1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目公允价值审计相关问题研究专业会计学外文题目AUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSASYNTHESISOFRELEVANTRESEARCH外文出处ISSUESINACCOUNTINGEDUCATION,FEBRUARY2009,VOL24,NO1PP4561外文作者罗杰D马丁,杰伊S理查,T杰弗里威尔克斯2原文AUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSASYNTHESISOFRELEVANTRESEARCHSYNOPSISTOCONTRIBUTETOTHEPCAOBPROJECTONAUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUR
2、EMENTSFVMS,WESYNTHESIZERELEVANTACADEMICLITERATURETOOFFERINSIGHTS,CONCLUSIONS,ANDFUTURERESEARCHDIRECTIONSFORAUDITORS,STANDARDSETTERS,ANDACADEMICSFOCUSINGONAUDITINGFVMSWESTRUCTUREOURSYNTHESISALONGTWODIMENSIONSANEMPHASISONTHEAUDITORSNEEDTOUNDERSTANDHOWFVMSAREPREPARED,ANDTHEAUDITSTEPSANDPROCEDURESNECESS
3、ARYTOVERIFYANDATTESTTOFVMS,INCLUDINGANAWARENESSOFTHEPOTENTIALBIASESINHERENTINAUDITINGFVMSDRAWINGPRIMARILYFROMTHEJUDGMENTANDDECISIONMAKINGLITERATURE,WEHIGHLIGHTANUMBEROFPOTENTIALBIASESANDLIMITATIONSINTHEPREPARATIONANDAUDITOFFVMSADDITIONALLY,WENOTETHATTHESPECIALIZEDVALUATIONKNOWLEDGENECESSARYTOEFFECTI
4、VELYAUDITFVMSWILLBEDIFFICULTFORAUDITORSTOGAINANDMAINTAININTRODUCTIONTOFACILITATETHEDEVELOPMENTOFAUDITINGSTANDARDSANDTOINFORMSTANDARDSETTERSOFINSIGHTSFROMACADEMICRESEARCH,THEAUDITINGSECTIONOFTHEAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATIONAAAHASDECIDEDTODEVELOPASERIESOFLITERATURESYNTHESESFORTHEPUBLICCOMPANYACCOUNTIN
5、GOVERSIGHTBOARDPCAOBTHISPAPERSYNTHESIZESANDDISCUSSESIMPLICATIONSOFACADEMICRESEARCHTHATSHOULDBERELEVANTTOAUDITORS,STANDARDSETTERS,ANDACADEMICSWHOINCREASINGLYDEALWITHTHECOMPLEXITIESOFAUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSHEREAFTERFVMSCARMICHAELANDHOLSTRUM2005THERECENTFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDFASBEXPOSU
6、REDRAFT,FAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,UNDERSCORESADESIREFORWIDERACCEPTANCEANDCONSISTENTAPPLICATIONOFFVMSWITHINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSFASB2004BTHEEXPOSUREDRAFT,ALONGWITHTHECURRENTAUDITGUIDANCEINSTATEMENTONAUDITINGSTANDARDSSASNO101,AUDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSANDDISCLOSURESAUSEC328,AICPA2003A,ALSOHIGHLIGHTSAWILL
7、INGNESSTOALLOWANDTOAUDITTHEMORESUBJECTIVEINPUTSANDASSUMPTIONSNECESSARYTOMEASUREFAIRVALUES3ASMOREASSETSANDLIABILITIESAREMEASUREDATFAIRVALUE,AUDITORSANDAUDITINGSTANDARDSETTERSMUSTUNDERSTANDNOTONLYTHEVALUATIONMODELSANDTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSESTHATDETERMINEMODELINPUTS,BUTALSOMANAGEMENTSPOTENTIALBIASESANDLI
8、KELYERRORSWHENAPPLYINGMODELS,IDENTIFYINGMARKETINPUTS,ANDMAKINGASSUMPTIONSAUDITORSANDSTANDARDSETTERSALSONEEDTOUNDERSTANDTHELIKELYSOURCESOFAUDITORBIASESANDERRORSWHENAUDITINGFVMSRECOGNIZEDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSWESTRUCTUREOURSYNTHESISOFPRIORRESEARCHALONGTWODIMENSIONS1ANEMPHASISONTHEAUDITORSNEEDTOUNDER
9、STANDHOWFVMSAREPREPARED,INCLUDINGANAWARENESSOFTHEPOTENTIALPITFALLSANDBIASESINHERENTINPREPARINGFVMS,AND2THEAUDITSTEPSANDPROCEDURESNECESSARYTOVERIFYANDATTESTTOFVMS,INCLUDINGANAWARENESSOFTHEPOTENTIALBIASESINHERENTINAUDITINGFVMSWEFOCUSFIRSTONTHEGENERATIONOFFVMSBECAUSEWEBELIEVETHATAUDITORSCANNOTEXERCISED
10、UECAREINTHEAUDITOFFVMSWITHOUTATHOROUGHUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEUNDERLYINGVALUATIONTECHNIQUESANDINPUTSUSEDINASSESSINGFVMSALTHOUGHASUBSTANTIALACADEMICANDBUSINESSDISCIPLINEISDEDICATEDTOVALUATIONANDAPPRAISALS,AUDITORSHAVEHISTORICALLYLEARNEDVERYLITTLEOFTHISDISCIPLINEWEFOCUSSECONDONRESEARCHRELATEDTOVERICATIONAND
11、ATTESTATIONPROCEDURESFORFVMS,EVENTHOUGHVERYLITTLERESEARCHDIRECTLYEXAMINESTHEAUDITINGOFFVMSTHISDEARTHOFRESEARCHISQUITESURPRISING,GIVENTHETHREEDECADETRENDTOWARDRECOGNITIONOFFVMSBARLEVANDHADDAD2004ANDTHECONSIDERABLERESEARCHONTHEIMPACTOFFVMSONCAPITALMARKETVARIABLESSEEAAAFASC2005FORABRIEFREVIEWWESUGGESTP
12、OTENTIALRESEARCHTOPICSRELATEDTOAUDITINGFVMSTHROUGHOUTTHEPAPERACONSIDERABLEBODYOFRESEARCHJOINTLYEXAMINESTHERELEVANCEANDRELIABILITYOFFAIRVALUEESTIMATESEG,AAAFASC1998,2000,2005ANDGENERALLYCONCLUDESTHATFVMSBASEDONINPUTSFROMACTIVELYTRADEDMARKETSAREMORERELIABLYASSOCIATEDWITHSHAREPRICESTHANFVMSDERIVEDFROMT
13、HINLYTRADEDMARKETSORENTITYSPECICINPUTSAAAFASC2005ALTHOUGHTHISRESEARCHISINFORMATIVETONANCIALREPORTINGSTANDARDSETTERSCF,HOLTHAUSENANDWATTS2001,ITDOESNOTDIRECTLYADDRESSTHEISSUESFACEDBYAUDITORS,WHOTENDTOBEMORECONCERNEDWITHTHEVARIABILITYOFFVMSTHANWITHTHEIRRELEVANCEORASSOCIATIONWITHSHAREPRICECARMICHAEL200
14、4MAINES4ANDWAHLEN2005ASARESULT,WEFOCUSOURATTENTIONONTHEFORMALANDPRACTICALGUIDANCEINAUDITINGSTANDARDS,ASWELLASACADEMICRESEARCHINPSYCHOLOGYANDECONOMICSTHATPOTENTIALLYRELATESTOTHEAUDITINGOFFVMSTHERESEARCHTOPICSDISCUSSEDINTHEPAPERARENOTUNIQUELYAPPLICABLETOAUDITINGFVMSFOREXAMPLE,MANYOFTHESAMECHALLENGESAR
15、EFACEDBYAUDITORSWHENAUDITINGOTHERACCOUNTINGESTIMATESEG,ASSETIMPAIRMENT,ALLOWANCEFORDOUBTFULACCOUNTS,LOANLOSSRESERVES,ESTIMATEDDEPRECIABLELIVES,ETCHOWEVER,THEFASBSDESIREFORWIDERACCEPTANCEANDAPPLICATIONOFFVMSWILLLEADTOAHIGHERPROPORTIONOFAUDITEFFORTDIRECTEDTOWARDFVMAUDITINGISSUESFURTHER,AUDITORSANECDOT
16、ALLYREPORTCONCERNSOVERTHECOMPLEXITYOFNEWFVMDEMANDSEG,COPELAND2005,37SOWHILETHECHALLENGESFACEDBYAUDITORSINAUDITINGESTIMATESOFTHEFUTUREARENOTUNIQUETOFVMSBARTH2006,THERELATIVEIMPORTANCEANDCOMPLEXITYOFTHATAUDITEFFORTISEXPECTEDTOINCREASEWEBELIEVETHATTHISINCREASEINTHEFREQUENCYANDCOMPLEXITYOFFVMAPPLICATION
17、SWILLCHALLENGEAUDITORSASARESULT,WEIDENTIFYTOPICSREECTEDINCURRENTAUDITGUIDANCETHATWEBELIEVESHOULDBECONSIDEREDBYSTANDARDSETTERS,PRACTITIONERS,ANDRESEARCHERSASFVMSBECOMEMOREWIDELYACCEPTEDOURSYNTHESISOFPRIORRESEARCHSUGGESTSANUMBEROFIMPORTANTISSUESRELATEDTOAUDITORSUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWFVMSAREPREPAREDFVMSFRE
18、QUENTLYINCORPORATEFORWARDLOOKINGINFORMATIONREECTEDINMARKETPLACEEXCHANGESASWELLASJUDGMENTSABOUTTHEAPPLICABILITYOFTHOSEMARKETINPUTSTOCOMPANYSPECICCONDITIONSEG,AMOUNTANDTIMINGOFCASHOWSFUTUREEVENTSANDCONDITIONSCANNOTBEPREDICTEDWITHCERTAINTY,SOANELEMENTOFJUDGMENTISALWAYSINVOLVEDBECAUSEMOSTAUDITORSHAVELIT
19、TLETRAININGINVALUATION,SPECIALISTSAREOFTENREQUIREDTOAUDITFVMSIMPORTANTLY,THESTRUCTURESOFAUDITTEAMSMAYINHIBITTHEUTILIZATIONOFKNOWLEDGEOFSUCHSPECIALISTSINTODAYSAUDITRMSRESEARCHERSANDPOLICYMAKERSWITHINRMSNEEDTOGRAPPLEWITHTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATEXISTINGAUDITTEAMSTRUCTUREANDINCENTIVESMAYNOTBECOMPATIBLEWITHAUD
20、ITSTHATREQUIREMOREANDMORESPECIALIZEDVALUATIONKNOWLEDGEVERAMUNOZETAL2006INADDITIONTOTHELACKOFSPECIALIZEDKNOWLEDGEAMONGAUDITORSREGARDINGTHE5PREPARATIONOFFVMS,ANUMBEROFERRORSANDBIASESLIKELYAFFECTPREPARERSVALUATIONJUDGMENTS,ANDAUDITORSSHOULDBEAWAREOFTHOSEFOREXAMPLE,AUDITORSSHOULDBEAWARETHATINTHEPROCESSO
21、FESTIMATINGFVMS,PREPARERSMAYDERIVETOOMUCHCONDENCEFROMTHEAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONUSEDTOESTIMATETHOSEMEASURESSLOVIC1982DAVIESETAL1994PAESEANDSNIEZEK1991ASARESULT,PREPARERSMAYFAILTOCONSIDEROTHERLIKELYSCENARIOS,RELEVANTINFORMATION,ORVALUATIONPOSSIBILITIESPRIORRESEARCHALSODOCUMENTSCONSIDERABLEINCONSISTENCYAND
22、ERRORWHENINDIVIDUALSMAKEPREDICTIONSEG,DAWES1971EVENAFTERUSINGSTATISTICALORMECHANICALMEANSOFANALYZINGDATATOFACILITATEPREDICTIONS,THEMOTIVATEDREASONINGLITERATURESUGGESTSTHATDECISIONMAKERSMAYUNKNOWINGLYBIASTHEIRESTIMATESINPREFERREDDIRECTIONSEG,KUNDA1990WILKS2002KADOUSETAL2003OURRESEARCHSYNTHESISALSOSUG
23、GESTSANUMBEROFIMPORTANTISSUESRELATEDTOTHEAUDITINGOFFVMSPROMINENTAMONGTHESECONCERNSISAUDITORSRELIANCEONINTERNALCONTROLSOVERTHEFVMESTIMATIONPROCESSBARLEVANDHADDAD2004ARGUETHATINTERNALCONTROLSOVERTHEFVMESTIMATIONPROCESSMUSTBEDIFFERENTFROMCONTROLSOVERTYPICALEXCHANGETRANSACTIONSAUDITORSMUSTENSURETHATCONT
24、ROLSOVERFVMSAREAPPROPRIATE,ESPECIALLYINRELATIONTOTHESEPARATIONOFDUTIESBARLEVANDHADDAD2004WHILEPREPARERSARELIKELYTOFALLPREYTOBIASESANDOTHERMOTIVATEDREASONINGEFFECTSASNOTEDABOVE,AUDITORSMUSTALSOBEWARYOFTHEIROWNBIASESWHENAUDITINGFVMSFOREXAMPLE,AUDITORSMUSTBECAREFULNOTTOSIMPLYSEARCHFOREVIDENCETHATCORROB
25、ORATESMANAGEMENTSASSERTIONS,EVENTHOUGHCURRENTAUDITGUIDANCESPECIESTHATVERYAPPROACHEG,AUSEC33235,AICPA2000FINDINGSUCHEVIDENCEISFARTOOEASYIFTHISISALLTHEAUDITORISPURSUINGINSTEAD,AUDITORSMUSTALSOCONSIDEREVIDENCETHATCOULDPOTENTIALLYDISCONRMMANAGEMENTSASSERTIONSALTHOUGHNOPRIORRESEARCHDIRECTLYEXAMINESTHISIS
26、SUEINRELATIONTOAUDITINGFVMS,PRIORRESEARCHHASEXAMINEDTHEISSUEGENERALLYANDSUGGESTSANUMBEROFUSEFULSTEPSINAVOIDINGTHECONRMATIONBIASANDOTHERMOTIVATEDREASONINGEFFECTSINAUDITSETTINGSEG,KOONCE1992KENNEDY1995ANDERSONANDKOONCE1998FINALLY,AUDITORSMUSTBEABLETOIDENTIFYKEYASSUMPTIONSANDINPUTSINTHEFVM6PROCESSTHELA
27、CKOFEXISTINGGUIDANCEONWHATWOULDCONSTITUTEASIGNICANTASSUMPTIONSUGGESTSTHATAUDITINGSTANDARDSETTERSWILLLIKELYNEEDTOSPECIFYPRINCIPLESTOIDENTIFYSUCHASSUMPTIONSIDENTIFYINGKEYASSUMPTIONSANDTESTINGTHEIRREASONABLENESSISAMAJORCONCERNAMONGAUDITORSOFFVMSINTHENEXTSECTIONOFTHEPAPER,WEBRIEYREVIEWTHEFASBEXPOSUREDRA
28、FTONFVMSANDSASNO101AUSEC328,AICPA2003AINDOINGSO,WEDESCRIBETHEAUDITORSPRIMARYRESPONSIBILITIES,WHICHWEREFERENCETHROUGHOUTOURSYNTHESISOFTHEACADEMICLITERATUREINTHESUBSEQUENTTWOSECTIONSWESYNTHESIZEPRIORRESEARCHALONGTHEDIMENSIONSOFPREPARINGANDAUDITINGFVMS,ASDESCRIBEDABOVEFINALLY,WECONCLUDEWITHASUMMARYANDD
29、ISCUSSIONOFIMPLICATIONSFORAUDITINGSTANDARDSETTERS,PRACTITIONERS,RESEARCHERS,ANDAUDITINGEDUCATORSFAIRVALUEREPORTINGANDAUDITINGSTANDARDSFASBEXPOSUREDRAFT,FAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSTHEFASBEXPOSUREDRAFTONFVMSWASISSUEDINJUNE2004AFTERANEXAMINATIONOFCOMMENTLETTERS,THEFASBREVISEDTHEEXPOSUREDRAFTANDCURRENTLYANTIC
30、IPATESITSNALISSUANCEIN2006AWORKINGDRAFTOFTHEPROPOSEDSTANDARDFASB2005INCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGFOURSIGNICANTCOMPONENTS,WHICHVARYSLIGHTLYFROMTHESUMMARYOUTLINEDINTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCOMMITTEESCOMMENTARYONTHEORIGINALEXPOSUREDRAFTAAAFASC20051FAIRVALUEISDENEDASTHEPRICETHATWOULDBERECEIVEDFORANASSETORP
31、AIDTOTRANSFERALIABILITYINACURRENTTRANSACTIONBETWEENABLE,WILLING,KNOWLEDGEABLE,ANDINDEPENDENTMARKETPLACEPARTICIPANTSINTHEREFERENCEMARKETFORTHEASSETORLIABILITY2THREEVALUATIONTECHNIQUESARESPECIEDFORESTIMATINGFAIRVALUESTHEMARKETAPPROACH,INCOMEAPPROACH,ORCOSTAPPROACHREGARDLESSOFAPPROACH,THEUSEOFMARKETINP
32、UTSSHOULDBEMAXIMIZEDWHILETHEUSEOFENTITYINPUTSSHOULDBEMINIMIZED3AHIERARCHYOFINPUTSISESTABLISHEDTOUSEINDETERMININGFAIRVALUEESTIMATESTHEWORKINGDRAFTIDENTIESVELEVELSOFINPUTSLEVEL1INPUTSAREMARKETINPUTSTHATREECTQUOTEDPRICESFORIDENTICALASSETSORLIABILITIESINACTIVEMARKETS7LEVEL2INPUTSAREMARKETINPUTSTHATREECT
33、QUOTEDPRICESFORIDENTICALASSETSORLIABILITIESINMARKETSTHATARENOTACTIVE,ORQUOTEDPRICESFORSIMILARASSETSORLIABILITIESINALLMARKETS,ADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENCESLEVEL3INPUTSAREMARKETINPUTSOTHERTHANQUOTEDPRICES,SUCHASINTERESTRATES,YIELDCURVES,VOLATILITIES,ANDDEFAULTRATESLEVEL4INPUTSAREMARKETINPUTSNOTDIRECTLYOBSERV
34、ABLEFORTHEASSETORLIABILITY,BUTTHATARECORROBORATEDBYOTHERMARKETDATATHROUGHCORRELATIONOROTHERMEANSLEVEL5INPUTSAREENTITYINPUTSSUBSEQUENTLY,THEFASBDECIDEDTOCOMBINELEVELS24THEREBYESTABLISHINGATHREELEVELHIERARCHYFORBOTHMEASUREMENTANDDISCLOSUREPURPOSES4DISCLOSURESAREREQUIREDTOENABLEUSERSTOEVALUATETHEEXTENT
35、TOWHICHFAIRVALUEISUSEDTOREMEASUREASSETSANDLIABILITIESRECOGNIZEDINTHENANCIALSTATEMENTSANDTOEVALUATETHEINPUTSUSEDTODEVELOPTHOSEESTIMATESTHEPROPOSEDSTANDARDDOESNOTREQUIREANYNEWFVMS,BUTDOESPROVIDEPROCEDURALGUIDANCEFORMEASURINGFAIRVALUEANDWOULDAPPLYTOASSETSANDLIABILITIESMEASUREDATFAIRVALUEUNDEROTHERAUTHO
36、RITATIVEACCOUNTINGPRONOUNCEMENTSASARESULT,AUDITORSMUSTBEPREPAREDTOEXAMINEWHETHERACLIENTSEXISTINGFVMSANDDISCLOSURESCONFORMTOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHISNEWSTANDARDMANYFVMSRESULTFROMAPPROXIMATIONS,RATHERTHANEXACTMEASURES,ANDINVOLVENUMEROUSESTIMATES,CLASSICATIONS,JUDGMENTS,ANDALLOCATIONSPCAOB2004,1THEAUDITOFT
37、HESEMEASUREMENTSISINTENDEDTOENHANCETHEIRRELIABILITYBYREDUCINGMEASURERANDMEASUREMENTBIASCARMICHAEL2004DIRECTVERICATIONOFACCOUNTINGMEASURESBYAUDITORSEG,SUBSTANTIATIONOFTHEFAIRVALUEOFASHAREOFSTOCKONTHEBALANCESHEETDATETENDSTOMINIMIZEBOTHMEASURERANDMEASUREMENTBIASMANYFVMS,HOWEVER,RELYONVALUATIONTECHNIQUE
38、SEG,THEVALUEOFEMPLOYEESTOCKOPTIONSTHATINCORPORATEINPUTSANDOUTCOMESTHATCANNOTBEDIRECTLYVERIED,SOTHEAUDITORISFACEDWITHEXERCISINGDUECARE,INCLUDINGTHEUSEOFPROFESSIONALSKEPTICISM,TOENSURETHATBIASDOESNOTMATERIALLYAFFECTFVMSBASEDONVALUATIONTECHNIQUES8CARMICHAEL2004SOURCEROGERDMARTIN,JAYSRICH,TJEFFREYWILKSA
39、UDITINGFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTSASYNTHESISOFRELEVANTRESEARCHJACCOUNTINGHORIZONS,SEPTEMBER2006,VOL20,NO3PP2873039译文公允价值计量审计相关调查的综合摘要为了促进PCAOB的审计项目公允价值计量FVMS,我们综合有关的学术文献为审计师的未来的研究方向以及学者关注的审计公允价值计量提供的见解、结论。我们从两个方面组织我们的观点需要强调的是审计师对FVMS准备和用以核实和证明FVMS的审计步骤和必要程序的了解,包括对审计FVMS存在所固有的潜在认识偏差的意识。起初,提到判断和帮助决策类的文献,我们强
40、调一些在编制和审计FVMS中潜在的偏差和数量限制。此外,我们注意到,有效审计FVMS的必要的专门评估知识对审计人员来说是很难取得和维持的。引言审计会计学会(AAA)为促进审计准则的发展,并告知审计标准制定者的学术研究见解,已决定为公众公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)建立一个系列综合文学。本文综合并讨论了学术研究的意义,应该对越来越多地从事复杂的公允价值计量的审计师,标准制定者和(以下简称FVMS)审计的学者(CARMICHAEL和HOLSTRUM2005年)有所帮助。最近的金融会计准则委员会(FASB)征求意见稿公允价值计量强调了能更广泛地接受和应用一致的FVMS的财务报表(FASB2004B
41、)。该征求意见稿,以及在目前的审计报表审计准则(SAS)的第101号指导下,审计公允价值计量和披露(八月二日328号,美国注册会计师协会2003年A),也凸显出允许和审计公允价值计量的主观投入和必要假设。随着越来越多的资产和负债按公允价值计量,审计师和审计标准的制定者测量必须明白,不仅决定模型的输入的估值模型和管理流程,而且在应用模型、确定市场的投入、作出假设时管理层的潜在的偏见和可能的错误。审计人员和标准制订者也需要了解在审计FVMS在财务报表中确认时审计师的偏见和错误的可能来源。我们对我们先前的研究综合分析,得这两点(1)审计师的需要了解FVMS准备,包括对审计FVMS存在所固有的潜在阴谋
42、和偏差的意识;(2)核实和证明FVMS的必要的审计步骤和程序,包括对在审计FVMS固有的潜在的偏见的认识。我们最先着眼于FVMS的产生,因为我们相信,在没有对审计的基本估价方法和评估FVMS的投入有谨10慎透彻的了解的情况下,审计人员不能审计FVMS。虽然大量的学术和商业学科致力于估价和评估,审计师从以前的案例上可以学到的非常少。我们再重点研究有关的核查和认证FVMS程序,即使直接研究很少探讨了FVMS审计。但缺乏这方面的研究是相当令人惊讶的,因为对FVMS趋势的已经三十多年的认可(巴列夫和哈达德2004年)和大量的对FVMS在资本市场变数的影响(见简要回顾AAA级汽联2005)。我们整个论文
43、中提出关于审计FVMS的潜在研究主题的建议。一个相当大的研究机构共同探讨了公允价值的估计(例如,AAA级汽联1998,2000,2005)的相关性和可靠性,一般认为基于活跃市场,与股价相关的衍生的投入的FVMS比稀疏交易市场或实体(AAA级汽联2005年)具体的投入更可靠。尽管这一研究对于信息财务报告准则制定者(参见,霍尔索森和WATTS2001年)来说具有一定的信息,但它不直接说出那些更关心FVMS变动而不是关联性或者股价的审计师所面临的问题(卡迈克尔2004麦恩斯和WAHLEN2005年)。因此,我们更关注审计准则中正式实用的指南,也着重在心理学和经济学以及学术研究,其中可能涉及到FVMS
44、的审计。这份研究报告中讨论的主题并不单单适用于审计FVMS,例如,许多相同的挑战的生活时所面临的审计师审计会计估计(如资产减值可疑,津贴的帐户,贷款损失准备金,估计折旧等)。但是,FASB的愿望,为更广泛的接受和应用FVMS,导致更高比例的审计工作直接针对FVMS。此外,审计人员闲谈报告关注新公允价值计量的复杂性(如科普兰2005年37)。因此,尽管审计师在未来面临的审计估价的挑战,并非只在FVMS的审计(巴特2006年),相对重要性和复杂性,预计将使审计工作增加。我们认为,公允价值计量应用增加的使用频率和复杂性,是对审计师的一个挑战。因此,在FVMS越来越广泛的被接受,我们应该确定在当前们相
45、信应该是准则制定者、从业人员和研究人员考虑决定的审计指导中反映的主题。我们先前的综合研究表明一系列FVMS对重要的问题涉及到审计师对公允价值计量怎么做的理解。FVMS经常综合市场交换反映的前瞻性信息以及对判断这些投入到公司的具体条件的适用性(例如,数量和时间的现金流量)。未来事件和条件不能有把握地预测,所以始终要包含判断的元素。由于大多数审计人员,在很少受过评估的训练,专家往往需要审计FVMS。重要的是,在今天的审计中11审计队伍的结构的可能有各方面限制企业利用专家知识。决策者和公司内部的研究人员,需要设法解决这问题,现有的审计队伍结构和激励措施可能不和审计兼容,需要更多的更专业的评估知识(维
46、拉敏穆兹等2006年)。除了那些缺乏关于审计师对FVMS的准备专业知识,审计师应该清楚还有一些错误和偏差可能影响编制的估值判断。例如,审计人员应该意识到,在FVMS估算过程中,审计师也可能过分相信来自这些用来估计的计量信息(斯洛维克1982年戴维斯等人;1994PAESE和SNIEZEK1991年)。因此,审计师可能没考虑到其他可能的情况、有关资料或估值的可能性。以前的研究也证明相当不一致和个人进行预测时出现错误(例如,道斯1971年)。即使在使用统计数据,或用来分析数据的机械手段,有正面的证明文献表明,决策者可能有意无意地偏向他们喜欢的方向的估计(例如,群达1990年威尔克斯2002KADO
47、US等,2003)。我们的研究也表明一些有关审计FVMS重要问题。其中突出问题是审计师对FVMS估算的内部控制程序的依赖。巴雷和哈达德(2004)认为,FVMS估算的内部控制程序必须和特殊交易不同。审计人员必须确保FVMS管制措施是适当的,尤其是在2004年分离到的职责(巴雷和哈达德)。虽然编制有可能深受偏见和其他动机的推理效果如上所述的害处,审计FVMS时,审计师也必须警惕自己的偏见。例如,审计人员必须要小心,不要简单地寻找证据,证实管理层的说法,即使当前审计指导规定那个特定办法(例如,AUSEC33235,美国注册会计师协会2000年)。如果这是所有审计人员的追求,找到这样的证据是太容易。
48、相反,审计师还必须考虑的证据表明,可能证明管理层的断言不成立。以前的研究虽然没有直接检查审计FVMS这个有关问题,以前的研究曾大体研究过这个问题,并提出避免偏见和在审计设置中的其他审计动机的推理效果(如1992年,昆斯肯尼迪1995年安德森和昆斯1998年)。最后,审计人员必须能够确定在审计FVM过程中的关键假设和投入。缺乏现有的关于重大假设的指导建议,审计标准的制定者可能需要指定原则,以确定这些假设。确定关键的假设和检验其合理性,是审计师对FVMS审计的主要关心的。在本文下一节中,我们简要回顾了FASB的征求意见稿对FVMS和SAS第101号(AUSEC328,美国注册会计师协会2003年A
49、。这样做,我们描述了审计人员的责任,我们主要参考我国整个综合的学术文献。在其后的两个部分,像前12面描述的一样,我们沿着合成编制和审计FVMS的范围。最后,我们初步的总结和审核标准制定者、实践者、研究者、教育工作者和审计所涉问题的结论和讨论。公允价值报告和审计标准FASB的征求意见稿,公允价值计量财务会计准则委员会对FVMS征求意见稿发布于2004年6月。经过对意见函审核,财务会计准则委员会修改了征求意见稿,目前预计在2006年最后发行。对拟议的标准(财务会计准则委员会2005年)工作草案包括以下四个重要组成部分,其中与财务会计准则委员会对原来的征求意见稿注释的总结大纲有些许不同(AAA级汽联2005年)1公允价值被定义为自愿、有能力、熟悉情况和独立的市场参与者之间在参考市场为收到资产或支付转移负债的价格。2三种估值方法,并指明估计公允价值市场法,收入法或成本法。不管方式,利用市场的投入最大限度地投入使用,而应尽量减少对实体的使用。3投入层次被建立使用确定在公允价值估计上。草案确定了五个工作投入水平第一层次的投入是市场反映报价相同资产或负债在活跃市场价格的投入。第二层次市场的投入是反映引述不活跃的市场,相同资产或负债的价格,或引用类似资产或负债的所有市场中的不同加以调整价格的投