1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目全面收益理论的发展研究专业会计学外文题目THEFUTUREOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTING,PARTTHECOLORIZEDAPPROACH外文出处ACCOUNTINGHORISION1996(6)外文作者STEVENMHWALLMAN1原文THEFUTUREOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGPARTTHECOLORIZEDAPPROACHINTHISSEQUELTOANEARLIERCOMMENTARYONTHEFUTUREOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTING,TH
2、EAUTHORFIRSTDISCUSSESTHEIMPORTANCEOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGTO1ASSET,CAPITALANDINVESTMENTALLOCATION,2CONTRACTINGAND“EXPOSFSETTLINGUP,“AND3CORPORATESTEWARDSHIPANDMONITORINGHETHENREVIEWSSEVERALREASONSFORTHECONCERNTHATACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGAREBECOMINGINCREASINGLYLESSUSEFUL,INCLUDINGCHAN
3、GINGCONCEPTSOFTHETRADITIONALTIRM,“RECOGNITIONANDMEASUREMENTDIFFICULTIES,ISSUESRELATEDTOTHETIMELINESSOFFINANCIALREPORTS,ANDLIMITATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHCURRENTINFORMATIONDISTRIBUTIONCHANNELSAREFINEMENTTOTHECURRENT“BLACKANDWHITE“ACCOUNTINGPARADIGMISSUGGESTEDTOBEGINTOADDRESSCERTAINOFTHESECONCERNS,ANDTOQUIC
4、KENTHEDEBATEONTHENEEDANDBENEFITSFORCHANGEBYDECREASINGTHEEMPHASISCURRENTLYDEVOTEDTODETERMININGWHETHERAPARTICULARITEMSHOULDBERECOGNIZED,ANDFOCUSINGGREATERATTENTIONONWHETHERTHEITEMISRELEVANTANDTHEDEGREEOFATTESTATIONTHATMAYBEASSOCIATEDWITHANYRELATEDDISCLOSURE,AMOREFINELYTEXTURED“COLORIZED“ACCOUNTINGMODE
5、LMIGHTBEDEVELOPEDTHEGOALOFSUCHASYSTEMWOULDBETOPROVIDEMOREUSEFULINFORMATIONINCONNECTIONWITHACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTING,WHILEMAINTAININGTHECURRENTCOREDISCLOSURESTHEAUTHORPROVIDESEXAMPLESOFHOWTHE“COLORIZED“MODELMIGHTOPERATE,DISCUSSESLIMITATIONSOFTHEMODEL,ANDSUGGESTSTHATGREATERATTENTIONBEDEVOTEDTORE
6、FININGTHECURRENTACCOUNTINGPARADIGMTOMEETTHENEEDSOFUSERSOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALINFORMATIONBETTER,REGARDLESSOFWHETHERSUCHA“COLORIZED“MODELISEVERADOPTEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGFROMTHEMOSTGENERALIZEDPERSPECTIVE,THEPURPOSEOFACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGISTOPROVIDEINFORMATIONTHATI
7、SUSEFULTOINVESTORS,CREDITORS,MONITORSANDOTHERSINCREASINGLYINCLUDINGEMPLOYEESANDMAJORSUPPLIERSANDCUSTOMERSINMAKINGINVESTMENT,CREDIT,MONITORINGANDOTHERDECISIONSTHISGENERALGOALMAYBE2FURTHERDEFINEDANDANALYZEDBYDESCRIBINGTHREESPECIFICANDDISTINCTPURPOSESANDFUNCTIONSOFFINANCIALREPORTING1ASSET,CAPITALANDINV
8、ESTMENTALLOCATION2“CONTRACTING“AND“EXPOSTSETTLINGUP“AND3CORPORATESTEWARDSHIPANDMONITORINGDETERMINING“WHAT“TOVALUERECOGNITIONANDMEASUREMENTISSUESWEALSOSHOULDQUESTIONEXACTLY“WHAT“ITISWEAREMEASURINGANDREPORTINGASDISCUSSEDABOVE,HISTORICALLY,THEASSETSANDLIABILITIESUSEDTOPRODUCEWEALTHWERERECOGNIZEDINFINAN
9、CIALSTATEMENTSATCOSTANDWERE“HARD“ORTANGIBLELIKEPLANTANDEQUIPMENTHOWEVER,THESHIFTTOAKNOWLEDGEBASEDECONOMYHASCREATEDORFOCUSEDINCREASEDATTENTIONONENTIRELYDIFFERENTCATEGORIESOFASSETSSUCHASBRANDNAMESANDOTHER“SOFT“ASSETSPREVIOUSLYMENTIONEDWITHCERTAINLIMITEDEXCEPTIONS,SUCHASTHEPURCHASEOFABRANDNAME,THESE“SO
10、FT“ASSETSARENOTRECOGNIZEDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHEPRIMARYOBSTACLESRELATETOVALUATIONDIFFICULTIES,THEINHERENTUNCERTAINTYOFANYVALUEULTIMATELYDETERMINED,ANDTHERESULTINGPOTENTIALFORFRAUDASARESULTOFTHESECONCERNS,WEATTRIBUTENOVALUEINFINANCIALREPORTSTOSOMETHINGASOBVIOUSLYSIGNIFICANTASDISNEYSMICKEYMOUSETHI
11、SCANNOTBETHECORRECTRESULTFORTHELONGTERMUTILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTING,PARTICULARLYGIVENTHEINCREASINGIMPORTANCEOFFIRMSWITH“SOFT“ASSETSSOMESUGGESTTHATTHEVALUESOFTHESEASSETSAREULTIMATELYREFLECTED,IMPLICITLY,INTHESTATEMENTOFCASHFIOWSORINEARNINGS,ANDTHEREFORETHEYNEEDNOTBEREFIECTEDELSEWHEREUNFORTUNATELY,HOWE
12、VER,BECAUSEITWOULDMAKELIFEVERYEASYIFSUCHANANSWERWERERIGHT,THESAMECANBESAIDFORALLOTHERASSETSONTHEBALANCESHEETOURTASKTHENISEITHERTOIMPROVETHECREDIBILITYANDRELIABILITYOFSOFTASSETVALUATIONS,ORTOFINDOTHERCREATIVESOLUTIONSTOTHEPROBLEMNOTTOIGNORETHISFASTGROWINGSEGMENTOFOURECONOMY“WHEN“TOREPORTTHETIMELINESS
13、OFFINANCIALREPORTINGTHERAPIDACCELERATIONOFEVENTSTHATMAYSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTSHAREVALUESHASSTARTEDTOMAKEOURSYSTEMOFANNUALAUDITSANDQUARTERLYREPORTSOBSOLETETODAYSANNUALANDEVENQUARTERLYREPORTSRELYINGONRECOGNIZEDITEMSASTHECOREOFTHEREPORTSDONOTCAPTUREANDCOMMUNICATEMATERIALDEVELOPMENTSINSUFFICIENTTIMETO3MEET
14、THEMARKETSINFORMATIONNEEDSPRODUCTCYCLESHAVESHORTENED,RISKMANAGEMENTPRACTICESHAVEIMPROVEDANDAREMOREPREVALENT,ANDPRODUCTSANDWHOLECOMPANIESBECOMEOBSOLETEMUCHMOREQUICKLYNOWTHANEVERBEFOREITISHARDTOOBTAINAGOODPICTUREOFAN3HINGTHATISMOVINGSOQUICKLYANDCHANGINGSOOFTENWHENONLYSNAPSHOTSARETAKENATRELATIVELYLONGI
15、NTERVALSASIMENTIONEDLASTYEAR,IAMNOTNOWSUGGESTINGASYSTEMOFMONTHLY,WEEKLY,ORDAILYAUDITSANDREPORTFILINGSWITHTHECOMMISSIONIAMSUGGESTING,THOUGH,THATOVERTIMEWEWILLNEEDTODEVELOPASYSTEMTHATFILLSTHENEEDFORTIMELYANDULTIMATELYREALTIMEFINANCIALINFORMATIONFORWARDLOOKINGINFORMATIONWILLOBVIOUSLYBEANINCREASINGLYCRI
16、TICALCOMPONENTOFTHEDISCLOSURESADIFFERENTPERSPECTIVECOLORVSBLACKANDWHITEBACKGROUNDBEDIVIDEDINTOFOURBROADSEGMENTSATTHEFIRSTLEVELWEHAVETHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHEMSELVES,WHICHFOCUSONRECOGNIZEDITEMSTHATPERTAINTOTHERESOURCESASSETSOFANENTITY,THECLAIMSTOSUCHRESOURCESLIABILITIESANDEQUITYANDTHERESULTSOFOPERATI
17、ONSWITHINTHISSYSTEM,THERECOGNITIONOFITEMSINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSASSUMESPRIMARYSTANDINGTOBERECOGNIZEDINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANITEMMUSTMEETEACHOFFOURCRITERIAFIRST,THEITEMMUSTMEETTHEDEFINITIONOFANELEMENTOFTHOSEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSITMUSTBEANASSET,LIABILITYORCOMPONENTOFEQUITYSECOND,THEITEMMUSTBEMEASURAHLEI
18、TMUSTBESUSCEPTIBLETOQUANTIFICATIONINMONETARYUNITSWITHSUFFICIENTRELIABILITYTHIRD,THEITEMMUSTBERELEVANTITMUSTMAKEADIFFERENCETOTHEINVESTMENTORCREDITDECISIONANDFINALLY,THEITEMMUSTBERELIABLEITMUSTHAVEREPRESENTATIONALFAITHFULNESS,BEVERIFIABLEANDNEUTRALITISGENERALLYEXPECTEDTHATTHEMOSTUSEFULINFORMATIONABOUT
19、ASSETS,LIABILITIES,REVENUES,EXPENSESANDOTHERITEMSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSWOULDBERECOGNIZEDTHEREISALSOANEXPECTATIONTHATSUCHINFORMATIONWOULDHAVEUTILITYINMAKINGCAPITALALLOCATIONDECISIONSTHATIS,ITCANBEUSEDTOHELPPREDICTFUTURECASHFLOWSANDISCOMPARABLEACROSSENTITIESINADDITION,BECAUSESUCHINFORMATIONISVIEWEDASMO
20、RE4RELIABLEANDISAUDITED,ITISVIEWEDASHAVINGGREATERUTILITYINCONTRACTINGANDMONITORINGTHESECONDSUBSETOFFINANCIALREPORTINGCONSISTSOFTHENOTESTOTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHENOTESAREDESIGNEDTOEXPLAININFORMATIONINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTHEFINALTWOCATEGORIESARESUPPLEMENTARYINFORMATIONSUCHASINFORMATIONRELATEDTOCHAN
21、GINGPRICESANDOTHERINFORMATIONSUPPLIEDBYACOMPANYSUCHASMANAGEMENTSDISCUSSIONANDANALYSISTHISINFORMATIONADDSTOTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSORTHENOTESITOFTENINCLUDESINFORMATIONTHATMAYBERELEVANTBUTTHATDOESNOTMEETALLCRITERIAFORRECOGNITIONITISFREQUENTLYNOTSUBJECTTOTHIRDPARTYATTESTATIONTHECURRENTACCOUNTINGANDFINANC
22、IALREPORTINGMODELWORKSREASONABLYWELLFORMANYOFTHEITEMSTHATARERECOGNIZEDWITHINFINANCIALSTATEMENTSHOWEVER,THEMODELINCREASINGLYISSUBJECTTOCRITICISMFIRST,POTENTIALLYRELEVANTITEMSAREOMITTEDBECAUSETHEYDONOTMEETRECOGNITIONCRITERIAUSUALLYDUETORELIABILITYCONCERNSSECOND,ITEMSTHATARELESSANDLESSUSEFULDUETOVALUAT
23、IONOROTHERCONCERNSARENEVERTHELESSINCLUDEDFINALLY,ITISNOTALWAYSCLEARWHYSOIRIEINFORMATIONISINCLUDEDANDOTHERINFORMATIONISEXCLUDEDFROMFINANCIALREPORTSTHESECONCERNSAREEXACERBATEDBYTHEDEVELOPMENTSINTHEGENERALBUSINESSENVIRONMENTPREVIOUSLYDISCUSSEDTHEALTERNATIVEMODELINRESPONSETOTHESECONCERNS,IBELIEVEITISTIM
24、ETOREFINEOURPERSPECTIVEONFINANCIALREPORTINGWENEED,INPARTICULAR,TOMOVEAWAYFROMAMODELTHATPRIMARILYRELIESONBLACKANDWHITERECOGNITIONINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSWENEEDTOMOVETOWARDSAMODELWHEREFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANDRELATEDDISCLOSURESAREVIEWEDMOREASDIFFERENTLAYERSOFINFORMATIONJUSTASAFINELYTEXTUREDCOLORPICTURECA
25、NPROVIDEMOREINFORMATIONTHANABLACKANDWHITEREPRESENTATIONTHEMODELTHATIAMABOUTTODESCRIBEMAYBEVIEWEDASREFININGTHECURRENTSYSTEMBYADDINGNEWSETSORLAYERSOFINFORMATIONITALSOREFOCUSESOURANALYSISTODEEMPHASIZERECOGNITIONANDTOWARDSPROVIDINGGREATERDISCLOSUREOFUSEFULINFORMATIONINTHISMODEL,THEPRIMARYFOCUSISONPROVID
26、INGRELEVANTINFORMATION,WITH5SPECIFICATIONOFBOTHTHEITEMSTOBEREPORTEDANDTHEFORMANDLEVELOFASSURANCEOFTHESEITEMSTHEMOSTRELEVANTANDRELIABLYMEASUREDITEMSWOULDREPRESENTTHECOREOFTHEFINANCIALREPORTSTHECLEARBLACKANDWHITE,WITHNOSHADESOFGRAYORCOLORSIMILARTOTHERECOGNIZEDCONTENTOFTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTITEMSINTODAY
27、SMODELSUCCESSIVEOUTERLAYERSOFTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGPICTUREWOULDCONSISTOFINFORMATIONTHATMEETSOMEBUTNOTALLOFTHEREQUIREMENTSOFRECOGNITION,ORTHATARENOTASSUSCEPTIBLETOVERIFICATIONPROCEDURESUNDERTHISAPPROACH,INSTEADOFSTARTINGWITHTHEQUESTIONOFWHETHERANITEMMUSTBERECOGNIZEDINTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,THEFIRSTQUE
28、STIONWOULDBEWHETHERANITEMSHOULDBEPARTOFTHEFIRMSFINANCIALDISCLOSURE,WITHAPROGRESSIONTHENTOADISCUSSIONOFTHEAPPROPRIATELAYERINWHICHTHEITEMSHOULDBEREPORTEDSUCHAFRAMEWORKWHERETHEDIFFERENTLAYERSOFINFORMATIONCOULDREFLECT,INESSENCE,DIFFERENTLEVELSOFSATISFACTIONOFTHETRADITIONALRECOGNITIONCRITERIACONCEPTSEG,R
29、ELEVANCE,RELIABILITY,MEASURABILITY,ORCOULDREFIECTENTIRELYDIFFERENTCONCEPTSWILLBEUSEFULINPROGRESSINGBEYONDTHECURRENTRECOGNITIONVERSUSNONRECOGNITIONDEBATESAPPLICATIONOFTHISMODELTOTHECURRENTBUSINESSENVIRONMENTREQUIRES1SPECIFICATIONOFTHEADDITIONALLAYERS,OUTSIDETHECOREFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,INCLUDINGTHECRIT
30、ERIAFORINCLUSIONOFITEMSINONELAYERVERSUSANOTHER,AND2CONSIDERATIONOFHOWDIFFERENTLEVELSOFATTESTATIONMIGHTATTACHTOINFORMATIONINTHEVARIOUSLAYERSADMITTEDLY,ESTABLISHINGTHESECOMPONENTSOFTHISMODELISNOTANEASYTASKHOWEVER,FORDISCUSSIONPURPOSES,SPECIFICATIONOFTHEDIFFERINGLAYERSMIGHTBEBASED,INPART,ONEXISTINGRECO
31、GNITIONCRITERIAASARTICULATEDINFASBCONCEPTSSTATEMENTNO51984DISTINCTIONSFROMTHECURRENTMODELTHEREARESEVERALDISTINCTIONSBETWEENTHECOLORIZEDMODELANDTHECURRENTACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGMODELFIRST,ASNOTEDABOVETHECOLORIZEDAPPROACHPLACESTHEEMPHASISOFFINANCIALREPORTINGONPROVIDINGINFORMATIONTHATISRELEVANT
32、ANDUSEFULANDHAVINGAHIGHDEGREEOFUTILITYTOINVESTMENT,CREDITOROTHERDECISIONSASOPPOSEDTODECIDINGWHETHERINFORMATIONSHOULDBERECOGNIZEDINTHE6FINANCIALSTATEMENTSWHILERECOGNITIONISANIMPORTANTCONCEPTINTHISNEWMODEL,ITSHOULDBEREMEMBEREDTHATRECOGNIZEDINFORMATIONISASUBSETOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDTHEGOALISTOPRESENTI
33、NFORMATIONTHATUSERSFINDUSEFULWITHTHECOLORIZEDAPPROACH,THEPRIMARYROLEOFRECOGNITIONWOULDBEINCONNECTIONWITHITEMSFORWHICHTHEREWASGENERALAGREEMENTONTHEHIGHDEGREEOFRELEVANCE,RELIABILITYANDMEASUREMENTFORTHEFIRSTORCORELEVELOFPRESENTATIONASTHERELEVANCE,RELIABILITYANDMEASUREMENTOFPARTICULARITEMSBECAMEMOREORLE
34、SSGENERALLYACCEPTABLETOFINANCIALSTANDARDSETTERSANDUSERSOFINFORMATION,THECOREWOULDEXPANDANDCONTRACTASNECESSARYBUTRECOGNITIONWOULDBEDEEMPHASIZEDINTHATINSUM,THECOLORIZEDAPPROACHISMOREALIGNEDWITHTHEPURPOSESOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDMORECOMPATIBLEWITHDEALINGWITHTHED3TIAMICNATUREOFINFORMATIONTHATISRELEVANTTO
35、ENDUSERSOFFINANCIALREPORTING,THANTHECURRENTBLACKANDWHITESYSTEMITALLOWSUSTOMAKEFINERDISTINCTIONSAMONGVARIOUSTYPESOFINFORMATION,THEREBYAVOIDINGTHEDAUNTINGTASKOFDETERMININGWHETHERITEMSTHATARECLOSETOTHERECOGNITION/NONRECOGNITIONLINEAREINOROUTOFTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGPARADIGMSOURCESTEVENMHWALLMANTHEFUTUREO
36、FACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALREPORTINGPARTIITHECOLORIZEDAPPROACHACCOUNTINGHORISION1996(6)7译文未来的会计和财务报告第二部分彩色的方法在这部有点像续评以前有关未来会计与财务报告的文章中,作者首先论述了会计与财务报告的重要性1资产、资金和投资分配间的关系,2签订合同和“事后解决”和3公司的管理和监控。然后综述了有关财务报告越来越缺乏有用性这一会计难点出现的相关原因包括传统公司概念的转变、确认和计量的困难、财务报告的及时性以及当前信息分布渠道下的局限性。提炼目前的“黑和白”会计模式可看做是着手对以上特定的一些问题的关注,加
37、快了民众对辩论和福利改变的需要。通过减少重点,目前用于确定一个特定的项目是否予以承认,判断重点主要放在这些项目是否具有相关性和与相关披露的相关联的程度,这样一个结构更完整的“彩色会计模式”就得到了发展的可能。这样的模式目标在于为信息使用者提供与会计和财务报告相联系的更有用的信息,同时也包括对核心问题的披露。作者提供的例子说明了如何将“彩色模式”在实务中加以应用,探讨了这种模式的局限性,并着重为改善当前会计模式,使之更好的满足会计和财务信息使用者的需要,提出了自己的建议。会计和财务报告的重要性从最广义的角度来看,会计与财务报告的目标是提供对投资者、债权人、监管者、员工、主要供应商,顾客等利益相关
38、者,有助于投资、信贷、监测等决策的信息。这个总的目标可能通过描述三个具体不同的财务报告的目的和功能得以进一步界定和分析1资产、资金和投资分配间的关系,2签订合同和“事后解决”和3公司的管理和监控。决定什么该被确认为价值确认与计量问题我们也应该质疑什么是该计量和报告的。如上所述,从历史上看,用来制造财富的资产和负债按取得时的实际成本计入财务报告中,像厂房和设备等有形资产一样实现“硬着陆”。然而,转向以知识为基础的经济已经创造或有针对性的把注意力集中在完全不同类别的资产上,比如品牌和其他前面提到的“软”资产。当然也存在某些有限的例外,例如购入一个品牌,这些“软”资产就不被确认进的财务报表。最主要的
39、障碍与确认价值的困难有关,判定任何有价值的不确定性,最终导致潜在的欺诈行为。由于这些问题,我们忽略了在财务报告中明显重要8的像迪士尼的米老鼠等之类无形资产的价值计算。对于长期效用财务报告,这不可能是正确的结果,尤其是考虑到公司“软”资产重要性的提高。一些人认为,这些资产的价值最终含蓄地体现在现金流或收益的报表中,因此,就不需要在其他地方再加反映。然而,遗憾的是,如果这种回答是对的,那么生活很容易了,同样对于资产负债表里的所有资产的计量也就容易多。我们的任务则是提高软资产估价的可信性和可靠性,或者在考虑这个发展迅速的经济背景下,找到其他有创造性的解决方案。“何时“被报告财务报告的及时性明显影响股
40、价系统的加速事件已开始使年度审核和季度报告过时。目前的年度甚至季度报告以已确认的项目为核心的报告不足以在有限的时间内捕捉和传达信息的发展,以满足市场对信息需求。产品周期已被缩短,风险管理实务有长足的进步,变得更普遍,产品及整个公司被淘汰的速度比以往任何时候都快。而在事物改变和移动的那么快的境况下,较长时间间隔内的快照,是很难得到一张好照片的。像我去年提到的那样,我现在不是建议建立一个每月,每周或每天都向委员会审核和报告文件的系统。我只是认为,我们需要建立一个系统,及时或适时的满足我们对财务信息的需要。有前瞻性的信息显然会成为一个越来越重要的披露组成部分。一种不同的观点颜色VS黑与白背景被分为四
41、个主要的部分。在第一个层次,我们有自己的财务报表,关注实体企业资源资产已确认项目、对这种资源负债和股权的利益诉求和经营结果。在这个系统下,已被确认的项目在财务报表中承担主要地位。要认识到列入财务报表中的每一个项目必须符合四个准则第一,该项目必须符合财务报表中元素的定义。它必须是一个资产、负债或权益的组成部分第二,项目必须可计量它一定要容易量化,货币单位有足够的可靠度第三,项目必须有关它一定会影响投资或信贷决策。最后,该项目必须是可靠的它一定具有代表性的忠诚,可以证实的和中立。人们普遍认为关于资产、负债、收入、费用和其他项目的最有用的信息将在财务报表中得到确认。也有一个期望,认为这些信息将有助于
42、资本配置的决策,9也就是说,它可以被用来帮助预测未来的现金流量,提高实体企业间的可比性。此外,因为这些信息被看作是更可靠和被审计过,它被看作在签订合同和监控上有很大的效用。第二部分的财务报告由会计报表附注组成,这些附注被用来解释财务报告中的信息。最后两个类别是补充信息如价格变化和其他公司提供的信息如管理部门的内部讨论和分析)。这些信息增加了财务报表或其附注的内容,它通常包括相关的但不满足确认标准的项目,也常常不受到第三方的认证。当前会计和财务报告模型中有许多合理的项目在财务报告中得到了确认。然而,该模型越来越受批评。首先,潜在的有关事项被忽略了,因为他们不符合确认条件通常是由可靠性确认)。然后
43、,在价值或其他标准下有用性越来越差的项目仍然是包括在内。最后,它并不总能解释为什么有些信息被包括而有些信息被排除于财务报告。而这些问题在一般商业环境被预先讨论的情况下更为恶化了。另一种模式针对这些问题,我相信是时候改变我们对财务报告的某些观点。我们尤其需要抛弃主要依靠黑与白确认项目的传统财务报表模式,而引入一个模型,能够在不同层面对财务报表和相关披露进行查看,就像一结构更为完整的彩色照片能提供比黑白下更多的信息。我即将介绍的模型,被认为是通过增加新的部分或多层的信息来完善当前的系统。它巩固了我们不再重视确认的观念,同时提供了更多有用信息的披露。在该模型中,主要关注提供相关信息,比如有规格说明的
44、事项的报告、形式和可信程度。最有关和最可靠的已计量项目为核心的黑与白的财务报表模式,将与今天的彩色模式,在已确认的列入财务报表项目上,有很大的相似性。连续的外层财务报告将由不是满足所有确认条件的项目组成,或者对核查程序不那么敏感。用这个方法,而不是考虑某一项目是否该在财务报表中得以确认,第一个问题是关于一个项目应不应该列入公司的财务披露,进而接着来讨论在何种情况下,项目该被报告。这样的框架,将使不同层次的信息得以在报表中反映,本质上,则满足了不同层次的传统确认标准例如相关性、可靠性、可测性,同时,也搁置了当前对于确认与不确认的争议,对会计工作的顺利展开很有帮助。在目前的商业环境应用此模型,需要
45、1在财务报表核心之外的额外层次的10说明书,包括不同层次中项目标准的设立2考虑不同层次的认证如何提供不同层次的信息。诚然,建立该模型是件不容易的任务。然而,为了讨论的需要,规格不同的层次的建立,在某种程度上,将依据现有的确认条件如FASB第5号声明1984年中的相关内容。与目前模式的区别彩色模式和当前的会计与财务报告模式有几个区别。首先,如上所述的彩色的方法,强调对财务报告提供相关有用的信息,对投资、信用贷款或其它的决策有高度的效用,而不是决定信息是否应确认列入财务报表。确认在新模式下是一个非常重要的概念,在这个新模式中,我们必须记住,已被确认的信息是财务报告的一部分,目标是为使用者提供有用的信息。在彩色的方法下,被确认的项目将以高度的相关性、可靠性和可计量性为第一或核心判断条件,也就是相关性、可靠性和可计量性符合条件的项目,将或多或少的,更容易被经济准则制定者和信息使用者接受,核心的项目将会随着客观条件的转变而膨胀和收缩。但确认将不再作为被强调的一大问题。总之,彩色的方法在目标上与财务报告更为一致,并协调处理动态的信息,与黑与白的模式比起来,更好的为终端财务报告使用者服务。它允许我们对各种类型的信息做出更好的区别,因此避免了对某些项目是否达到确认标准,该不该被列入财务报表等此类技术性难点的阻碍。资料来源史蒂文渥尔曼未来的会计和财务报告第二部分彩色的方法会计视野1996年6月