷款。银行倾向于从财务风险界定环境风险,这可能会影响到他们的当前组合贷款史密斯,1994年6月初版。事实上,银行作为一个整体，信用评价的目的是批准贷款可接受的风险/回报比率（苏达权等,1993。因此,银行贷款集中原则是在财务风险管理和感知环境危险被认为是主要在此基础上。许多评论者都提出贷款人面临着三种类型的环境风险直接、间接和声誉案例,1996，WANLESS,1995。
45、（一）直接风险在某些发达国家银行可能招致直接的法律责任清理一个破产借款人所造成的污染。这些修复是从巨大的成本角度,甚至超过主要贷款或原安全价值。1995年第一期英国环境法案颁布实施，建立了一套对引人注目的污染者、所有者或占领者的土地,清理被污染的土地以适当的标准道森,1996年。如果污染者找不到这个落在船东或占用的土地，随着时间的推移,不管是否是破产，贷款人有责任拥有这片土地案例,1996。因此,银行都有自己的既得利益,评价环境风险当决定是否贷款或者如何最好地获得贷款。（案例，1996指出“银行的可能性举动直接负责的低,因为这些“直接风险的,在那里他们可能会出现并发症,都是可以避免的给远见和提
46、供适当照顾和及时采取有效措施。”然而,目前的信贷银行的接触的遗产,过去的信贷决策变得很困难,甚至不可能明朗,所以这些“直接“风险会经常是只被有效地消除安全不带丧失抵押品赎回权。最近有一个案例说明如何缺乏小仔细深谋远虑导致银行亏损坎贝尔和SHERER,1996。银行的资助的大街,开发的一种新型的旅馆。商业证明有利可图,但经过几年业主决定卖掉,意识到一个资本收益，它卖的过程中出现的酒店已经建成了在该网站上,一个小加油站,这使一些污染的土壤里去的。这使得买方退出协商和地方政府对将关闭顺序对业务,从而导致业主拖欠贷款偿还。银行被迫做出规定的债务。此外、业主的加油站不能被发现这就意味着在银行贷款不仅面临
47、损失,而且一项法案来清理污染如果它收回酒店。（二）间接风险这是在借款人从事一种活动,破坏了环境,产生的成本或减少升级的收入例如,成本遵守日益繁重的环境法规、罚款的不符合环境立法、成本来清理受污染的网站,收入损失由于损坏的信誉,减少或终止生产。这些金融“惩罚”将损害借款人的利润和现金流量,从而降低其能力偿还贷款和轮流债主的风险增加。例如,T和氮、英国汽车零部件公司年终损失报道,税前388万的1996年的结果,这在很大程度上是515万的规定,保险费针对未来石棉责任伤害的索赔。（三）声誉风险银行的名声会产生负面影响,如果可以看见金融、或以任何方式联系在一起,项目和借款人被认为是环境友善,即使银行代理
48、在完全符合法律。客户抵制,媒体曝光和压力集团的分支都使银行感同身受的破坏性的影响,但不确定性的特点,与客户协会的病环境名声。事实上,一些环境压力集团在英国科学家在注意把这个问题更广泛的挑衅活动公众。例如“地球之友”报告为计划袭击,金融时报100金融机构投资的活动,他们声称,使对环境的损害。该慈善机构“点名或羞辱”这样的公司通过出版排名最高的糟糕透顶,可能包括一些大型的英国清算银行,想说服消费者将他们的储蓄的地方。一个虽然小但越来越多的银行合作银行是其中最值得注意的例子减轻声誉风险,通过政策和宣扬拒绝金融企业或项目,他们怀疑不必要的对环境造成的伤害戴维斯和沃辛顿,1993,哈维,2000，吉特森
49、,1996。事实上,合作银行的战略是被一些经典利基营销运动吉特森,1996。这种风险是不同于前两个,既可以现在即使银行没有信用风险的任何交易与客户,与客户也可以构成“联系”,所以应被解释为“合作伙伴关系”。虽然它不直接影响现有的现值组合贷款,但是它确实影响未来收入的溪流,就在于它能损害银行能够生成的未来的习俗。因此,声誉风险是可以说是最难以识别和量化经济上的资助。上述风险是,常与某些工业部门,如化工产品和水,因此这些部分可以被视为高环境风险行业。但是,所有的借款人在某种程度上会对环境造成信用风险,甚至到如此地步,公司经营在低风险的部门可以暴露于高水平的环境风险有可能对其进行有效管理。此外,环境风险状况现有的贷款组合很大程度上是由于过去的信贷决策系统的组成和具体情况,这些投资组合只能缓慢地改变休憩的随时间过去,当新的贷款取代旧的。这给我们之间的界面环境风险管理和营销策略。目前银行的营销策略扮演了一个重要角色在确定明确的组成,因此,其风险水平组合贷款,以吸引或阻碍特定类型的潜在购买者。环境风险已经使得许多银行包括环境对其作为部分的信用评估过程（联合国环境规划署,沃恩,1994年,WANLESS,1995。然而,文献显示银行往往关注下降有关的环境风险,却忽视了的上部,那是这个公式中的收益部分
