1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目CANAUDITCOMMITTEESDELIVER外文出处CAMAGAZINE,SEP2010外文作者JEANBEDARDANDYVESGENDRON原文CANAUDITCOMMITTEESDELIVERINTHEQUESTTOSTRENGTHENTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGSYSTEM,ITSBEENQUESTIONEDWHETHERTHEYMEETEXPECTATIONS。THEACCOUNTINGSCANDALSOFTHEPASTDECADEHAVEPUTTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEATTHEFOREFRONTOFTHEBATTLE
2、AGAINSTFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGREGULATIONSREGARDINGAUDITCOMMITTEECOMPOSITIONANDRESPONSIBILITYHAVEBEENENACTEDTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFFINANCIALINFORMATIONANDSTRENGTHENINVESTORCONFIDENCEINTHEQUALITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDFINANCIALMARKETSAUDITCOMMITTEESHAVEBEENAROUNDFORMORETHAN40YEARS,WITHCANADAAFORERU
3、NNERWITHTHEONTARIOBUSINESSCORPORATIONACTREQUIRINGTHEMIN1970INRESPONSETOCORPORATESCANDALS,VARIOUSSTAKEHOLDERGROUPSHAVEMADERECOMMENDATIONSANDPROPOSEDREGULATIONSTOEXTENDTHEIRROLEANDRESPONSIBILITIESANDSTRENGTHENTHEIREFFECTIVENESSHOWEVER,QUESTIONSHAVEBEENRAISEDREGARDINGTHEEXTENTTOWHICHAUDITCOMMITTEESACTU
4、ALLYMEETEXPECTATIONSSURROUNDINGTHEIRROLEASAKEYCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMARECENTARTICLEINTHEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAUDITING,WHICHREVIEWSRESEARCHONAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSPUBLISHEDINACADEMICJOURNALSFROM1994TO2008,SHEDSLIGHTONTHEMATTERAUDITCOMMITTEECHARACTERISTICSRELATEDTOCOMPOSITION,AUTHORITY,RESO
5、URCESANDPROCESSESMAYIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFINFORMATIONDIRECTLYBYOVERSEEINGTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGPROCESSANDINDIRECTLYTHROUGHTHEOVERSIGHTOFINTERNALCONTROLANDEXTERNALAUDITINGINTHEEND,BETTERINFORMATIONQUALITYASWELLASSTRENGTHENEDCONTROLSMAYRESULTININVESTORSBEINGMORECONFIDENTABOUTTHEQUALITYOFFINANCIALREPORTING
6、ANDTHEFUNCTIONINGOFFINANCIALMARKETSRESEARCHERSHAVEUSEDVARIOUSINDICATORSTOMEASUREAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESS,INCLUDINGFINANCIALREPORTINGQUALITYMEASURESEG,FRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGANDRESTATEMENTSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSEXTERNALAUDITQUALITYMEASURESEG,INDUSTRYSPECIALIZATIONOFTHEAUDITORANDAUDITORINDEPEND
7、ENCEINTERNALCONTROLINVOLVEMENTANDINVESTORPERCEPTIONSWEEXAMINETHREESUBCHARACTERISTICSOFAUDITCOMMITTEESSUBJECTTOREGULATIONBYTHECANADIANSECURITIESADMINISTRATORSINDEPENDENCE,COMPETENCIESANDNUMBEROFMEMBERSINDEPENDENCEANDCOMPETENCIESAREPARTOFTHECOMPOSITIONCATEGORYWHILETHENUMBEROFMEMBERSISPARTOFTHECOMMITTE
8、ESRESOURCESFOREACH,BESTPRACTICESPROPOSEDBYREGULATORSANDQUASIREGULATORSAREDESCRIBEDANDEVIDENCEREGARDINGEFFECTIVENESSISPROVIDEDBECAUSEOFAUDITCOMMITTEESOVERSIGHTROLE,INDEPENDENCEISCONSIDEREDANESSENTIALQUALITYRESEARCHGENERALLYSUPPORTSTHEREGULATIVETRENDTOWARDGREATERAUDITCOMMITTEESINDEPENDENCESPECIFICALLY
9、,83STUDIESHAVEINVESTIGATEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDEPENDENCEANDAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESE,57FOUNDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONANDONLY1ANEGATIVEASSOCIATIONRESEARCHRESULTSALSOPROVIDEEVIDENCEREGARDINGTHENATUREOFTHERELATIONSHIPTHATMAYAFFECTINDEPENDENCEASWELLASTHEPROPORTIONOFMEMBERSWHOSHOULDBEINDEPENDENTM
10、EMBERSINDEPENDENCEISDEFINEDASTHEABSENCEOFRELATIONSHIPSTHATMAYINTERFEREWITHTHEEXERCISEOFTHEIRINDEPENDENCEFROMMANAGEMENTANDTHECOMPANYSUCHRELATIONSHIPSARELABELEDMATERIALRELATIONSHIPSBYREGULATORSTHREEMAINCATEGORIESOFRELATIONSHIPSAREIDENTIFIEDINREGULATORYLITERATUREEMPLOYMENT,FAMILYANDBUSINESSRELATIONSHIP
11、SINTHEPASTRECOMMENDATIONSANDREGULATIONSDEFINEDINDEPENDENCEINTERMSOFTHEABSENCEOFEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIPSTODAYREGULATORYEMPHASISISONALLTHREETYPESOFRELATIONSHIPS“WHILE64OF25STUDIESDEFININGINDEPENDENCEINTERMSOFTHEABSENCEOFRELATIONSHIPSIE,NONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSFINDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONWITHEFFECTIVENESS,ONLY
12、51OF51STUDIESDEFININGINDEPENDENCEINAMORECONSTRAINEDWAYNONRELATEDDIRECTORSFINDSUCHARELATIONSHIPTHEREFORE,THERESEARCHDOESNOTPROVIDECLEARSUPPORTFORTHETIGHTERRESTRICTIONSCURRENTLYRECOMMENDEDASFORTHENATUREOFTHERELATIONSHIPS,THEREQUIREDPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTMEMBERSHASEVOLVEDOVERTIMEINITIALLY,REGULATORSRE
13、QUIREDAMAJORITYOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSEG,THECANADABUSINESSCORPORATIONACTOF1970TODAY,THETENDENCYISTOREQUIREALLMEMBERSOFTHEAUDITCOMMITTEESTOBEINDEPENDENTINCANADA,MI52110HASSUCHAREQUIREMENTEXCEPTFORSMALLERISSUERSTSXVENTUREFIRMSAREONLYREQUIREDTOHAVEAMAJORITYOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSOVERALL,WITH56OF41STUDIES
14、FINDINGAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTMEMBERSANDAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESS,RESEARCHRESULTSSUGGESTTHATAGREATERPROPORTIONOFINDEPENDENTMEMBERSCANIMPROVEEFFECTIVENESSINTHESAMEVEIN,RESULTSFROMSTUDIESEXAMININGATHRESHOLDMAJORITYOR100SUGGESTTHATAUDITCOMMITTEESCOMPOSEDONLYOFINDEPENDENT
15、DIRECTORSAREMOREEFFECTIVETHANTHOSECOMPOSEDOFAMAJORITYOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSOVERALL,RESEARCHRESULTSSUPPORTREGULATORSEXPECTATIONTHATINDEPENDENCECANENHANCEAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSTHEYALSOPOINTTOISSUESOFREGULATIONANDBESTPRACTICESFIRST,GIVENTHEBENEFITSTHATAUDITCOMMITTEESCOMPOSEDONLYOFINDEPENDENTDIRECT
16、ORSCANENGENDER,CANADIANREGULATORSNEEDTOREEVALUATETHEAPPROPRIATENESSOFTHEIRDECISIONTOEXEMPTSMALLERISSUERSFROMTHEINDEPENDENCEREQUIREMENTSECOND,TWOSTUDIESFINDTHATGRANTINGSTOCKOPTIONSTOAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSISNEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHFINANCIALREPORTINGQUALITY,SUGGESTINGTHATSTOCKOPTIONSMAYCREATEINCENTIVEST
17、HATCONFLICTWITHCOMMITTEEMEMBERSRESPONSIBILITIESREGARDINGTHEQUALITYOFINFORMATIONOFCOURSE,INDEPENDENCEISMORETHANTHEABSENCEOFAPPARENTCONFLICTSINDEPENDENCEISALSOABOUTATTITUDEANDHUMANBEHAVIOUR,WHICHARECHALLENGINGTOREGULATETHEINDEPENDENCEOFTHEAUDITORSPARTLYINFLUENCEDBYSELFINTERESTTHREATTHETHREATTHATAMEMBE
18、RWILLACTINAMANNERTHATISADVERSETOTHEINTERESTSOFHISORHERFIRM,EMPLOYER,CLIENTORTHEPUBLIC,ASARESULTOFTHEMEMBERORHISORHERCLOSEFAMILYMEMBERSFINANCIALINTERESTINOROTHERRELATIONSHIPWITHACLIENTORTHEEMPLOYEREVALUATINGTHESIGNIFICANCEOFATHREATTHEEXISTENCEOFATHREATDOESNOTNECESSARILYMEANNONCOMPLIANCEWITHTHERULESME
19、MBERSSHOULDEVALUATEATHREATSSIGNIFICANCEBYCONSIDERINGWHETHERAREASONABLEANDINFORMEDTHIRDPARTY,WEIGHINGALLQUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVEFACTSANDCIRCUMSTANCES,WOULDLIKELYCONCLUDETHATTHETHREATWOULDCOMPROMISETHEMEMBERSCOMPLIANCEWITHTHERULESIFTHISEVALUATIONFINDSTHATTHETHREATWOULDNOTCOMPROMISEAMEMBERSCOMPLIANCE
20、,THETHREATISATANACCEPTABLELEVEL,REQUIRINGNOFURTHEREVALUATIONUNDERTHEGUIDEIFTHEEVALUATIONFINDSTHETHREATATANUNACCEPTABLELEVEL,THEMEMBERSHOULDIDENTIFYANDAPPLYAPPROPRIATESAFEGUARDSIDENTIFYINGANDAPPLYINGSAFEGUARDSREQUIREDORPROHIBITEDACTIONSANDCONTROLMEASURESCANSERVEASSAFEGUARDSTOELIMINATEORREDUCETHREATST
21、OACCEPTABLELEVELSTHEPROFESSION,LEGISLATIONANDPUBLICREGULATIONSCREATESOMESAFEGUARDSFORALLMEMBERSEMPLOYERSIMPLEMENTOTHERSAFEGUARDSINTHESPECIFICWORKENVIRONMENTMEMBERSINPUBLICPRACTICEALSOMAYCONSIDERTHEIRCLIENTSSAFEGUARDSWHENEVALUATINGTHESIGNIFICANCEOFATHREATMEMBERSCOMPETENCIESEVERYAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERMU
22、STBEFINANCIALLYLITERATEMI52110CONTEMPORARYBESTPRACTICESANDREGULATIONSRECOMMENDORREQUIRETHATAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSSHOULDPOSSESSACERTAINLEVELOFFINANCIALCOMPETENCIESTWOLEVELSGENERALLYEMPHASIZEDINCLUDELITERACYANDEXPERTISEFINANCIALLITERACYISTHE“ABILITYTOREADANDUNDERSTANDASETOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHATPRESEN
23、TABREADTHANDLEVELOFCOMPLEXITYOFACCOUNTINGISSUESTHATAREGENERALLYCOMPARABLETOTHEBREADTHANDCOMPLEXITYOFTHEISSUESTHATCANREASONABLYBEEXPECTEDTOBERAISEDBYTHEISSUERSFINANCIALSTATEMENTS“DIRECTORSABILITYTOASKANDEVALUATEANSWERSTOPROBINGQUESTIONSONFINANCIALRISKSANDACCOUNTINGREQUIRESFINANCIALLITERACYANAUDITCOMM
24、ITTEEMEMBERHASFINANCIALEXPERTISEIFHEORSHEHASTHEFOLLOWINGATTRIBUTES“ANUNDERSTANDINGOFGENERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESANDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSEXPERIENCEAPPLYINGSUCHGENERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESINCONNECTIONWITHTHEACCOUNTINGFORESTIMATES,ACCRUALSANDRESERVESTHATAREGENERALLYCOMPARABLETOTHEESTIMA
25、TES,ACCRUALSANDRESERVES,IFANY,USEDINTHEREGISTRANTSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSEXPERIENCEPREPARINGORAUDITINGFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHATPRESENTACCOUNTINGISSUESTHATAREGENERALLYCOMPARABLETOTHOSERAISEDBYTHEREGISTRANTSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSEXPERIENCEWITHINTERNALCONTROLSANDPROCEDURESFORFINANCIALREPORTINGANDANUNDERSTANDING
26、OFAUDITCOMMITTEEFUNCTIONSWHILETHEREISREGULATORYCONSENSUSCONCERNINGTHENEEDFORFINANCIALLITERACY,REGULATORYREQUIREMENTSREGARDINGFINANCIALEXPERTISEVARYFROMONEJURISDICTIONTOANOTHERTHENYSEANDNASDAQHAVELISTINGREQUIREMENTSDEMANDINGTHATEACHAUDITCOMMITTEEHAVEATLEASTONEMEMBERWITHEXPERIENCEINACCOUNTINGORFINANCE
27、,WHILETHEREQUIREMENTFORALLPUBLICLYLISTEDCOMPANIESINTHEUSISTODISCLOSEWHETHERATLEASTONEOFTHEIRAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSISANAUDITCOMMITTEEFINANCIALEXPERT“INCONTRAST,INCANADAONLYREQUIRESPUBLICCOMPANIESTODISCLOSEFOREACHAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERANYEDUCATIONOREXPERIENCETHATMEETSATTRIBUTESONETOFOURINTHEPREVIOUSPARAG
28、RAPHDEFININGWHATCONSTITUTESANAUDITCOMMITTEEFINANCIALEXPERTCAUSEDCONSIDERABLECONTROVERSYINDEVELOPINGSOXREGULATIONSINITSORIGINALPROPOSAL,THESECDEFINEDANAUDITCOMMITTEEFINANCIALEXPERTASAPERSONWITHSTRONGACCOUNTINGCREDENTIALSINRESPONSETOINTENSECRITICISM,THESECBROADENEDTHEDEFINITIONTOINCLUDEFINANCIALANALYS
29、TS,REGULATORSANDCEOSATOTALOF55STUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDTHEIMPACTOFFINANCIALEXPERTISEONAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESE,55FOUNDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONAND7ANEGATIVEASSOCIATIONFIGURE2,P51SIMILARTOTHEINDEPENDENCECHARACTERISTIC,AUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSFINANCIALEXPERTISEISFREQUENTLYPOSITIVELYASSOCITEDWITHEFFECTIVEN
30、ESS,THEREBYSUPPORTINGTHEREGULATORYREQUIREMENTFORFINANCIALEXPERTSONAUDITCOMMITTEESHOWEVER,SOMESTUDIESSHOWANEGATIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENFINANCIALEXPERTISEANDAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSFOREXAMPLE,DEZOORTETAL“FINDTHATCOMMITTEEMEMBERSWHOARECPASARELESSLIKELYTOSUPPORTTHEAUDITORSPOSITIONFORAPROPOSEDAUDITADJUST
31、MENTTHERESEARCHSTUDIESALSOPROVIDERESULTSRELEVANTTOTHECONTROVERSYREGARDINGTHEDEFINITIONOFFINANCIALEXPERTISEOFTHE39STUDIESTHATADOPTAMORERESTRICTIVEVIEWOFFINANCIALEXPERTISE,57FINDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONWITHEFFECTIVENESSWHILE50OFTHE16STUDIESADOPTINGABROADERVIEWINWHICHCEOEXPERTISEISTAKENINTOACCOUNTFINDAPOSI
32、TIVERELATIONSHIPALTHOUGHTHESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATNOTCONSIDERINGCEOSASFINANCIALEXPERTSISSLIGHTLYBETTER,THEYDONOTPROVIDESTRONGEVIDENCETHATHAVINGCEOSONAUDITCOMMITTEESISLIKELYTOBEDETRIMENTALINTERMSOFEFFECTIVENESSWHILETHEPRESENCEOFAFINANCIALEXPERTISNOTMANDATEDBYCANADIANREGULATION,RESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATHAVING
33、MEMBERSWITHFINANCIALEXPERTISECANENHANCEAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSGIVENTHESERESULTS,OURRECOMMENDATIONWOULDBETHATCOMPANIESNOMINATESUCHMEMBERSONTHEIRAUDITCOMMITTEEANDTHATREGULATORSREASSESSTHEIRDECISIONNOTTOMANDATETHEPRESENCEOFATLEASTONEFINANCIALEXPERTONAUDITCOMMITTEESNUMBEROFAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSANAUD
34、ITCOMMITTEEMUSTBECOMPOSEDOFAMINIMUMOFTHREEMEMBERSTHENUMBEROFDIRECTORSAPPOINTEDONTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEISOFTENPERCEIVEDASANIMPORTANTFACTORTHATINFLUENCESITSEFFECTIVENESSFOREXAMPLE,MI52110STIPULATESTHATAUDITCOMMITTEESSHOULDBECOMPRISEDOFATLEASTTHREEMEMBERSTOENSUREAPPROPRIATEMONITORINGTHROUGHDIVERSITYOFEXPERT
35、ISEOUTOFTHE27STUDIESTHATEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFSIZENUMBEROFMEMBERS,MINIMUMOFTHREEMEMBERSONEFFECTIVENESS,ONLY22FINDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONWITHEFFECTIVENESSFIGURE3,P51AND19FINDANEGATIVEASSOCIATION,SUGGESTINGTHATTHEBENEFITSOFADDITIONALMEMBERSNEEDTOBEWEIGHEDAGAINSTTHEINCREMENTALCOSTSOFPOORERCOMMUNICATION,COORDI
36、NATION,INVOLVEMENTANDDECISIONMAKINGASSOCIATEDWITHLARGERGROUPSFOURSTUDIESEXAMINETHEMINIMUMREQUIREMENTOFTHREEMEMBERSANDNONEOFTHEMSHOWSASIGNIFICANTASSOCIATIONWITHEFFECTIVENESSTHUS,CONTRARYTOTHEASSUMPTIONUPONWHICHAUDITCOMMITTEEREGULATIONISPREDICATEDINCANADAANDMANYCOUNTRIES,SIZEDOESNOTSEEMTOBEANIMPORTANT
37、DETERMINANTOFEFFECTIVENESSCONCLUSIONSOURREVIEWSHOWSTHATTHEVARIOUSCHARACTERISTICSOFAUDITCOMMITTEESDONOTHAVETHESAMEEFFECTIVENESSWHILEMEMBERSINDEPENDENCEANDCOMPETENCIESAREGENERALLYPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHEFFECTIVENESS,THERELATIONSHIPWITHEFFECTIVENESSISLESSOBVIOUSFORTHESIZEOFTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEREGULATORSC
38、ANUSETHESERESULTSINREEVALUATINGTHEIRREGULATIONREGARDINGWHICHOFTHESECHARACTERISTICSSHOULDBEMANDATORYANDWHICHSHOULDBEWAIVEDFORSMALLERISSUERSNONETHELESS,ITISWORTHSTRESSINGTHATREGULATORSANDPRACTITIONERSSHOULDBECAREFULWHENINTERPRETINGTHERESULTSOFOURANALYSESFORCANADAOFTHESTUDIESREVIEWED,59FOCUSONUSPUBLICC
39、OMPANIESWHILEONLY6INVESTIGATECANADIANFIRMSAUDITCOMMITTEEEFFECTIVENESSMAYVARYWITHCONCENTRATIONOFOWNERSHIP,ENFORCEMENTLEVELANDEXPOSURETOLAWSUITSASSUGGESTEDINTHECHARTONP50,ANIMPLICITASSUMPTIONBEHINDTHECOMPOSITIONANDRESOURCEREQUIREMENTSISTHATTHROUGHSOMEPROCESSES,MEMBERSWILLBECOLLECTIVELYABLETOACCOMPLISH
40、THEIRMONITORINGTASKITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTHATRESEARCHERSALSOEXAMINETHEPROCESSDYNAMICSSURROUNDINGAUDITCOMMITTEESHOWEVER,VERYFEWSTUDIESHAVEEXAMINEDTHEDYNAMICSTAKINGPLACEINSIDEANDOUTSIDEAUDITCOMMITTEEMEETINGSSUCHRESEARCHREQUIRESACCESSTOAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSANDOTHERPARTICIPANTSIMPORTANTLY,PRACTITIONERSN
41、EEDTOBECOLLABORATIVEWITHACADEMIAIFTHISTYPEOFSOCIALLYRELEVANTRESEARCHISTOBECOMEMORECOMMONTHANITISTODAYSOURCECAMAGAZINE,SEP2010译文审计委员会能交付在加强财务报告系统的探索中，能否达到预期的目标已经成为了一个问题。过去十年的会计丑闻把审计委员会推到对抗虚假财务报告的最前列。审计委员会已制定规则和责任来提高财务信息质量,增强投资者对财务报告质量和金融市场的信心。从1970年，加拿大安大略省公司法的提出，审计委员会已流传了超过40年的时间,。针对企业丑闻,各种利益相关者提出法规
42、建议来延长他们的地位和职责,加强其有效性。然而,问题已经上升到将实际上的审计委员会角色所达到周围期望值的程度作为一项重要的公司治理机制。国际医学期刊最近的一篇文章,研究了从1994年到2008年间审计委员会在学术刊物上发表的有效的、有亮点的意见。审计委员会有关组成、权威、资源和过程的质量信息可以通过监督财务报告过程和间接透过内部控制和外部审计来直接改善。最后,更好的信息质量同时加强控制可能会使投资者对财务报告质量和金融市场的功能更有信心。研究人员使用各种指标来衡量审计委员会效果,包括财务报告的质量度量如虚假财务报告和财务报表的重述外部审计质量度量专业的审计师和审计师的独立性；内部控制的参与以及
43、投资者的看法。我们检查加拿大证券监督管理人员所管理的审计委员会有三点独立、能力和数量的成员。独立和能力组成类别而会员人数是委员会的资源。对每个人来说，由监管机构提出的最佳实践其准确性已描述，有关有效性的证据也已提供。因为审计委员会的监督角色，独立被认为是一种基本素质。研究普遍支持走向更大的审计委员会的独立性调控的趋势。具体地说,83研究调查了独立性和审计委员会有效性的关系。其中,57的人发现了是正相关的,只有1的负相关的。研究结果还提供证据对于关系的性质,可能会影响到独立。议员的独立性是指与可能会干扰他们的管理层和公司独立性没有关系。这种关系被标为监管机构重大关系。它们是三大类调节器就业、家庭
44、和商业的关系。过去的建议和法规界定的雇佣关系方面缺乏独立性。监管重点是三种关系。而25项研究中64的定义没有独立性关系与效力正相关，51个研究中只有51定义研究更独立定义约束方式找到一个这样的关系。因此,这项研究没有对目前推荐更严格的限制提供清楚的支持。至于性质的关系,要求独立的成员比例日趋扩大化。最初,监管机构要求大多数董事独立。今天的趋势是要求审计委员会的所有成员都是独立的。在加拿大,TSX风险公司只需要将独立董事的占多数。整体而言，56的研究发现41间的独立成员和审计委员会的作用所占的比例正相关，研究结果表明，独立议员比例更大可以提高效率。总的来说,56为例研究之间的关联找到一个积极的比
45、例和审计委员会成员独立效果,研究结果表明,大量的独立的成员可以提高效率。同样，从检查的研究结果表明，只有由独立董事组成的审计委员会比一个超过多数独立董事组成的效益更好。总体而言，研究结果支持了监管机构“独立审计委员会的效率可以提高”的这一期望。他们也指出问题的调节和最好的实践经验。首先，给予审计委员会发放只由独立董事所产生的福利,加拿大监管机构需重新评估免除较小的发行人独立性要求的决定其是否适当。第二,两项研究发现给予股期权审计委员会成员与财务报告质量负相关,这表明股票期权激励机制可能与委员会成员的职责有关的信息质量产生冲突。当然，独立比有明显冲突的情况要多，独立也是关于人的态度和行为，这是具
46、有挑战性的监管。审计独立性主要受到个人利益的威胁。即由家庭成员的经济利益或与客户或其他雇主的关系导致的员工做出对其公司或者客户、公众有害举动的威胁。评估威胁的意义威胁的存在并不意味着必定不遵守规则成员应考虑知情第三方是否合理来评价威胁的重要性，权衡所有的定量和定性的事实和情况，可能会得出这样的结论会员遵守规则，威胁也会妥协。如果这个评估发现的威胁不会损害成员的遵守情况,该威胁是在可接受的水平，则无需指导进一步评估。如果评估认为该威胁达到不可接受的程度，该成员应该申请并采取适当的安全防卫。鉴别及申请安全防卫规定或禁止行动以及控制措施可以作为安全防卫措施，来消除或减轻威胁至可接受的水平行业、法律和
47、公共法规为所有成员创造了一些安全保障。雇主在特定工作环境下实施其他的安全防卫。执业会员也可考虑其客户的安全保障，评估威胁的意义。成员的能力当代最好的实践和规定建议或要求，审计委员会成员应具备一定水平的金融能力,包括普遍强调的文化和专业知识两个层次。金融知识是“能够阅读和理解在目前会计问题的复杂程度与一般可比的广度下，合理地预计将发行人的财务提出问题的财务报表声明的能力”。“董事”要求具有回答对金融风险评估问题而会计探索问题需要财务知识的能力。审计委员会成员拥有财务专业知识需具备以下几点了解公认会计准则和财务报表。采用类似的公认会计准则有关的会计估计经验,保留其优点和不足之处,如果有的话,用于注
48、册人的财务报表。通常由财务报表注册人所提出的审计财务报表编制、会计处理问题,方面的经验。拥有内部控制和在财务报告程序方面的经验理解审计委员会的功能。虽然对有关监管的金融知识的需要有共识，但对金融专业知识的监管要求因司法管辖区而异。纽约证交所和纳斯达克的上市要求有要求每个审计委员会至少有一名具有会计或财务经验的成员，而在美国所有上市公司的要求是，披露至少有其审核委员会成员之一，是审计相比之下委员会财务专家。相反的，在加拿大只要求上市公司披露各审核委员会成员的任何教育或体验，满足前面段落一至四个条件。在发展中国家SOX法案在定义审计委员会财务专家如何构成时引起了相当大的争议，在其原始的提案中证交会
49、作为一个有强烈的会计凭据人定义了一个审计委员会金融专家。在其原始提案中，美国证券交易委员会将审计委员会的财务专家定义为一个会计知识很强大的人。为回应强烈批评，美国证券交易委员会的定义扩大到包括金融分析师，监管机构和首席执行官。共有55个研究探讨了金融知识对审计委员会有效性的影响。其中，55找呈正相关，7的负相关。与独立性特点相似，审计委员会成员的财务专业知识与有效性呈正相关，从而支持了关于审计委员会对财务专家的监管要求。然而,也有一些研究表明审计委员会成员的财务专业知识与有效性呈负相关。例如,DEZOORT等人发现委员会成员中的注册会计师不太可能支持审计人员对审计建议的调整。这项研究结果也提供了有关定义金融专业知识的争议的研究。39项金融专业知识更强的研究中，57认为与有效性呈正相关。虽然这些结果表明不把CEO作为财务专家考虑是略好些，他们也不提供强有力的证据证明对审计委员会的CEO们的绩效有可能是有害的。尽管金融专家的存在不是由加拿大监管规定的，但研究表明，有金融专业知识与审计委员会成员可以提高效率。鉴于这些结果，我们建议将公司提名这种对他们的审计委员会的成员和监管机构重新评估他们最终决定不授权审计委员会至少一位金融专家的存在。鉴于这些结果，我们的建议是，公司提名其审核委员会等监管机构的成员，并且重新评估其决定不授权审计委
