1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目新环境下公允价值在我国应用的若干问题外文题目ETHICSISIMPERATIVETOEFFECTIVEFAIRVALUEREPORTINGWEAVINGETHICSINTOFAIRVALUE外文出处STJOHNSUNIVERSITY外文作者TERESAMCORTESEDANILE、THEPETERJ、RDAVIDMAUTZJR、IRENEMMCCARTHY1原文ETHICSISIMPERATIVETOEFFECTIVEFAIRVALUEREPORTINGWEAVINGETHICSINTOFAIRVALUEEXECUTIVESUMMARYTHEUSEOFFAIRV
2、ALUEMEASUREMENTINACCOUNTINGHASBEENASOURCEOFCONCERNFORACCOUNTANTSANDAUDITORS,LEGISLATORS,REGULATORSANDMARKETPARTICIPANTSTHEROLEOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTALSOKNOWNAS“MARKTOMARKET”ACCOUNTINGINPRECIPITATINGTHENEARCOLLAPSEOFFINANCIALMARKETSIN2008HASBEENDEBATEDBYCONGRESS,THESECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONSECA
3、NDTHEPUBLICCOMPANYACCOUNTINGOVERSIGHTBOARDPCAOB,AMONGOTHERSCONGRESSEXPLICITLYCONSIDEREDTHEIMPACTOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINTHEEMERGENCYECONOMICSTABILIZATIONACTOF2008ALTHOUGHTHESECCONCLUDED,INITSREPORTTOCONGRESS,THATFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGDIDNOTCONTRIBUTETOTHEFAILURESOFMAJORFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,THEPCAOBHASB
4、EENACTIVELYISSUINGSTAFFAUDITPRACTICEALERTSTOASSISTAUDITORSINIDENTIFYINGMATTERSTHATCOULDAFFECTAUDITRISKTHEETHICALAPPLICATIONOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTREMAINSACRITICALCONCERNBACKGROUNDTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKOFACCOUNTINGIDENTIFIESRELEVANCEANDRELIABILITYASTHEPRIMARYQUALITATIVECHARACTERISTICSOFUSEFULFINANCIAL
5、INFORMATIONWHILEBOTHARETHEORETICALINGREDIENTSOFIDEALINFORMATION,ATENSIONEXISTSBETWEENRELEVANCEANDRELIABILITYINPRACTICETHEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONSPERENNIALDEVOTIONTOHISTORICALCOSTMEASUREMENTREFLECTSANOVERRIDINGCONCERNWITHTHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTSMOREOVER,THEHISTORICALCOSTOFANASSETINANARMSLENGTHTR
6、ANSACTIONISARGUABLYTHEMOSTRELIABLEMEASUREOFFAIRVALUEATTHETRANSACTIONDATEWITHTHEPASSAGEOFTIME,HISTORICALCOSTSBECOMELESSANDLESSRELEVANTTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDSFASBSGRADUALEMBRACEOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTINRECENTYEARSREFLECTSANATTEMPTTOPROVIDEMORERELEVANTINFORMATIONABOUTVALUESAFTERTHEINITIALT
7、RANSACTIONDATEHOWEVER,ONEOFTHECOSTSOFTHISSHIFTHASBEENANINCREASEDTHREATTOTHERELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTSTHIS2ARTICLEEXPLORESSOMEOFTHEETHICALIMPLICATIONSOFFAIRVALUEREPORTINGANDARGUESTHATEDUCATIONCANPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINMITIGATINGTHEINHERENTTHREATTORELIABILITYPOSEDBYFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGTHECURRENTECONOM
8、ICENVIRONMENTMAYTRIGGERCERTAINRISKFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHMISSTATEMENTDUETOFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING,INCLUDINGINCENTIVES,PRESSURESANDOPPORTUNITIESPRESENTINTHEREPORTINGENTITYPRIORTOTHEISSUANCEOFSTATEMENTOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSNO157,FAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,THEREWEREVARYINGDEFINITIONSOFFAIRVALUEGE
9、NERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESGAAPGUIDANCEFORAPPLYINGTHOSEDEFINITIONSWASLIMITEDGUIDANCERELATEDTOFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSWASCONTAINEDWITHINTHEBROADSPECTRUMOFEXISTINGPRONOUNCEMENTS,ANDTHEDIFFERENCESINTHATGUIDANCECREATEDINCONSISTENCIESINTHEAPPLICATIONOFGAAPTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDFASBADDR
10、ESSEDTHENEEDFORINCREASEDCONSISTENCYANDCOMPARABILITYINFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,ANDINSEPTEMBER2006ISSUEDFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDFASNO157TOADDRESSTHOSENEEDSANDEXPANDDISCLOSURESRELATEDTOFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSFASNO157HASBEENCODIFIEDINTOFASBACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCODIFICATIONASCTOPIC820,FAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSAN
11、DDISCLOSURETOPIC820DEFINESFAIRVALUE,ESTABLISHESAFRAMEWORKFORMEASURINGFAIRVALUE,ANDREQUIRESCERTAINDISCLOSURESABOUTFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,WHICHAREINTENDEDTOPROVIDECLARITYANDCONSISTENCYINTHEWAYFAIRVALUESAREMEASUREDTHEFASBEMPHASIZESTHENOTIONTHATFAIRVALUEBEBASEDONANEXITPRICEANDNOTANENTRYPRICETHEREISADISTI
12、NCTIONMADEBETWEENOBSERVABLEINPUTSANDUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSOBSERVABLEINPUTSAREBASEDONMARKETDATAOBTAINEDFROMINDEPENDENTSOURCESUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSLEVEL3MEASUREMENTSEMANATEFROMTHEENTITYSOWNASSUMPTIONSBASEDONTHEBESTINFORMATIONAVAILABLETHEIMPORTANCEOFINPUTSCANNOTBEUNDERESTIMATED,FORITISTHESEUPONWHICHRELIANCEIS
13、PLACEDANDTHESEWHICHAREMOSTSUSCEPTIBLETOMANIPULATIONOBSERVABLEINPUTS,USEDINLEVEL1AND2FAIRVALUES,INCLUDETHEDATASOURCESANDMARKETPRICESTHATAREAVAILABLEANDVISIBLEOUTSIDETHEENTITYOBSERVABLEINPUTSAREEXTERNALTOTHE3ENTITYANDMOREOBJECTIVETHANTHEINTERNALUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSOFLEVEL3UNOBSERVABLEINPUTSARETHEDATAAND
14、ANALYSISTHATAREDEVELOPEDWITHINTHEENTITYTOASSESSTHEFAIRVALUEINDEED,LEVEL3INPUTSAREUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSFORTHEASSETORLIABILITYTHESEAREINPUTSTHATREFLECTTHEREPORTINGENTITYSOWNASSUMPTIONSABOUTTHEASSUMPTIONSMARKETPARTICIPANTSWOULDUSEINPRICINGTHEASSETORLIABILITYTHEIMPACTOFFAIRVALUEONTHECURRENTECONOMICENVIRONM
15、ENTTHENOTIONOFUNOBSERVABLEINPUTSWASINTENDEDTOALLOWFORSITUATIONSINWHICHTHEREWASLITTLEORNOMARKETACTIVITYFORTHEASSETORLIABILITYATTHEMEASUREMENTDATEINTHOSESITUATIONSTHEREPORTINGENTITYNEEDNOTHAVETAKENALLPOSSIBLEEFFORTSTOOBTAININFORMATIONABOUTMARKETPARTICIPANTASSUMPTIONSADDITIONALLY,THOUGHTHEREPORTINGENTI
16、TYWASEXPECTEDNOTTOIGNOREINFORMATIONABOUTMARKETPARTICIPANTASSUMPTIONS,ITWASGIVENTHELEEWAYTOPURSUETHEINFORMATIONIFITWASREASONABLYAVAILABLEWITHOUTUNDUECOSTANDEFFORTFOREXAMPLE,ALEVEL3INPUTWOULDINCLUDEAFINANCIALFORECASTDEVELOPEDUSINGTHEREPORTINGENTITYSOWNDATAIFTHEREISNOINFORMATIONREASONABLYAVAILABLE,WITH
17、OUTUNDUECOSTANDEFFORT,THATINDICATESTHATMARKETPARTICIPANTSWOULDUSEDIFFERENTASSUMPTIONS2SUCHLATITUDEINPROFESSIONALSTANDARDSCLEARLYSETTHESTAGEFORTHELIBERTIESTAKENBYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSINVALUINGTHEBADASSETSONTHEIRBOOKSTHEEXTENTTOWHICHLEVEL3MEASUREMENTSCONTRIBUTEDTOTHEECONOMICCRISISWASNOTKNOWNUNTILTHEEC
18、ONOMICCRISISHITTHELEVEL3OVERVALUATIONSPERMITTEDTOBEUSEDBYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSACTEDASACATALYSTINFUELINGTHEECONOMICCRISISTHECRISISHASDEMONSTRATEDTHATMARKETSAREINEFFECTIVEINCONTROLLINGUNETHICALPRACTICESDRIVENBYGREEDCONSIDERTHECASEOFSUBPRIMEMORTGAGEBACKEDSECURITIESTHESEREPRESENTONEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSFORWH
19、ICHTHEREWERESUBSTANTIALWRITEDOWNSTHEFAIRVALUEOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSCOLLATERALIZEDBYASSETS,SUCHASHOMESWITHDECLININGVALUES,ISDIFFICULTTOAPPROXIMATEDUETOTHEDIFFICULTYOFESTIMATINGTHEVALUEOFTHEUNDERLYINGHOMESWHENTHEREAREFALLINGHOUSEPRICESTHATMAYNOTSUPPORTTHEVALUEOFAMORTGAGEANDTHEMORTGAGEBACKEDSECURITYHEL
20、DASINVESTMENTSBYBANKSANDOTHERINVESTORS,THELACKOFTHEABILITYTOOBJECTIVELYMEASURETHEVALUEOFTHEHOUSESTHAT4SUPPORTTHESEDEBTINSTRUMENTSCREATESUNCERTAINTYTHISHASCAUSEDALACKOFCONFIDENCEININVESTINGINTHESESECURITIESANDHASRESULTEDINANINACTIVEMARKETFORENTITIESTHATMUSTLIQUIDATETHEIRHOLDINGSOFTHESEMORTGAGEBACKEDS
21、ECURITIES,THEPRICESRECEIVEDMAYBECONSIDERED“FORCED”OR“DISTRESSED”PRICESTHATARENOTINDICATIVEOFTHEINTRINSICFAIRVALUEWHENTHEMARKETSAREINACTIVE,THEISSUEISWHETHERTHESEMARKETPARTICIPANTTRADESANDBROKERQUOTESARERELIABLEESTIMATESOFFAIRVALUEINSPITEOFTHEFLAGRANTDECEPTIONPERPETRATEDBYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,ACCORD
22、INGTOTHEFINANCIALCRISISADVISORYGROUP,ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSWERENOTAROOTCAUSEOFTHEFINANCIALCRISISINSTEAD,THECRISISHASEXPOSEDWEAKNESSESINACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDTHEIRAPPLICATIONTHEWEAKNESSESPRIMARILYINVOLVED1THEDIFFICULTYOFAPPLYINGFAIRVALUE“MARKTOMARKET”ACCOUNTINGINILLIQUIDMARKETS2THEDELAYEDRECOGNITIONOFLO
23、SSESASSOCIATEDWITHLOANS,STRUCTUREDCREDITPRODUCTS,ANDOTHERFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSBYBANKS,INSURANCECOMPANIESANDOTHERFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS3ISSUESSURROUNDINGTHEBROADRANGEOFOFFBALANCESHEETFINANCINGSTRUCTURES,ESPECIALLYINTHEUS4THECOMPLEXITYOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFORFINANCIALINSTRUMENTS,INCLUDINGMULTIPLEAPPROAC
24、HESTORECOGNIZINGASSETIMPAIRMENTTHEEMERGENCYECONOMICSTABILIZATIONACTOF2008TOOKINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEVIEWHELDBYSOMETHATFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGCONTRIBUTEDTOBANKFAILURESTWOSECTIONSOFTHEACTRECOGNIZEFAIRVALUEASAPOSSIBLEINFLUENCEONTHEDEGREETOWHICHFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSWEREVIEWEDASHAVINGPOTENTIALSOLVENCYPROBLEMSSE
25、CTION133OFTHEACTREQUIREDTHATTHESECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONSECREPORTTOCONGRESSONTHEEFFECTOFMARKTOMARKETFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGONTHERECENTBANKFAILURESTHESECSREPORTWASREQUIREDTOINCLUDERECOMMENDATIONSTOREMEDYANYWEAKNESSESIDENTIFIEDINTHESTUDYSPECIFICALLY,THISSTUDYWASREQUIREDTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTOFFAIRVALUE
26、ACCOUNTINGONBANKFAILURESANDBANKBALANCESHEETSITWASREQUIREDTOAADDRESS5THEWAYTHEFASBDEVELOPSACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS,BDESCRIBEALTERNATEPOSSIBLEACCOUNTINGMETHODS,ANDCEVALUATETHEQUALITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGINFORMATIONPROVIDEDUNDERTOPIC820THESTUDYWASISSUEDBYTHESECSTAFFONDECEMBER30,2008,ANDCONCLUDEDTHATTOPIC820D
27、IDNOTCONTRIBUTETOTHEBANKFAILURESIN2008THEREPORTDOESSUGGESTTHENEEDFOREXPANDEDDISCLOSURES,THENEEDFORMOREGUIDANCEONFAIRVALUE,ANDOTHERIMPROVEMENTSINTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGOFFAIRVALUECCHACCOUNTINGRESEARCHMANAGER,OVERVIEWANDSCOPEOFTOPIC820ETALRECENTEFFORTSBYSTANDARDSETTERSANDREGULATORYAGENCIESTHREEFASBSTAFF
28、POSITIONSFSPSWEREISSUEDONAPRIL9,2009WHICHREVISEDANDCLARIFIEDTOPIC820FSPFAS1574,DETERMININGFAIRVALUEWHENTHEVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITYFORTHEASSETORLIABILITYHAVESIGNIFICANTLYDECREASEDANDIDENTIFYINGTRANSACTIONSTHATARENOTORDERLYCODIFIEDASTOPIC820FSPFAS1152ANDFAS1242,RECOGNITIONANDPRESENTATIONOFOTHERTHANTEM
29、PORARYIMPAIRMENTSCODIFIEDASTOPIC320FSPFAS1071ANDAPB281,INTERIMDISCLOSURESABOUTFAIRVALUEOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSCODIFIEDASTOPICS825AND270,RESPECTIVELYTHETREADWAYCOMMISSIONREPORTOUTLINEDCAUSALFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING,IDENTIFYINGTONEATTHETOPASACRITICALFACTORTOPIC320DEFINESKEYCLAS
30、SIFICATIONSOFSECURITIESANDACCOUNTINGTREATMENTFORTHECLASSIFICATIONS,WHEREASTOPICS825AND270EXTENDDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSONALLFAIRVALUEASSETSANDLIABILITIESONTHEBALANCESHEETAND/ORFOOTNOTESTOINTERIMPERIODSALLTHREEFSPSARETIEDTOGETHERINCONCEPTANDPURPOSEMOSTRELEVANTTOTHISARTICLEISFSPFAS1574ITISNOTOURINTENTTO
31、ENGAGEINADETAILEDDISCUSSIONOFTHEFSP,BUTINSTEADTOPOINTOUTTHATTHEREISNOCHANGEINTHEUNDERLYINGPRINCIPLESSETFORTHINTOPIC820FSPFAS1574PRIMARILYCLARIFIESTHEFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTPROCESSANDEXPANDSTHEDISCLOSUREREQUIREMENTSITPROVIDESALISTOFTESTSOFMARKETACTIVITYTHISLISTOFTESTSCANBEFOUNDINASC820103551ATHETESTSPRO
32、VIDEGUIDANCETOHELPTHEREPORTINGENTITYEVALUATEFACTORSTODETERMINEWHETHERTHEREHASBEENASIGNIFICANTDECREASEINTHEVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITYFOR6THEASSETORLIABILITYTHISSHOULDHELPTHEUSERDECIDEIFTHEMARKETVOLUMEHASDECLINEDTOTHEPOINTWHERETHEMARKETQUOTESARENEITHERORDERLYNORRELIABLEMEASURESOFFAIRVALUETHEFSPDOESNOTPR
33、ESCRIBEAMETHODOLOGYFORMAKINGADJUSTMENTSTOTRANSACTIONSWHENESTIMATINGFAIRVALUE,SOITOFFERSNODETAILEDSPECIFIEDTESTSFORMEASURINGFAIRVALUEIFTHEREHASBEENASIGNIFICANTDECREASEINTHEVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITY,THENACHANGEINVALUATIONTECHNIQUEORTHEUSEOFMULTIPLEVALUATIONTECHNIQUESISCONSIDEREDAPPROPRIATEDETERMININGTH
34、EPRICEATWHICHWILLINGMARKETPARTICIPANTSWOULDTRANSACTIFTHEREHASBEENASIGNIFICANTDECREASEINTHEVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITYWILLREQUIRETHEUSEOFSIGNIFICANTJUDGMENTWHATRESONATESFROMTHISPARTOFTHEGUIDANCEISTHATTHEWAYEACHTESTISAPPLIEDWILLCONTINUETOREQUIREJUDGMENTHENCE,WEOPINETHATSUCHGUIDANCE,YETAGAIN,ALLOWSENTITIE
35、SCONSIDERABLELATITUDEINMEASURINGFAIRVALUETHEFASBRECOGNIZESTHATTHEDETERMINATIONOFWHETHERATRANSACTIONISORDERLYISINDEEDMOREDIFFICULTIFTHEREHASBEENASIGNIFICANTDECREASEINTHEVOLUMEANDLEVELOFACTIVITYHOWEVER,SUCHCIRCUMSTANCESDONOTPROVIDECONCLUSIVEEVIDENCETHATTRANSACTIONSARENOTORDERLYDISTRESSEDORFORCEDASC820
36、103551EPROVIDESGUIDANCETOASSISTINDETERMININGIFATRANSACTIONISNOTORDERLY,BUTIN51FINDICATESTHATTHEENTITYNEEDNOTUNDERTAKEALLPOSSIBLEEFFORTSANDSHOULDNOTIGNOREINFORMATIONAVAILABLETOITWITHOUTUNDUECOSTANDEFFORTINGENERAL,FAIRVALUESINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSAREFREQUENTLYDEVELOPEDWITHTHEASSISTANCEOFAVALUATIONEXP
37、ERTTHOSEVALUATIONSSHOULDTOBEAUDITEDBYINDEPENDENTCPASNOTWITHSTANDING,THEPUBLICCOMPANYACCOUNTINGOVERSIGHTBOARDPCAOBHASEXPANDEDAUDITREQUIREMENTSANDTHERESULTINGIMPLICATIONSHAVEBECOMEAPPARENTINFIELDAPPLICATIONOFTOPIC820SGUIDELINESCCHACCOUNTINGRESEARCHMANAGER,CURRENTECONOMICCRISISETALTHEPCAOBALSOISSUEDSTA
38、FFAUDITPRACTICEALERTNO3,AUDITCONSIDERATIONSINTHECURRENTECONOMICENVIRONMENT,ONDECEMBER5,2008THEPURPOSEOFTHISPRACTICEALERTISTOASSISTAUDITORSINIDENTIFYINGMATTERSRELATEDTOTHECURRENTECONOMICENVIRONMENTTHATCOULDAFFECTAUDITRISKSEVERALAUDITRISKCONSIDERATIONSAREPROVIDED7INTHEALERTINCLUDINGFRAUDRISKCONSIDERAT
39、IONSTHEPRACTICEALERTPOINTSOUTTHATTHECURRENTECONOMICENVIRONMENTMAYTRIGGERCERTAINRISKFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHMISSTATEMENTDUETOFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING,INCLUDINGINCENTIVES,PRESSURESANDOPPORTUNITIESPRESENTINTHEREPORTINGENTITYADDITIONALLY,REFERENCEISMADETOPCAOBSTAFFAUDITPRACTICEALERTNO2,MATTERSRELATEDTO
40、AUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSANDTHEUSEOFSPECIALISTS,WHICHWASISSUEDONDECEMBER10,2007THEPCAOBREMINDSAUDITORSTHATTHISPRACTICEALERTANDTHEIRRESPONSIBILITIESREMAINRELEVANT,ESPECIALLYWITHREGARDTOAUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,CLASSIFICATIONWITHINTHEHIERARCHY,USINGTHEWORKOFASPECIALISTAN
41、DUSEOFAPRICINGSERVICERESOURCECORTESEDANILE,TERESAMSTJOHNSUNIVERSITYREVIEWOFBUSINESSJ2010,450548译文道德标准对有效公允价值的重要性报告将道德标准编进公允价值概要公允价值作为会计计量属性，已经引起了会计师、审计师、立法者、监管机构和市场参与者的关心。在2008年金融市场中，公允价值计量的角色也就是熟知的“市场估价”会计，已经被国会、美国证券交易委员会SEC和美国上市公司会计监管委员会美国上市公司会计监管委员会等等争论过。国会明确考虑了公允价值会计在2008年紧急经济稳定行动下的影响。虽然美国证券交易委员
42、会在其向国会提交的报告中推断，公允价值会计不会是主要金融机构失败的原因，美国上市公司会计监管委员会一直在积极发行人员审计实践警报协助审计人员识别可能会影响审计风险的问题。公允价值计量的道德运用仍然是一个关键问题。背景会计的概念框架作为主要的质量特征有用的财务信息识别具有相关性和可靠性。而这两个都是理想信息的理论成分，二者之间的张力在实践中具有相关性和可靠性。会计行业对历史成本计量的多年献身，反映了财务报告可靠性的一个首要考虑。此外，一项资产的历史成本计量，在一条胳膊那样的长度上的交易可以说是在交易日期最可靠的分析方法。随着时间的流逝，历史成本变得越来越不相关。美国财务会计准则委员会FASB近几
43、年的循序渐进的公允价值计量，反映了试图提供在最初的交易发生日的价值更多的相关信息。不过,其中一个费用的变化增加了财务报告可靠性的威胁。本文探讨了公允价值报告的一些伦理问题，并认为教育可以起到缓解的内在威胁以公允价值会计的可靠性提出了重要的作用。目前的经济环境可能引发某些由于虚假财务报告引起的危险因素，包括报告主体中的奖励、压力和机会。第157号财务会计准则在发行前声明，关于公允价值计量，有不同的公允价值定义。公认会计原则指导应用这些定义是有限度的。公允价值计量的指导是包9含在现有的广泛的声明中的，而指导中的差异使工人会计原则在应用中产生了矛盾。美国财务会计准则委员会FASB表明在公允价值计量中
44、，增加一致性和可比性的需要性，并于2006年9月发布了财务会计标准第157号文件表达了这种需要，并且扩大披露了与公允价值计量的关系。财务会计准则的第157号文件已经被编入到没过财务会计标准委员会的会计标准编码中的第820条公允价值计量和披露。第820条定义了公允价值，为测量公平价值，建立了一个框架，并且要求对公允价值计量进行披露，意欲在公允价值标准衡量的方式上提供清晰性和一致性。美国财务会计标准委员会强调公允价值的观念是建立在一个出口的价格和没有入境的价格。没有分别观察的输入和观察的投入。观察数据，是根据独立的渠道获得的市场数据。（3级测量）不可观察数据出自该公司自己的假设的基础上可获得的最佳
45、信息。投入的重要性不能被低估，因为它是这些赖以依靠放置，这些是最容易受到操控。观察数据，在1级和2公允价值所使用，包括数据源和市场价格可用外实体可见。观察数据是外部的实体，比第三级内部不可观察数据更加客观。不可观察输入的数据和分析，开发的实体内，以评估其公允价值。事实上，第3级的投入是不可观察的资产或负债的投入。这些都是输入，反映了我们对假设市场参与者的报告主体的假设，将使用自己的资产定价或责任。公允价值对当前经济环境的影响无形投入的概念是为了考虑到在资产或负债测量的日子，只有很少或甚至没有市场活动的情况。在这些情况下的报告主体不需要采取一切努力去获取关于市场参与假设的信息。此外，尽管报告主体
46、期望可以无视市场参与假设的信息，假如在不花费无故的成本和努力的情况下可以去获取合法信息，那么它已经留了余地去追求信息。例如，一个三级的投入在不必要的成本和努力下，如果没有信息是可以合法获得的，那么将包括使用报告试题数据的财务预测开发，这表明市场参与者会使用不同的假设。这样的专业标准的范围给金融机构自由地估算他们的不良资产设了一个清楚的舞台。三级测量在一定程度上为还不为人所知的经济危机做出了贡10献。三级测量的过高定价，允许被金融机构用作为加速经济危机影响的催化剂来使用。这个危机已经表明，市场在控制由贪婪引起的违反道德的做法是无效的。考虑到次级抵押贷款证券的情况。这些代表了实质性减值的一种工具。
47、金融工具的公允价值资产抵押证券，比如房屋的股票贬值,这是很困难的近似，因为潜在的房屋的价值估计存在着难度。当不支持抵押贷款的价值或抵押贷款的安全性给银行和投资者拿去投资，房产价格会有所下降的时候，为缺乏客观测量房屋价值去支持这些债务的能力，创造了不确定性。这已经引起了在证券中的缺乏信心的投资及造成了不活跃的市场。实体必须清算其持有的这些抵押贷款证券，收到的价格就有可能被认为不代表内在公允价值、“被迫”或“痛苦”的价格。当市场不活跃的时候，问题就是这些市场交易参与者和经纪人的报价是否是公允价值的可靠的统计。金融危机咨询小组根据此次金融危机中金融机构的公然欺骗行为得出会计准则不但没有对金融危机的根
48、源做出解释，而且这场危机暴露了会计准则及其应用程序的弊端，这些弊端主要有（1）在流动性差的应用市场公允值（“盯市场”）比较困难。（2）结构性信贷产品，与银行，保险公司和其他金融机构的其他金融工具延迟确认的损失与贷款相关的。（3）问题围绕资产负债表外融资结构范围很广，尤其是在美国。（4）为金融工具，包括多种方法的会计准则的复杂性认识资产减值。2008年的紧急经济稳定法案提到了一些对公允价值会计准则导致银行倒闭的看法。该法承认的两部分认为公允价值作为一个有可能影响在何种程度上的金融机构被视为具有潜在的偿付能力问题的一个尺度。具体来说，这项研究需要以评估对银行倒闭银行资产负债表和公允价值会计的影响。
49、它被要求（A）财务会计准则委员会制定会计标准。（B）描述可能替代的会计方法。（C）820的主题下，评价财务报告提供的信息质量。这项研究是由美国证券交易委员会的工作人员在2008年12月30号发出的，并得出结论该820主题不支持2008年银行倒闭（是由于应用公允价值计量）的说法。该报告建议为扩大披露的需要，更多的公允价值有被指导的必要性，并在财务报告上提出其11他改进。（卫生协调会计研究经理，820专题概述等人。）按标准制定者和监管机构最近所做的努力在2009年4月9日发布了三个FASB职员位置FSPS用来校正并且澄清820主题FAS中1574，当资产或负债的规模和水平已大幅度减少和识别出交易是不正常的编纂为主题820时，可以确定交易费用价值。FAS中1152和FAS1242，非暂时性的缺陷的识别和陈述。编纂为主题320FSPFAS1071ANDAPB281，关于用于交易费用价值的金融工具的临时披露。编纂为主题各自为825、270该特雷德韦委员会的报告概述因果因素，相关的虚假财务报表，确定的顶部是一个关键因素320定义主题的分类主要分类及会计处理方法的证券，而825和270延伸主题的所有资产的公允价值和负债在资产负债表和/或脚注披露规定的临时期。所有这三个金融服务商已经联系在一起，理念和宗旨。最相关的这篇文章是FAS的1574。这不是我们的意图进行了
