外币折算会计简史【外文翻译】.doc

1、1本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目外币报表折算方法分析及中国的选择初探专业会计学外文题目ABRIEFHISTORYOFACCOUNTINGFORTHETRANSLATIONOFFOREIGNCURRENCIES外文出处JOURNALOFMANAGEMENTHISTORY外文作者TODDJACKSON,DORISMCOOK原文ABRIEFHISTORYOFACCOUNTINGFORTHETRANSLATIONOFFOREIGNCURRENCIESACCOUNTINGFORTHETRANSLATIONOFFOREIGNCURRENCYISATOPICTHATHASRECEIVEDAGREATDEA

2、LOFATTENTIONFROMTHEVARIOUSACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTINGBODIESTHISCENTURYTHEATTENTIONGIVENTOTHISTOPICISANATURALRESULTOFTHEPHENOMENALINCREASEININTERNATIONALTRADETHATHASTAKENPLACETRADEAMONGENTERPRISESDOMICILEDINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESCANBETRACEDBACKTOANCIENTTIMESTHEPHOENICIANSAREREMEMBEREDASTHEGREATBARTERERSOFT

3、HEANCIENTWORLDDURINGTHELATTERPARTOFTHEMIDDLEAGES,ENTERPRISINGINDIVIDUALSSAWTHATTHEESTABLISHMENTOFFOREIGNBRANCHESCOULDFACILITATEINTERNATIONALTRADETHEIMPORTANCEOFINTERNATIONALCOMMERCETOTHEECONOMICWELLBEINGOFNATIONSHASINCREASEDEVERSINCEACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNOPERATIONSANDTRANSACTIONSHASTAKENMANYFORMSTHROU

4、GHOUTHISTORYTHISPAPERPRIMARILYDISCUSSESTHEEVOLUTIONOFACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATIONINTHEUSAINTHETWENTIETHCENTURYHOWEVER,SOMEOF2THEEVIDENCEOFFOREIGNCURRENCYACCOUNTINGPRACTICESFROMTHEANCIENTGREEKSTOTHECOLONIALAMERICANSAREDISCUSSEDFIRSTSOMEEARLYFOREIGNCURRENCYACCOUNTINGPRACTICESTHEEXISTENCEOFF

5、OREIGNCURRENCYTRANSACTIONSCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHEEARLIESTCIVILIZATIONKNOWNTOHAVEUSEDCOINEDMONEY,THEANCIENTGREEKSTHEINVENTIONOFCOINEDMONEYISBELIEVEDTOHAVETAKENPLACEINTHISCIVILIZATIONABOUTBC630CHATFIELD,1977,P21ALTHOUGHTHEUSEOFCOINAGESPREADRATHERSLOWLY,INTIMEANUMBEROFTHEGREEKCITYSTATESISSUEDTHEIROWNCOINS

6、THESEGREEKCITYSTATESENGAGEDINTRADEWITHEACHOTHER,THUSRESULTINGINESSENTIALLYFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSACTIONSTHEANCIENTGREEKSOFTENTRANSLATEDTOTHELOCALCOINAGETRANSACTIONSDENOMINATEDINAFOREIGNCOINAGE,BUTTHISTREATMENTWASNOTCONSISTENTLITTLETONANDYAMEY,1956,P21THEYALSOWEREINCLINEDTORECORDQUANTITIESOFCOMMODITIESA

7、NDUNITSOFAFOREIGNCURRENCYINTHEACCOUNTSDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES400TO1400AD,INTERNATIONALTRADEEXPANDEDSIGNIFICANTLYASARESULTOFTHECRUSADESWHICHSTIMULATEDEUROPEANDEMANDFORFOREIGNGOODSTOWARDTHEENDOFTHISPERIODFOREIGNTRADEHADBECOMEQUITEPREVALENTANDTHEESTABLISHMENTOFFOREIGNBUSINESSBRANCHESWASANATURALRESULTINTHED

8、ATINIARCHIVESISABALANCESHEETFORTHEBARCELONABRANCHDATEDJANUARY31,1399,ANDANINCOMESTATEMENTCOVERINGTHEPERIODFROM11JULY1397TO31JANUARY1399THEINCOMESTATEMENTISINTERESTINGBECAUSEITCONTAINSANACCOUNTENTITLEDPRODICAMBIOPROFITSONFOREIGNEXCHANGELITTLETONANDYAMEY,1956,P145THEBARCELONABRANCHKEPTTHEACCOUNTSWITHT

9、HEFOREIGNCORRESPONDENTS,THENOSTROACCOUNTS,INTERMSOFBOTHTHEFOREIGNCURRENCIESANDTHELOCALCURRENCYATAPOINTINTIME,THEEXCHANGEPROFITORLOSSWASCALCULATEDBYTAKINGTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEBALANCESSTATEDINTHEFOREIGNCURRENCIESANDTHEBALANCESSTATEDINTHELOCALCURRENCYLITTLETONANDYAMEY,1956,P1453ASIMILARACCOUNTINGTECH

10、NIQUEWASUSEDBYCOLONIALAMERICANMERCHANTSDURINGTHE15YEARSBETWEEN1795AND1810WHENBUSINESSESWEREMAKINGTHETRANSITIONFROMENGLISHPOUNDSTOUSDOLLARSTHEACCOUNTSOFTHESEMERCHANTSWEREOFTENKEPTINTERMSOFBOTHCURRENCIESLITTLETONANDYAMEY,1956,P287EARLYTWENTIETHCENTURYFOREIGNCURRENCYACCOUNTINGA1900TEXTBOOKBYGEORGELISLE

11、,ANENGLISHCHARTEREDACCOUNTANT,DESCRIBESACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNCURRENCIESATTHATTIMEINENGLANDLISLE,1900LISLEWROTETHATDOMESTICCOMPANIESTHATHAVEBRANCHESINFOREIGNCOUNTRIES“SHOULDCONVERTTHETRANSACTIONSWHICHTAKEPLACEINTHEVARIOUSLOCALCURRENCIESINTOPOUNDSSTERLINGONACORRECTBASIS,WITHTHEVIEWOFTHESETRANSACTIONSBEI

12、NGRECORDEDINTHEHOMEBOOKANDBEINGSUBMITTEDINTHEANNUALABSTRACTOFACCOUNTSTOTHEPROPRIETORSOFTHEBUSINESS”LISLE,1900,P285HENOTEDTHATANUMBEROFERRONEOUSPRINCIPLESWEREBEINGUSEDBYCOMPANIESATTHATTIMEFORCONVERTINGTHEIRFOREIGNTRANSACTIONSACCORDINGTOLISLE,WHENTHETRIALBALANCEOFAFOREIGNBRANCHISSENTHOME,THEFIRSTTHING

13、TOBEDONEISTOCONVERTEACHITEMTOPOUNDSSTERLINGLISLE,1900,P288HESTATEDTHATVARIOUSEXCHANGERATESSHOULDBEUSEDTOTRANSLATETHEITEMSINTHETRIALBALANCEHEESSENTIALLYADVOCATEDWHATLATERCAMETOBEKNOWNASTHEMONETARYNONMONETARYMETHODTHEIMPACTOFTHEFIRSTWORLDWARONFOREIGNCURRENCYACCOUNTINGBEFORETHEFIRSTWORLDWAR,EXCHANGERAT

14、ESWEREFAIRLYSTABLEANDTHEVOLUMEOFTRADEBETWEENUSAANDEUROPEANNATIONSWASNOTSOGREATASTOMAKETHETOPICOFFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATIONAMAJORISSUEINTHEUSAANUMBEROFACCOUNTINGTEXTSWEREWRITTENAFTERLISLESWHICHCONTAINNODISCUSSIONONTHETOPICTHESTABILITYOFEXCHANGERATESPRIORTOTHEFIRSTWORLDWARCANBEATTRIBUTEDLARGELYTOTHEFA

15、CTTHATMOSTNATIONSHADESTABLISHEDAFIXEDRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEIRCURRENCIESANDTHEGOLDSTANDARDROBERTS,1920,P3214ONEOFTHEEFFECTSOFTHEFIRSTWORLDWARWASTOMAKETHESHIPPINGOFGOLDPRACTICALLYIMPOSSIBLEASARESULT,WHENTHEUSAENTEREDTHEWARIN1917,ITCHOSETOGOOFFTHEGOLDSTANDARDGRAY,1983,P261BYTHEENDOFTHEWAR,MOSTOTHERNATI

16、ONSHADALSOGONEOFFTHEGOLDSTANDARDFINNEY,1923,P451HOWEVER,THESTABILITYOFEXCHANGERATESISALSODEPENDENTONASTABLESETOFTRADERELATIONSTHEFIRSTWORLDWARUPSETTHATSTABILITYTHEEUROPEANINDUSTRIESBECAMEDISORGANIZEDANDWEREDESPERATELYINNEEDOFRAWMATERIALSTHATCOULDONLYBEOBTAINEDFROMTHEUSAROBERTSDESCRIBEDTHESITUATIONBY

17、STATINGTHAT“WEHAVESEENTHEEUROPEANEXCHANGESINKINGLOWERANDLOWERFROMMONTHTOMONTH”ROBERTS,1920,P325THEEXCHANGERATEINSTABILITYPROMPTEDRENEWEDINTERESTINACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATIONINTHEUSAIN1921,HAFINNEYWROTETHATACCOUNTANTSWOULDNOW“HAVETOUNDERSTANDTHEPRINCIPLESINVOLVEDINTHEACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNC

18、OMMERCEANDTHECONVERSIONOFFOREIGNBALANCES”FINNEY,1923,P451INHISDISCUSSIONOFTHEAPPROPRIATEMETHODOLOGYFORTRANSLATINGTHEACCOUNTSOFAFOREIGNBRANCH,FINNEYADVOCATEDTHEMONETARYNONMONETARYMETHODTHATWASPRESCRIBEDBYLISLEIN1900FORBALANCESHEETITEMSHOWEVER,FORNOMINALACCOUNTS,HEFELTTHATENDOFTHEPERIODEXCHANGERATESWE

19、REPREFERABLETOAVERAGEEXCHANGERATESFINNEY,1923,P458THEIMPACTOFTHEGREATDEPRESSIONBY1925,MOSTNATIONSHADGONEBACKTOTHEGOLDSTANDARDANDTHEFOREIGNEXCHANGESTABILIZEDGRAY,1983,P261THEWORLDWIDEGREATDEPRESSIONOFTHE1930S,HOWEVER,PROVEDTOBETOOMUCHFORTHEGOLDSTANDARDACCORDINGTOMCCONNELL,EACHNATIONBECAMEAFRAIDTHAT“I

20、TSECONOMICRECOVERYWOULDBEABORTEDBYABALANCEOFPAYMENTSDEFICITWHICHWOULDLEADTOANOUTFLOWOFGOLDANDCONSEQUENTCONTRACTIONARYEFFECTS”MCCONNELL,1981,P855INANATTEMPTTOBOLSTEREXPORTSANDREDUCEIMPORTS,SEVERALNATIONSBEGANTODEVALUETHEIRCURRENCIESINTERMS5OFGOLDMCCONNELL,1981,P855THERESULTOFTHESEDEVALUATIONSWASABREA

21、KDOWNOFTHEGOLDSTANDARDSYSTEMDURINGTHISTIME,THENUMBEROFWRITINGSONFOREIGNCURRENCYACCOUNTINGINCREASEDANEARLYARTICLEBYCECILSASHDOWNDESCRIBEDTHECURRENTNONCURRENTMETHODASHDOWN,1922,P262THEMOSTNOTABLEPUBLICATIONWASARECOMMENDATIONMADEIN1931BYASPECIALCOMMITTEEONACCOUNTINGPROCEDUREOFTHEAMERICANINSTITUTEOFACCO

22、UNTANTSNOWAICPATHATTHECURRENTNONCURRENTMETHODBEUSEDAIA,1931THISWASTHEFIRSTOFFICIALPRONOUNCEMENTONTHESUBJECTINTHEUSATHISMETHODESSENTIALLYINVOLVESTHETRANSLATIONOFCURRENTASSETSANDCURRENTLIABILITIESATENDOFYEAREXCHANGERATESANDNONCURRENTASSETSANDNONCURRENTLIABILITIESATHISTORICALEXCHANGERATESTHENOMINALACCO

23、UNTSWERETOBETRANSLATEDATAVERAGEEXCHANGERATESTHESAMEASMONETARYNONMONETARYMETHODTHECOMMITTEEREITERATEDTHEIRPOSITIONINANOTHERBULLETININ1934AIA,1934FOREIGNCURRENCYPROVISIONSOFARB4THESPECIALCOMMITTEEWASDISBANDEDIN1938ANDTHENEWCOMMITTEEONACCOUNTINGPROCEDURESCAPTOOKOVERINDECEMBER1939,THECAPISSUEDACCOUNTING

24、RESEARCHBULLETINNO4ARB4ENTITLED“FOREIGNOPERATIONSANDFOREIGNEXCHANGE”IN1953,ARB4WASINCORPORATEDINTOARB43ASCHAPTER12AICPA,1953THISBULLETINESSENTIALLYREPEATEDTHESPECIALCOMMITTEESENDORSEMENTOFTHECURRENTNONCURRENTMETHODBUTALSOSTRESSEDTHEDESIRABILITYOFCONSERVATISMWHENREPORTINGFOREIGNEARNINGSANDCONSOLIDATI

25、NGFOREIGNSUBSIDIARIESARB4ALSOREQUIREDTHATBOTHREALIZEDANDUNREALIZEDLOSSESINFOREIGNEXCHANGEBECHARGEDAGAINSTOPERATIONSANDTHATREALIZEDGAINSBECREDITEDTOOPERATIONSAICPA,1953THEBULLETINSTATEDTHATUNREALIZEDGAINSSHOULDONLYBERECOGNIZEDTOTHEEXTENTOFUNREALIZEDLOSSESCHARGEDTOINCOMEINPRIORPERIODSAICPA,19536IMPACT

26、OFTHESECONDWORLDWARWITHTHESTIMULUSOFADDITIONALECONOMICTURMOILCREATEDBYTHESECONDWORLDWAR,LEADERSOFTHEMAJORINDUSTRIALNATIONSSETOUTTOCREATEANECONOMICSYSTEMTHATWOULDNOTBESUSCEPTIBLETOTHERISKOFANOTHERDEPRESSIONONESIGNIFICANTRESULTOFTHEIREFFORTSWASAFIXEDEXCHANGERATESYSTEMESTABLISHEDINACONFERENCEATBRETTONW

27、OODS,NEWHAMPSHIRE,IN1944GORDON,1987,P544FORSOMEYEARS,THEBRETTONWOODSSYSTEMWORKEDWELLBUT,ECONOMICPRESSURESSOONCAMETOBEARAGAINANDNATIONSBEGANTODEPARTFROMTHEAGREEMENTBYDEVALUINGTHEIRCURRENCIESINRELATIONTOTHEUSDOLLARTHERESULTINGINSTABILITYCREATEDNEWINTERESTINFOREIGNCURRENCYACCOUNTINGIN1948,ABHECKER,ANEN

28、GLISHCHARTEREDACCOUNTANT,DESCRIBEDTHEREPORTINGSITUATIONOFTHETIMEASFOLLOWS“INCREASINGCHAOSINFOREIGNCURRENCYRATESMAKESIMPOSSIBLEGENERALRULESFORHANDLINGSTATEMENTSOFFOREIGNSUBSIDIARIES”HECKER,1948THEECONOMICSITUATIONRAISEDMANYQUESTIONSABOUTTHEAPPROPRIATENESSOFTHECURRENTNONCURRENTMETHODONEOFTHECRITICSWAS

29、SAMUELRHEPWORTHWHOISUSUALLYGIVENPRIMARYCREDITFORDEVELOPINGTHEMONETARYNONMONETARYMETHODOFTRANSLATIONHEPWORTH,1956,P8MONETARYASSETSANDLIABILITIESARETHOSEWHICHAREFIXEDINTERMSOFANUMBEROFUNITSOFAFOREIGNCURRENCYNONMONETARYASSETSANDLIABILITIESARENOTSOFIXEDTHECURRENTNONCURRENTMETHOD,HOWEVER,PREVAILEDASTHEON

30、LYACCEPTABLEMETHODUNTILOCTOBER1965WHENTHEACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESBOARDAPBOPINIONNO6,INSUBSTANCE,PERMITTEDTHEUSEOFTHEMONETARYNONMONETARYMETHODTHEOPINIONSTATEDTHATITMIGHTOFTENBEAPPROPRIATETOTRANSLATELONGTERMRECEIVABLESANDLONGTERMPAYABLES,WHICHAREESSENTIALLYMONETARYASSETSANDLIABILITIES,ATCURRENTEXCHANGERAT

31、ESAPB,1965ATTHISTIME,BOTHMETHODSWEREUSEDINPRACTICEANDACCEPTEDBYTHEAUTHORITATIVEBODIESTHEEXCHANGERATEEFFECTSOFTHEVIETNAMWAR7THEPROBLEMSWITHTHEBRETTONWOODSSYSTEMBECAMEMOREACUTEINTHE1960SOWINGTOANACCELERATIONOFINFLATIONINTHEUSA,RELATIVETOTHEINFLATIONRATESOFOTHERCOUNTRIESBECAUSEOFTHEHEAVYSPENDINGBYTHEUS

32、GOVERNMENTONTHEVIETNAMWARANDANEASYMONETARYPOLICYTHISCHANGEINRELATIVEINFLATIONRATESCAUSEDADECLINEINUSEXPORTSANDANINCREASEINUSIMPORTSGORDON,1987,P545THISCHANGEINTRADESTRUCTUREMADEITIMPOSSIBLETOMAINTAINASYSTEMOFFIXEDEXCHANGERATESBETWEENTHEUSAANDOTHERCOUNTRIESBY1971,ITWASCLEARTHATAMOREEQUITABLESYSTEMHAD

33、TOBEDEVISEDTHATYEAR,THESMITHSONIANAGREEMENTWASMADEWHICHESSENTIALLYPUTTHEWORLDINAFLEXIBLEEXCHANGERATESYSTEMBY1973GORDON,1987,P546ACCOUNTINGRESEARCHSTUDYNO12INJUNE1972,THEACCOUNTINGRESEARCHDIVISIONISSUEDACCOUNTINGRESEARCHSTUDYNO12,“REPORTINGFOREIGNOPERATIONSOFUSCOMPANIESINUSDOLLARS”,BYLEONARDLORENSENT

34、HISARSREVIEWEDTHECURRENTNONCURRENTANDMONETARYNONMONETARYMETHODSTHENINPRACTICEINTHEUSA,ASWELLASTHECURRENTRATEMETHODWHICHHADBEENRECOMMENDEDBYSTANDARDSETTINGBODIESINENGLANDANDSCOTLANDLORENSEN,1972,P8THISLATTERMETHODTRANSLATESALLASSETSANDLIABILITIESATTHEEXCHANGERATEEFFECTIVEONTHEBALANCESHEETDATETHEFASBS

35、EFFORTSTOSTANDARDIZEACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATIONTHEFASBSTATEMENTNO8WASONEOFTHEMOSTHEAVILYCRITICIZEDPRONOUNCEMENTSISSUEDBYTHEFASBTHECHIEFOBJECTIONTOTHESTATEMENTWASTHEREQUIREDRECOGNITIONOFALLEXCHANGEGAINSANDLOSSES,WHETHERREALIZEDORNOT,INTHEINCOMESTATEMENTHENCE,IN1981,FASBSTATEMENTNO52,“FORE

36、IGNCURRENCYTRANSLATION”,REPLACEDTHECONTROVERSIALSTATEMENTNO8ITWASADOPTEDBYAFOURTOTHREEVOTETHEPRIMARYCHANGESRELATETOTRANSLATIONOFFOREIGNCURRENCYSTATEMENTSTHEMAJOROBJECTIVESOFSTATEMENTNO52ARETO8PROVIDEINFORMATIONTHATISGENERALLYCOMPATIBLEWITHTHEEXPECTEDECONOMICEFFECTSOFARATECHANGEONANENTERPRISESCASHFLO

37、WSANDEQUITYANDREFLECTINCONSOLIDATEDSTATEMENTSTHEFINANCIALRESULTSANDRELATIONSHIPSOFTHEINDIVIDUALCONSOLIDATEDENTITIESASMEASUREDINTHEIRFUNCTIONALCURRENCIESINCONFORMITYWITHUSAGENERALLYACCEPTEDACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESFASB,1981CONCLUSIONPROBLEMSINACCOUNTINGFORTHETRANSLATIONOFFOREIGNCURRENCIESAREASOLDASMONEYIT

38、SELF,BUTINTHEUSATHESEPROBLEMSHAVEBEENOFPRIMARYCONCERNINTHETWENTIETHCENTURYINTERESTINACCOUNTINGFORFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATIONSEEMSTOHAVEVARIEDDIRECTLYWITHTHEINSTABILITYOFEXCHANGERATES,OFPARTICULARNOTABILITYISTHEINTERESTCREATEDBYTHEUNSETTLINGECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEMAJORWARSTHISCENTURYINCLUDINGTHEFIRSTANDS

39、ECONDWORLDWARS,ANDTHEVIETNAMWARTHECAP,THEAPB,ANDPARTICULARLYTHEFASBHAVEDEVOTEDSIGNIFICANTEFFORTSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESINTHISAREAALTHOUGHNOPRONOUNCEMENTHASBEENWITHOUTCRITICISM,STATEMENTNO52APPEARSTOBEHAVEWEATHEREDTHESTORMQUITEWELLSINCEITSISSUANCEIN1981SOURCEJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTHISTORY,

40、TODDJACKSON,DORISMCOOK9译文外币折算会计简史外币折算会计在本世纪受到了各类会计准则委员会的关注。这一关注的产生来源于当今国际贸易的兴起。跨国交易的历史可追溯到古时候。腓尼基人是史上有名的大商人。在中世纪的后半叶，商人们意识到在国外建立企业分支可促进国际贸易，自那时起，国际贸易对于国民经济的重要性与日俱增。外币折算会计在历史上经历了多种形式的转变。本文主要阐述二十世纪以来美国的外币折算会计的演变过程。但在此之前会先讨论从古希腊人到殖民地美国人时期的外币折算会计实践。一些早期的外币折算会计外币交易的产生最早可追溯到古希腊人开始使用铸币的时候。铸币发明于公元前630年，但是铸币

41、的传播相当缓慢，古希腊的一些城邦发行了自己的铸币。这些古希腊城邦彼此之间有贸易往来，因此形成了最早的国际贸易。古希腊人也会在交易时用外国货币直接兑换成本地货币，但这一现象并不常见，他们更倾向于在帐面上记录通过交易收到的外国货币数量和商品数。在中世纪，随着十字军远征至欧洲并大大刺激了欧洲的货物需求，国际贸易得到大力发展。直至世纪末，国际贸易得到普及并自然带来了很多跨国组织。在DATINI档案馆保存有1399年1月31日一家企业设在巴塞罗那的分公司的资产负债表，以及1397年6月31日至1399年1月31日的利润表。这份利润表很有意思，它包括了一个名为PRODICAMBIO（国外交易利润）的帐目。

42、这家巴塞罗那分公司一直记录着有关外币和本币交易的往来账，其汇兑差额由外币期末余额和本币期末余额的换算差异产生。在1795年到1805年的十五年间，美国殖民地时期的商人也使用该方法来记录美元和英镑的交易。这些商人往往会用两种货币进行记账。二十世纪初的外币折算会计在乔治赖尔（一位英国注册会计师）于1900年编写的一本书中，他描述了英国当时的外币折算会计。乔治写道那些在国外拥有分支机构的本国公司，以总公司报表的角度来说，应当将所有用各种货币进行的交易最终转换成以英镑10为计量单位入账，并在年报中进行确认，最终上交给企业的所有者。他提到当时的企业在进行外币交易折算时使用了一些错误的准则。根据乔治的说法

43、，当一家在国外的分公司将他的交易记录传回本部时，首先应进行的步骤是将外币项目全部折算成英镑。他认为不同的项目应使用不同的汇率进行折算，这在后来演变成为了“货币项目非货币项目法”。第一次世界大战对外币折算会计的影响在第一次世界大战以前，各国货币汇率基本保持稳定，并且英美两国的贸易量并没有庞大到使外币折算成为美国会计界的一大问题。许多在乔治赖尔之后出版的会计教材中并没有对外币折算进行讨论。一战前的稳定汇率很大程度上取决于各国已经建立了平衡的货币金本位制关系。但是稳定的汇率同时也依赖于稳定的贸易关系。第一次世界大战打破了这种稳定关系。欧洲的工业陷入混乱并且急需只能在美国才能获取的原材料。罗伯特描述道

44、我们眼见着英镑汇率一个月接一个月地下降。汇率的不稳定引发了美国对于外币折算会计的新兴趣。1921年，HA芬尼写道现在的会计师不得不去学习和理解有关外币折算和国外贸易平衡的准则知识。在谈到用适当的方法对国外分支机构的账户进行折算处理时，芬尼提倡的是赖尔在1900年提出的“货币项目非货币项目”法。但是他认为在损益类账户的折算汇率选择上，选择期末汇率比期间平均汇率更优。大萧条的影响到了1925年，大部分国家回归到金本位制度，外汇汇率也逐渐稳定下来。但1930年代发生的大萧条说明金本位制度实行过了头。各国均担心由于国际收支逆差会带来资金外流和紧缩影响会阻碍本国的经济复苏。为了促进出口抑制进口，一些国家

45、开始通过黄金贬值从而令本国货币贬值。这一系列的贬值最终导致了金本位制度的崩溃。在这一时期，有关外币折算会计的著作大量涌现。西塞尔S的早期文章中提出了流动性项目非流动性项目法。最著名的是1931年由美国会计准则特别委员会所出版的一份有关使用流动性项目非流动性项目法的建议信。这是美国首次关于外币折算方法提出官方阐述。该方法主要包括以下内容11流动资产和流动负债项目以期末即期汇率进行折算。非流动性资产和非流动性负债项目以历史汇率进行折算。损益类项目以会计期期间的平均汇率进行折算（这点与货币性项目非货币性项目法相同）委员会在1934年发布的公告中重申了这一方法。ARB4有关外币的规定特别委员会于193

46、8年解散，取而代之的是新的会计准则委员会（CAP）。1939年12月，CAP发布了第四号会计研究公告（ARB4）标题为“国外经营与外汇”。1953年，ARB4被并入ARB43中的第十二章。这一公告基本上重申了特别委员会提出的流动性项目非流动性项目法并强调了在合并国外分支机构交易事项时的保守风格。ARB4还提出企业应承担实现和未实现的损失，并承认已实现的收益。第二次世界大战的影响随着第二次世界大战带来的额外的经济危机，几大工业国的政府开始建立一个能够抵抗另一场大萧条的经济体系。其中一个重要成果是在1944年布雷顿森林会议通过的固定汇率制。其后的几年中，固定汇率制度运行得很好，但随后经济压力剧增的

47、各国开始针对美元对本国货币进行贬值，从而慢慢脱离该体系。该结果产生的经济动荡开始引发对于外币折算会计的新思考。1948年，AB赫克将当时的情况描述如下外汇汇率与日俱增的混乱使得外币报表折算的统一准则成为一大难题。这样的经济形势使得流动性项目非流动性项目法的合理性产生了许多问题。其中一个批评来自萨缪尔森，他一直提倡货币性项目非货币性项目法。货币性的资产与负债能够以外币固定计量，非货币性项目则不能。在1965年十月APB发布第六号意见稿承认货币性项目非货币性项目法以前，流动性项目非流动性项目法是唯一受到认可的方法，意见稿指出长期应收款与长期应付款，通常被认定为货币性项目，可以由现行汇率进行折算。这

48、一次，两种方法均受官方认可并被广泛运用到实践中。越南战争对汇率的影响由于1960年代美国的通货膨胀，布雷顿森林体系的问题越发尖锐。美国的12通货膨胀是由美国在越南战争中的过度花费以及轻率的货币政策引起的。这一情况引起美国的进口大增而出口减弱。同时也让美国与其他国家的固定汇率制度成为泡影，更适合的制度需要被建立起来。1973年，史密森协定使得世界各国进入了浮动汇率制度时代。第十二号会计研究1972年六月，会计研究机构发布了第十二号会计研究，由李纳德写的“美国企业以美元为计量单位的国外交易”。该会计研究阐述了流动性项目和非流动性项目法和货币性项目和非货币性项目法并在美国的实践，还有刚被提出的现行汇

49、率法。现行汇率法提倡将所有资产负债类项目用期末现行汇率进行折算。美国财务会计准则对于外币折算会计准则的贡献美国财务会计准则委员会发布的第八号准则是其发布的最受人们批评的声明。该声明的主要目的就是将所有的汇兑损益，无论实现与否，都计入利润表。因此，在1981年，美国财务会计准则委员会又发布了第五十二号准则，“外币折算”，以此替换了广受争议的第八号准则。第五十二号准则的主要内容如下由于汇率变动使企业现金流与权益发生变动而造成的预期经济影响，需提供相关的信息。国外分支机构的合并财务报表应采用功能货币并遵循美国公认会计准则，体现与母公司的关系。总结外币折算会计问题如同货币本身一样古老，但是在二十世纪的美国，它主要体现在三个方面。该问题是随着汇率的稳定与否而变化的。尤其是每当战争导致的经济动荡和汇率动荡总会引起新的讨论点，比如第一次，第二次世界大战和越南战争。CAP,APB，FASB等组织对于外币折算会计问题做出了巨大的贡献，尽管至今没有哪一种准则的公布是能免于人们批评的，FASB1981年发布的第五十二号准则仍是占有重要分量的。外文出处管理史期刊，泰德杰森，多萝丝M库克