1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文ANANALYSISOFTHERISINGCOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAEXTRACTABSTRACTHUMANCAPITAL,ORABETTEREDUCATEDLABOURFORCE,ISAMAJORDETERMINANTOFECONOMICGROWTHANDPRODUCTIVITYHOWEVER,RECENTTRENDSINTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAMAYCAUSEGROWTHANDPRODUCTIVITYTOSUFFERFOREXAMPLE,DURINGTHEPERIOD19822003INFLATIO
2、NROSEONAVERAGEBY44PERCENTPERANNUM,WHEREASTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONGREWOVERALLONAVERAGEBY78PERCENTTHISHASMADEEDUCATIONARELATIVELYEXPENSIVEITEMAMONGAUSTRALIANHOUSEHOLDSTHISPAPERCOMPARESANDCONTRASTSTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAANDCOMPARABLEECONOMIESWITHTHECOSTOFOTHERGOODSANDSERVICESEMBEDDEDINTHECPICONSUMERPRI
3、CEINDEXBASKETUSINGTHELATESTAVAILABLEQUARTERLYDATAFINALLY,THEMAJORDETERMINANTSOFTHERISINGCOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAAREEXAMINEDITISFOUND,INTERALIA,THATOVERTHEPERIOD19862003THEINCREASINGNUMBEROFSTUDENTSENROLLEDATNONGOVERNMENTALPRIMARYANDSECONDARYSCHOOLSANDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEHIGHEREDUCATIONCONTRIBUTION
4、SCHEMEHECSWEREMAJORINFLUENCESONTHERISINGCOSTOFEDUCATION,EXPLAININGSOME98PERCENTOFVARIATIONINTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAOVERTIME1INTRODUCTIONTHEREISACONSENSUSAMONGECONOMISTSTHATHUMANCAPITALPLAYSASUBSTANTIALROLEINACHIEVINGHIGHERECONOMICGROWTHANDINCREASEDLABOURPRODUCTIVITYNEWGROWTHTHEORIESIDENTIFYTHE
5、CHANNELSTHROUGHWHICHECONOMICGROWTHOCCURSANDHOWREFORMPROCESSESCANSTIMULATETHERATEOFINVESTMENTINPHYSICALCAPITAL,HUMANCAPITAL,TECHNOLOGICALKNOWHOWANDKNOWLEDGECAPITALTOGETHERTHESEFACTORSEXERTASUSTAINEDANDPOSITIVEEFFECTONTHELONGRUNGROWTHOFTHEECONOMYREBELO,1991FORINSTANCE,INTHEIRSEMINALWORKBARRO1991ANDBAR
6、ROANDLEE1994ECHOEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFHUMANCAPITALORABETTEREDUCATEDLABOURFORCEASAMAJORDETERMINANTOFECONOMICGROWTHANDPRODUCTIVITYMORERECENTLY,VALADKHANI2003FOUND,INTERALIA,THATLONGTERMPOLICIESAIMEDATACCELERATINGTHEVARIOUSTYPESOFINVESTMENTINHUMANCAPITALWILLALSOIMPROVELABOURPRODUCTIVITYASHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYT
7、RANSLATESDIRECTLYINTOHIGHERPERCAPITAINCOME,AUSTRALIANS,ASAWHOLE,BENEFITFROMHIGHERSTANDARDSOFHEALTHCARE,EDUCATIONANDPUBLICWELFAREVERYRECENTLY,CHOU2003,P397FOUNDTHAT“42PERCENTOFAUSTRALIANGROWTHBETWEEN1960AND2000ISATTRIBUTABLETOTHERISEINEDUCATIONALATTAINMENT”THEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTOMONITORTHECOSTANDAF
8、FORDABILITYOFEDUCATIONTHROUGHTIMEHOWEVER,COMPAREDWITHTHEPRICEOFMOSTOTHERGOODSANDSERVICES,ITWOULDAPPEARTHATTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAHASBEENINCREASINGATANALARMINGRATEMOREOVER,WITHSIMILARTRENDSWITNESSEDINBOTHTHEUNITEDKINGDOMANDTHEUNITEDSTATES,ITSEEMSTHATAUSTRALIAISNOTTHEONLYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRYTHATHASE
9、XPERIENCEDTHISPHENOMENONABETTEREDUCATEDWORKFORCEWILLALMOSTCERTAINLYHAVEHIGHERINCOMEINTHEFUTUREANDSOWEDONOTTAKEISSUEINTHISPAPERWITHTHEINCREASINGROLEOFTHEPRIVATEFUNDINGOFEDUCATIONALEXPENSESITISCLEARLYSELFEVIDENTTHATTHEINDEFINITEPROVISIONOF“FREE”EDUCATIONBYTHEVARIOUSTIERSOFGOVERNMENT,THROUGHCOLLECTINGT
10、AXESFROMTHESOCIETYASAWHOLE,ISNEITHEREQUITABLENORSUSTAINABLEINTOTHEFUTUREHOWEVER,GIVENTHEHIGHERINCOMELEVELSFORGRADUATESANDTHEPOSITIVEEXTERNALITYORPUBLICBENEFITSASSOCIATEDWITHABETTEREDUCATEDWORKFORCEFORSOCIETY,COSTSSHOULDDESIRABLYBESPLITBETWEENTHETAXPAYERANDTHESTUDENTINSOMESORTOFOPTIMALMANNERINTHECONT
11、EXTOFHIGHEREDUCATION,THEIMPORTANTPOINTISTHATSTUDENTSSTUDYINGINAREASYIELDINGSUBSTANTIALSOCIALBENEFITSBUTPERHAPSASSOCIATEDWITHRELATIVELYLOWMARKETINCOMESHOULDHAVEACCESSTOINTERESTFREE,INCOMECONTINGENTLOANSASWELLASGOVERNMENTDIRECTFUNDINGFORATLEASTSOMEPORTIONOFTHEIRSTUDYCOSTHOWEVER,IFTHEIRAREASOFSTUDYAREH
12、IGHLYMARKETABLEEGLAWANDMEDICINE,THEYMAYHAVELIMITEDACCESSTOSUCHLOANSKING,2001,P192NEVERTHELESS,THEFUNDINGOFSCHOOLSANDUNIVERSITIESREMAINSONEOFTHEMOSTVIGOROUSLYDEBATEDISSUESINAUSTRALIAITISINTERESTINGTONOTETHATTHETOTALOPERATINGREVENUEOFTHE40HIGHEREDUCATIONINSTITUTIONSIN2002WAS116BILLIONOFWHICH16PERCENTW
13、ASCOLLECTEDTHROUGHHECSAND41PERCENT54PERCENTIN1997FINANCEDBYCOMMONWEALTHGOVERNMENTGRANTSDEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION,SCIENCEANDTRAINING,DEST,2002,P3SIMILARLY,IN1997THECOMMONWEALTHANDSTATEGOVERNMENTSALTOGETHERFUNDEDIUPTO95PERCENTOFREVENUEFORGOVERNMENTSCHOOLSANDII56PERCENTOFREVENUEFORNONGOVERNMENTPRIMARYANDSE
14、CONDARYSCHOOLSBORTHWICK,1999,P1OFCOURSE,ATTHEOUTSET,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATPURCHASINGPOWERPARITYSTUDIESINDICATESERVICESAREOFTENMOREEXPENSIVEINRICHCOUNTRIESTHANINPOORCOUNTRIESSEE,INTERALIA,DOWRICK,2001,ANDOECD,2001ANDSOONEMIGHTEXPECTALABOURINTENSIVESERVICELIKEEDUCATIONTOBEINCREASINGINRELATIVEPRICEASTHECO
15、UNTRYGROWSMOREBROADLY,BAUMOL1997ALSOARGUESTHATTHERISINGCOSTOFLABOURINTENSIVEINDUSTRIES,SUCHASTHEARTS,HEALTHCARE,ANDEDUCATION,ISINEVITABLEPRICERISESINSERVICEINDUSTRIESCANTHEREFOREBEEXPECTEDTOBEHIGHERONAVERAGETHANTHEINFLATIONRATEFORTHEECONOMYASAWHOLEFURTHERMORE,THERISINGRATEOFPUBLICSECTORINFLATIONCANB
16、EEXPLAINEDBY“THELOWPRODUCTIVITYOFLABOURINTENSIVEGOVERNMENTACTIVITIESCOMPAREDWITHTHERELATIVELYCAPITALINTENSIVEPRIVATESECTOR”FORDHAM,2003,P574MORESPECIFICALLYGUNDLACHANDWMANN2001EXAMINEDCHANGESINTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFSCHOOLINGFORSIXEASTASIANCOUNTRIES,SUPPORTINGTHEVIEWTHATTHEPRICEOFSCHOOLINGROSEBYMORETHANTH
17、EPRICEOFOTHERLABOURINTENSIVESERVICESIN1980TO1994THERISINGPRICEOFSCHOOLINGCANBEATTRIBUTEDTODECLININGRELATIVEPRODUCTIVITYINSCHOOLINGACCORDINGTOGUNDLACHANDWMANN,THEFADINGPRODUCTIVITYOFSCHOOLINGINEASTASIANCOUNTRIESRELATESTOAMARKEDDECLINEINTHEPUPILTEACHERRATIOTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATITISQUITENOR
18、MALTHATSERVICESSUCHASEDUCATIONPROBABLYCANBEEXPECTEDTOBECOMEMOREEXPENSIVEFORANADVANCEDCOUNTRYSUCHASAUSTRALIAHOWEVER,ITNONETHELESSREMAINSAUSEFULEXERCISETOINVESTIGATETOWHATEXTENTTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONHASBEENINCREASINGANDWHATMAYBETHEPOSSIBLECAUSESOFTHISRISETHEBASICOBJECTIVESOFTHISPAPERARETHEREFORETOISUBSTAN
19、TIATETHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONHASBEENRISINGINAUSTRALIAANDINTERNATIONALLYANDIIDETERMINETHEMAJORFACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTOSUCHIMPORTANTPHENOMENAWHICHUNDOUBTEDLYWILLHAVEIMPLICATIONSFORTHELONGRUNPROSPERITYOFAUSTRALIASECONOMYITISNOTOURINTENTIONTODELVEINTOALTERNATIVEPOLICYAPPROACHESWHICHATTEMPTTODEALW
20、ITHTHEISSUEOFTHEMOSTAPPROPRIATEWAYTOFUNDTHEEDUCATIONSYSTEMFORADETAILEDACCOUNTOFTHELITERATUREONTHEVARIOUSVIEWSONTHEWAYINWHICHEDUCATIONATALLLEVELSCANBEFINANCEDSEEBARR1998,BORTHWICK1999,QUIGGIN1999,KING2001,CHAPMAN2001ANDBURKEANDLONG2002,AMONGSTOTHERS2THECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIA,THEUKANDTHEUSFIGURE1S
21、HOWSTHATTHEANNUALISEDRATEOFINCREASEINTHECOSTOFEDUCATION,ASMEASUREDBYLNPTLNPT4,INAUSTRALIA,THEUKANDTHEUSHASALMOSTALWAYSBEENSUBSTANTIALLYHIGHERTHANTHERATEOFINFLATIONMOREOVER,ACCORDINGTOFIGURES2AND3,THEGAPBETWEENTHECPI1996100ANDTHEEDUCATIONSUBGROUPINDEXHASBEENWIDENINGCONTINUOUSLYWITHTHEPASSAGEOFTIME,PA
22、RTICULARLYINTHEUKANDTHEUSFROMFIGURE4ITCANBEINFERREDTHAT,TOSOMEEXTENT,THISGROWINGGAPMAYBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENTANDPRIVATEEXPENSESONEDUCATIONASAPROPORTIONOFGDPCOMPAREDWITHPUBLICFUNDINGALONEASCANBESEENFROMFIGURE4,OVERTHEPERIOD19922001,WHILETHEAVERAGESHAREOFGOVERNMENTEXPENSESINGDP
23、WASAROUND48PERCENT,THESHAREOFTOTALEXPENSESBOTHPRIVATEANDGOVERNMENTINGDPWAS58PERCENT,SUGGESTINGTHATTHESHAREOFPRIVATESPENDINGONEDUCATIONHASINCREASEDINASIMILARWAY,FIGURE5SHOWSTHATANINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFPRIMARYANDPARTICULARLYSECONDARYPUPILSSTUDYATPRIVATESCHOOLSIN1986ABOUT30PERCENTOFSECONDARYPUPILSWEREA
24、TTENDINGPRIVATESCHOOLS,WHEREASIN2003THISFIGUREREACHEDABOUT35PERCENTTOTALENROLMENTSATBOTHPRIMARYANDSECONDARYPRIVATESCHOOLSROSEBY17PERCENTPERANNUMOVERTHE15YEARSFROM1986TO2001,COMPAREDWITHAMOREMODESTINCREASEOF018PERCENTANNUALLYFORGOVERNMENTSCHOOLSINFIGURE6WEPRESENTTHEGEOMETRICANNUALIZEDAVERAGEGROWTHRAT
25、EOFALLGROUPSINTHECPIANDTHEEDUCATIONSUBGROUPFORAUSTRALIA,THEUKANDTHEUSDURINGTHEPERIOD19932003THEREARETWOREASONSFORSELECTINGTHISPARTICULARSAMPLEPERIODFIRST,CONSISTENTDATAWEREONLYAVAILABLEFORALLTHREECOUNTRIESOVERTHISPERIOD,ANDSECOND,INTHEBEGINNINGOFTHISSAMPLEPERIODANDFOLLOWINGMANYOTHEROECDCOUNTRIES,INF
26、LATIONTARGETINGBECAMETHEPRIMARYGOALOFAUSTRALIANMONETARYPOLICYINTHIS,THERESERVEBANKOFAUSTRALIAISREQUIREDTOKEEPTHEOVERALLRATEOFINFLATIONBETWEEN23PERCENTPERANNUMOVERTHECOURSEOFTHEBUSINESSCYCLE,BUTWITHNOSIMILARCOMMITMENTTOKEEPTHEGROWTHRATEOFANYSUBGROUPOFTHECPIINCHECKTHISCHARTLENDSFURTHERSUPPORTTHATTHECO
27、STOFEDUCATIONHASBEENGROWINGWELLABOVEINFLATIONINTHESETHREECOUNTRIESOVERTHEPERIODINQUESTIONACURSORYLOOKATFIGURE6ALSOREVEALSTHATTHEANNUALGROWTHRATEOFTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAISRELATIVELYLOWERTHANTHATINTHEUKANDTHEUSTOSOMEEXTENTTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEGROWTHRATEOFTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONANDINFLATIONINAUSTRA
28、LIAANDTHEOTHERTWOCOUNTRIESWILLBENARROWEDIFWECONSIDERTHEINSTANTANEOUSGROWTHRATESINLIEUOFTHECOMPOUNDRATESTABLE1PRESENTSTHECOMPOUNDANDAVERAGEINSTANTANEOUSANNUALISEDINFLATIONRATESANDTHECOMPOUNDINGANNUALISEDGROWTHRATESINTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONFORTHESETHREECOUNTRIESDURINGTHESAMESAMPLEPERIOD19932003NOMATTERWHIC
29、HGROWTHRATEFORMULAISUSED,INALLTHREEECONOMIES,THEAVERAGEGROWTHRATEOFTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONISWELLABOVETHEOVERALLINFLATIONRATEFOREXAMPLE,INTHEUKANDAUSTRALIA,THECOMPOUNDGEOMETRICAVERAGEINFLATIONRATESWERE17AND25PERCENTINTHEPERIOD19932003,RESPECTIVELY,WHEREASTHECORRESPONDINGRISESINTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINTHESETWO
30、COUNTRIESWERE57AND47PERCENTUSINGAVERAGEINSTANTANEOUSGROWTHRATESTHECORRESPONDINGFIGURESARE5AND55PERCENT,RESPECTIVELYTABLE1SHOWSTHATTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONHASRISENBETWEEN5AND55PERCENTINAUSTRALIA,THEUKANDTHEUSOVERTHE19932003PERIODSTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHECOMPOUNDANDINSTANTANEOUSGROWTHRATESRELATESTOTHEFACTTHA
31、TTHELATTERALLOWSFORTHEMIDDLEOBSERVATIONSORCHANGEABILITYOFASERIESTOIMPACTONTHECOMPUTEDAVERAGEGROWTHRATE,WHEREASINTHEFORMERIETHECOMPOUNDGROWTHRATETHEMIDDLEOBSERVATIONSDONOTPLAYANYSIGNIFICANTROLEINDETERMININGTHEOUTCOMEASDISPLAYEDINTABLE1,THEVOLATILITYOFTHEQUARTERBYQUARTERGROWTHRATEOFTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONA
32、SMEASUREDBYTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONINAUSTRALIA00209ISHIGHERTHANTHOSEOFTHEUK00160ANDTHEUS00094THEREFORE,ITCANBEARGUEDTHATTHEAVERAGEINSTANTANEOUSRATESAREMOREUSEFULREFLECTIONSOFTHECHANGINGCOSTOFEDUCATION3ELLIPSIS4ELLIPSIS5CONCLUDINGREMARKSTHEPRESENTPAPEREMPLOYSDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSANDPARAMETRICANALYSISTOEX
33、AMINETHERISINGCOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAINCOMMONWITHEXPERIENCESINCOMPARABLEOECDECONOMIES,THECOSTOFHOUSEHOLDEDUCATIONEXPENDITUREHASBEENRISINGFASTERTHANTHEOVERALLRATEOFINFLATIONANDPARADOXICALLYFORTHEMOSTPARTASFASTASORFASTERTHANLEADINGECONOMICSINSALCOHOLANDTOBACCOSUCHTRENDSARELIKELYTOCONTINUEINTHEFUTUR
34、E,ANDPERHAPSEVENACCELERATE,WITHTHEINCREASINGPROPORTIONOFPRIMARYANDSECONDARYSTUDENTSBEINGEDUCATEDATNONGOVERNMENTSCHOOLSANDTHELIBERALISATIONOFCONTRIBUTIONCHARGESANDFULLFEEPAYINGQUOTASINTHERECENTTERTIARYEDUCATIONREFORMSATFIRSTIMPRESSION,SUCHDEVELOPMENTSAPPEARTOPOSEPOTENTIALLYADVERSEIMPACTSONHUMANCAPITA
35、LINVESTMENTINAUSTRALIAAND,INTURN,ONECONOMICGROWTHANDLABOURPRODUCTIVITYHOWEVER,ITSHOULDBEREMEMBEREDTHATTHECOSTDRIVERSOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIAARE,INSOMEPART,REFLECTIVEOFHOUSEHOLDSCHOICESCONCERNINGEDUCATIONTHESEINCLUDETHECHOICEBETWEENPRIVATEANDPUBLICPRIMARYANDSECONDARYEDUCATIONINTHEPRESENTAND,INTHEFUTURE
36、,CAREFULHOUSEHOLDCHOICESCONCERNINGTERTIARYCOURSES,INSTITUTIONSANDTHEIRVARYINGFEESTRUCTURESPRESENTPOLICYDEVELOPMENTSINAUSTRALIAREGARDINGUNIVERSITYFEESWILLENSURETHATTHECOSTOFEDUCATIONINAUSTRALIA,ALONGWITHITSSHAREOFHOUSEHOLDEXPENDITURE,WILLCONTINUETORISEINCOMINGYEARS出处MELBOURNEINSTITUTEWORKINGPAPERNO11
37、/02ISSN13284991ISBN0734015356P1P3,P9P17译文二澳大利亚教育成本上升的分析(节选)摘要人力资本或受过良好教育的劳动力是经济增长和推动生产力的重要因素。然而,近来澳大利亚教育成本的趋势对经济增长和生产力提高产生了影响。例如,在19822003年期间每年的平均通货膨胀率上升44,而整体的教育成本平均上升78。这使得教育成了澳大利亚各个家庭的负担。本文对澳大利亚教育成本与其他在最新季度的CPI中反映的产品和服务的成本进行了比较。最后对引起教育成本上升的主要因素进行研究。结果发现,除其他外,非公立小学和中学就读的学生人数的增加和高等教育贡献引进计划(HECS)是教育
38、成本上升的主要原因,它能够解释澳大利亚教育成本98的变化。1、引言经济学家有一个共识,即人力资本在实现更高的经济增长和提高劳动生产率方面发挥重大作用。新增长理论明确了经济增长的渠道以及如何对过程进行改革从而刺激物质资本、人力资本、技术诀窍和知识资本的投资率。这些因素共同对经济的长期持续增长发挥了积极的作用。例如,BARRO1991和BARROANDLEE1994在他们的研究工作中重申了人力资本作为经济增长和生产力发展主要因素的重要性。最近,VALADKHANI2003发现,除其他外,以加快各类人力资源投资的长期政策也可以提高劳动生产率。将澳大利亚作为一个整体,高产出直接转化为更高的人均收入得益
39、于高效的医疗、教育和公共福利。最近,CHOU2003,P397发现澳大利亚1960年到2000年期间42的增长归因于教育程度的上升。因此,通过在某个时期监测成本和教育负担十分重要。然而,相对于大多数的商品和服务价格,澳大利亚的教育成本一直在以惊人的速度增加。此外,从美国和英国类似的趋势看来,澳大利亚这个不是很发达的国家似乎也在经历着类似的现象。一个受过良好教育的劳动力似乎可以肯定他在未来会得到更高的劳动报酬,因此我们不会在文章中讨论在教育经费中私人资金所起到的越来越大的作用。显然,政府提供的各种所谓的免费教育来自整个社会的税收收入,这既不公平也不利于未来的可持续发展。然而,由于收入水平较高的毕
40、业生和与教育程度较高的劳动力相应的公共保障,成本刻意以最佳方式在纳税人和学生之间进行划分。在高等教育方面,重要的一点是能够产生显著社会效益的在读学生应该可以像政府贷款一样免息以及取得收入,当然这可能与相对较低的市场收入有关。但是,如果他们的研究领域是高度市场化的(如法律、医学),他们可能很少有机会获得这种贷款KING,2001,P192。然而,学校和大学的经费仍然是澳大利亚最热议的问题之一。有趣的是,要注意,40个高等教育机构在2002年总营业收入为116亿美元,其中16通过HECS筹集以及41(1997年是54)由英联邦政府赠款资助DEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION,SCIENCEA
41、NDTRAINING,DEST,2002,P3。同样,1997年,联邦和洲政府资助的份额1、占了公立学校收入的95;2、占了非公立小学中学收入的56。当然首先应该指出的是,在相同购买力下,富裕国家的服务比贫困国家更昂贵,因此可以预期像教育这样劳动密集型的服务,它的相对价格应该随着国家经济的增长而增长。更广泛地说,鲍莫尔(1997)也认为,劳动力密集的行业,如艺术、医疗保健、教育,成本上升是不可避免的。服务行业价格上涨预期会高于整体经济通胀率的平均水平。此外,公共部门的通货膨胀率的上升可以解释为“劳动密集型政府活动比资本相对密集的私营企业的产出效率低”FORDHAM,2003,P574。GUND
42、LACH和WMANN通过研究东亚六国教育生产力的变化,得出这样一个观点1980年到1994年间教育价格的上升不仅仅是劳动密集型服务的价格引起的。教育价格的上涨可以归结为学校生产力的下降。根据GUNDLACH和WMANN的研究,东亚国家教育生产力的下降是因为师生比例的显著下降。因此可以看到,教育服务在如澳大利亚这样发达国家变得更加昂贵是很正常的。但是,我们仍然需要研究什么样的教育成本会增加以及什么样的原因导致了它的增加。因此,本文的基本目标是1、从某种意义上证明在澳大利亚和其他国家什么样的教育成本在增加;2、找到产生这些现象的原因,因为它无疑会对澳大利亚经济的长期繁荣产生重要影响。我们不打算研究
43、如何为那些以最佳方式解决教育系统资金问题的政策办法遭到替代方法,并且有关各级教育经费可以参照BARR1998,BORTHWICK1999,QUIGGIN1999,KING2001,CHAPMAN2001AN和BURKE和LONG2002或其他学者的文献。2、澳大利亚、英国、美国的教育成本图1显示的是由相关指标测定的每年的教育成本增长率,澳大利亚、美国、英国的教育成本都明显高于他们的通胀率。此外,根据图2图3,消费价格指数之间的差距和教育循环指数随着时间的推移一直在不断扩大,特别是美国和英国。从图4可以推断,差距的扩大从某种程度上可以归结为政府和个人的教育花费占GDP的比重与公共资金之间的差异。
44、正如从图4中可以看出,在19922001年期间,政府开支的平均份额在国内生产总值的平均比例约为48的时候,总费用占GDP的比重(包括个人和政府)为58,这表明关于个人的教育支出比例有所增加。同样,在图5中可以看出,尤其是小学和中学的学生在私立学校就读的比例越来越大。1986年,大约有30的中学生进入私立学校,而到了2003年,这个数字达到35。在过去的1986年到2003年的15年间,小学和中学的私立学校招生总人数上升了17,而公立学校则以018缓慢增长。图6显示的是各国在1993年到2003年每年的消费价格指数和教育循环指数的增长率。选择这个特殊周期的原因有两点首先这些数据只适用于在此期间的
45、这三个国家;第二,这段时间之初,澳大利亚以及其他经合组织国家都将通货膨胀指标作为货币政策的首要目标。在这方面,澳大利亚储备银行要求必须在经济周期过程中保持每年23的整体通货膨胀率,但没有类似的承诺,以抑制任何消费物价指数中各因素的增长率。这张图表也进一步证实,这三个国家在上述通胀时期的教育成本迅速增长。从图6中大致可看出,澳大利亚每年教育费用的增长率相对低于美国和英国。一定程度上,如果我们考虑复利代替瞬时增长率,澳大利亚及其他两个国家的教育成本增长率和通货膨胀率之间的差距可以缩小。表1列出了同一样本区间(19932003)三个国家的复合年平均通货膨胀率和以复利计算的教育成本的增长率。但是无论使
46、用哪个增长率计算公式,教育成本的平均增长率仍然远高于整体通胀率。例如,在英国和澳大利亚,复合(几何)平均通货膨胀率在19932003年期间分别为17和25,而教育成本在这两个国家相应上升57和47。使用平均瞬时增长率相应的数字分别为5和55。表1显示,澳大利亚、英国和美国在1993年到2003年之间教育成本增长了555实际上,几何增长率与瞬时增长率的差异在于后者所允许的中间意见和一系列可变性影响了它,而前者的中间意见对结果不能产生影响。正如表1所示,澳大利亚教育成本增长率(00209)各个季度的波动性大于英国(00160)和美国(00094)。因此可以得出,平均瞬时增长率更能反映教育成本的变化
47、。3、(略)4、(略)5、结束语本文采用描述性统计和参数分析,研究澳大利亚教育费用的上涨问题。从经合组织经济体比较的经验来看,家庭教育成本的支出已经远远高于通货膨胀率和总是以最快速度促进经济增长的“罪行”(烟酒)。这种趋势有可能在未来继续,甚至会随着私立学校的学生人数的上升以及高等教育改革中费用自由化和全额支付限额的政策而越来越明显。由此而产生的第一个担忧是,这样的发展可能会对澳大利亚人力资本投资产生潜在的不利影响,然后再依次影响经济增长和劳动生产率。然而,应该记住,驱动澳大利亚教育成本上升在某些程度上是因为各个家庭对教育的重视。其中包括对公立和私立学校的选择以及未来,家庭对于课程、事业单位、收费结构的慎重选择。目前在澳大利亚大学学费方面的发展政策将确保未来几年澳大利亚的教育费用连同其家庭开支的份额将继续上升。