1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目上市公司关联方交易相关问题的探讨专业会计学外文题目RELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSASSOCIATIONSWITHCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDFIRMVALUE外文出处KANACOMMUNICATIONSLNC10KFILEDWWWSECGOV外文作者ELIZABETHAGORDONADDITIONALLY,HIGHERLEVERAGE,ANDTHEPRESENCEOFLARGESHAREHOLDEROWNERSHIPARECAPITALSTRUCTUREFEATURESTHATALSOPLAYAGOVERNANCEROLETOM
2、ITIGATEMANAGERIALAGENCYPROBLEMSFOREXAMPLE,LARGEBOARDSIZE,WHICHISOBSERVABLEANDDISCLOSEDINPROXYSTATEMENTS,HASBEENFOUNDTOBENEGATIVELYCORRELATEDWITHFIRMVALUEANDINTERPRETEDASINDICATIVEOFWEAKCORPORATEGOVERNANCEYERMACK,1996USINGASIMILARLOGIC,WEEXAMINEWHETHERRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSAREDETRIMENTALORHELPFULTO
3、FIRMVALUE,ANDWHETHERTHEYARECORRELATEDWITHTHESEOTHERCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSALTHOUGHRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSARECOMMONLYVIEWEDASPOTENTIALCONFLICTS,WEDEVELOPTWOCONTRASTINGHYPOTHESESTHATARECONSISTENTWITHRATIONALECONOMICARGUMENTSUNDERTHECONFLICTOFINTERESTHYPOTHESIS,RELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSCOMPROMISE
4、MANAGEMENTSAGENCYRESPONSIBILITYTOSHAREHOLDERSORABOARDOFDIRECTORSMONITORINGFUNCTIONINSUCHACASE,RELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWOULDBEMOREPREVALENTWHENAFIRMSCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSAREWEAK,ANDSUCHFIRMSWOULDHAVELOWERADJUSTEDSTOCKRETURNSTHEALTERNATIVEEFFICIENTTRANSACTIONSHYPOTHESISISTHATRELATEDPARTYTRANSA
5、CTIONSEFFICIENTLYFULFILLUNDERLYINGECONOMICNEEDSOFTHECOMPANYIFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSAREEFFICIENTTRANSACTIONS,THEREWOULDBENONEEDTOINCREASEMONITORINGASARESULT,THEREWOULDBENOASSOCIATIONBETWEENRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSANDSTRENGTHOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMS,ANDNOADVERSEIMPACTONSHAREHOLDERSHOWEVER,EVE
6、NIFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSAREEFFICIENTTRANSACTIONS,ACOMPANYCANCHOOSETOINCREASEMONITORINGTOAVOIDTHEAPPEARANCEOFCONFLICTSOFINTERESTINTHISCASE,WEWOULDEXPECTAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENSTRONGERGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESANDRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWEMAKETHEFOLLOWINGTHREECONTRIBUTIONSTOEXISTINGLITERATUREFIRST,WE
7、OFFERACOMPREHENSIVEDESCRIPTIONOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSFORASAMPLEOF112PUBLICLYTRADEDCOMPANIESINFISCALYEARS2000AND2001,APERIODTHATPREDATESSARBANESOXLEYSOXWESELECTOURSAMPLEFROMCOMPUSTAT,CONTROLLINGFORSIZEANDINDUSTRYANDTHEAVAILABILITYOFEXECUCOMPDATAWEHANDCOLLECTDATAONRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSFROMBOTHTH
8、EPROXYSTATEMENTSANDTHE10KSOFEACHCOMPANYINTHESAMPLEWEPRESENTADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHESETRANSACTIONS,INCLUDINGNUMBER,TYPES,AMOUNTS,ANDPARTIESINVOLVEDTHEDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSALLOWSUSTOEXAMINEWHETHERTHESETRANSACTIONSARELIMITEDTOAFEWHIGHPROFILECASESORWIDESPREADINTHEUSCORPORATESECT
9、ORSECOND,WEINVESTIGATECORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSASSOCIATEDWITHRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWECONSIDERTHEPRESENCEANDTHEEXTENTOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSASACORPORATEGOVERNANCECHOICESIMILARTOTHECHOICEOFBOARDSIZEORINDEPENDENCEYERMACK1996WEISBACH1998KLEIN2002OURRESEARCHISALSOANALOGOUSTOTHOSESTUDIESWHEREMANA
10、GERIALOWNERSHIPISACHOICEVARIABLEFOREXAMPLE,DEMSETZANDLEHN1985HIMMELBERG,HUBBARDANDPALIA1999WESIMILARLYVIEWTHEEXISTENCEANDEXTENTOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSASACHOICEVARIABLEWEEXPLOREWHETHERTHISCHOICEISASSOCIATEDWITHOTHERFEATURESOFTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEENVIRONMENTSUCHASCEOCOMPENSATION,BOARDCHARACTERISTI
11、CS,FIRMLEVERAGE,ANDOWNERSHIPOFLARGESHAREHOLDERSWEEXAMINECEOCOMPENSATIONASANINDICATOROFMANAGERSINCENTIVEALIGNMENTTHEBOARDCHARACTERISTICSWEINVESTIGATEAREBOARDSIZE,THEPERCENTAGEOFINSIDERS,DUALCEO/CHAIRPOSITIONANDBOARDCOMPENSATIONWEALSOINVESTIGATETHEROLEOFLARGESHAREHOLDERSANDLEVERAGEBOTHOFWHICHREPRESENT
12、EXTERNALMONITORINGEXPECTINGTHATEXTERNALMONITORSHAVELIMITEDINFORMATIONABOUTTHEUNDERLYINGNATUREOFTHERELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONANDTHUSPREFERFEWERSUCHTRANSACTIONSADDITIONALLY,WESEPARATELYEXAMINERELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWITHEXECUTIVESANDTHOSEWITHNONEXECUTIVEBOARDMEMBERSTHIRD,WEINVESTIGATETHEASSOCIATIONOFRELA
13、TEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWITHFIRMVALUEIFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSAREEFFICIENTTRANSACTIONS,WEWOULDNOTEXPECTTHEMARKETVALUETOBENEGATIVELYIMPACTEDHOWEVER,IFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSARECONFLICTSOFINTERESTTHATAREHARMFULTOINVESTORS,WEWOULDEXPECTANEGATIVEASSOCIATIONWITHFIRMVALUEAFTERFIRSTINVESTIGATINGTHERELATIONSH
14、IPBETWEENCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONS,WEFURTHEREXAMINETHEDEGREETOWHICHRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSHAVEANINDEPENDENTEFFECTONINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSWEFINDTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEMAJORSETSOFRESULTSFIRST,WEREPORTONTHEPREVALENCEANDTYPESOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSINOURSAMPLE,WEFINDTHATRELATEDPARTYTR
15、ANSACTIONSAREWIDESPREADINFISCALYEARS2000AND2001SPECIFICALLY,WEFINDTHATOVER80OFCOMPANIESDISCLOSEATLEASTONERELATEDPARTYTRANSACTION,WITHAPPROXIMATELY10OFOURSAMPLEREPORTING10ORMOREWEALSOFINDTHATTHEMEDIANNUMBEROFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSISTWO,WITHAWIDERANGE,FROM0TO20TRANSACTIONSOFTHETOTAL878TRANSACTIONS,W
16、EFINDTHATABOUT23200TRANSACTIONSARELOANSTOEXECUTIVESORBOARDMEMBERS,WHILETHERESTAREPRIMARILYTRANSACTIONSSUCHASPURCHASESOFGOODSANDSERVICESFROMEXECUTIVESORBOARDMEMBERS,ORDIRECTOREMPLOYMENTSERVICESINTERESTINGLY,THEREAREMORETHANTHREETIMESASMANYTRANSACTIONSTHATARENOTLOANSASTHEREARELOANS,WHICHARETHESUBJECTO
17、FSOXREGULATIONSFORTHECOMPANIESTHATREPORTATLEASTONERELATEDPARTYTRANSACTION,THEMEANMEDIANDOLLARAMOUNTOFALLACOMPANYSRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONIS21036MILLIONWHILESMALLRELATIVETOACOMPANYSMARKETCAPITALIZATION,THEMEANAMOUNTOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSISAMULTIPLEOFANEXECUTIVESCOMPENSATIONANDABOARDMEMBERSFEESADDI
18、TIONALLY,WEFINDTHATTRANSACTIONSAREASPREVALENTWITHEXECUTIVESASWITHNONEXECUTIVEBOARDMEMBERS,WITHTHETWOCATEGORIESEACHREPRESENTINGAPPROXIMATELY47OFTHETRANSACTIONSSECOND,WEFINDTHATINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSARENEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHNUMBEROFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSSCALEDBYTHENUMBEROFNAMEDEXECUTIVESANDBOARDM
19、EMBERSANDTHEIRDOLLARAMOUNTSWHENWEEXAMINETHENUMBEROFTRANSACTIONSWITHEXECUTIVESANDWITHNONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORS,THISRESULTHOLDSFORBOTH,ALTHOUGHWEFINDASTRONGERNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPFORNONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSWHENWEEXAMINETHEDOLLARAMOUNTOFTRANSACTIONSWITHEXECUTIVESANDWITHNONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORS,THISRESULTHOLDSONLY
20、FOREXECUTIVESAFTERCONTROLLINGFORTHEEXISTENCEOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSSUCHASBOARDCHARACTERISTICS,CEOPAYPERFORMANCESENSITIVITY,ANDOUTSIDEMONITORS,WEFINDINDEPENDENTNEGATIVEEFFECTSOFTHENUMBEROFNONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSANDTHEDOLLARAMOUNTOFEXECUTIVESRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSTHENU
21、MBERRATHERTHANTHEDOLLARAMOUNTOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSBEINGSIGNIFICANTFORNONEXECUTIVESISCONSISTENTWITHTHECONCEPTOFDIRECTORINDEPENDENCETHEEXISTENCE,RATHERTHANTHEAMOUNTOFATRANSACTIONCLASSIFIESANONEXECUTIVEASNONINDEPENDENTFOREXECUTIVES,HOWEVER,THEAMOUNTOFTHERELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSAPPEARSTOBEMORERELEV
22、ANTTHANTHEIRPRESENCEONEXAMINATIONOFLOANSVERSUSOTHERTYPESOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONS,WEFINDASTRONGNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSANDLOANSWHENWEEXAMINEBOTHTHENUMBERANDDOLLARAMOUNTOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWEALSOFINDASTRONGNEGATIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSANDTHENUMBER
23、OFOTHERTYPESOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSFORNONEXECUTIVESWHENWEELIMINATETHEEFFECTOFOTHERCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMS,WEFINDANINDEPENDENTNEGATIVEEFFECTFORBOTHTHENUMBERANDDOLLARAMOUNTSOFLOANSTOEXECUTIVESANDNONEXECUTIVESFORNONEXECUTIVES,WEALSOFINDTHATTHENUMBEROFALLOTHERTYPESOFTRANSACTIONSISNEGATIVELYASSO
24、CIATEDWITHINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSTHESEOTHERTYPESOFTRANSACTIONSARENOTEXPLICITLYCONSIDEREDBYSOXREGULATIONSTHIRD,CONSISTENTWITHTHERESULTSOFTHEINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSTESTSTHATIMPLYTHESETRANSACTIONSAREHARMFULTOSHAREHOLDERS,WEALSOFINDEVIDENCEOFCORRELATIONSBETWEENMEASURESOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCESTRENGTHANDREL
25、ATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSTHATGENERALLYIMPLYCONFLICTOFINTERESTSPECIFICALLY,WEFINDTHATLARGESHAREHOLDEROWNERSHIP,ASMALLERBOARD,FEWERINSIDERS,SEPARATECEOCHAIRMANPOSITION,HIGHERDIRECTORFEES,ANDDIRECTORSAWARDEDSTOCKAREASSOCIATEDWITHFEWERANDLOWERAMOUNTSOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWITHEXECUTIVESINTHECASEOFNONEXEC
26、UTIVEDIRECTORS,WEFINDASMALLERBOARD,HIGHERDIRECTORFEES,DIRECTORSAWARDEDOPTIONS,ANDHIGHERLEVERAGEAREASSOCIATEDWITHFEWERRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSSMALLERBOARDSANDHIGHERLEVERAGEAREALSOASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERDOLLARAMOUNTSOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWITHNONEXECUTIVESTHESERESULTSPROVIDEEVIDENCEFORAGENCYCONFLICTRED
27、UCTIONHOWEVER,WEFINDAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENCEOOPTIONSENSITIVITYANDCEOSHAREOWNERSHIPCEOSHAREOWNERSHIPFORTHENUMBEROFAMOUNTOFRPTSWITHEXECUTIVESSUGGESTINGANEFFICIENCYARGUMENTTAKENTOGETHER,THERESULTSFROMTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSTESTSANDTHEINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSTESTSINDICATETHATSHAREHOLDERSDON
28、OTBENEFITFROM,ANDINFACTAREHARMEDBYRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONS,SHOWINGSTRONGSUPPORTFORTHECONFLICTOFINTERESTHYPOTHESISTHISEFFECTISESPECIALLYSTRONGFORLOANSTOEXECUTIVESANDNONEXECUTIVESNOWPROHIBITEDUNDERSOXANDTHENUMBEROFOTHERTRANSACTIONSWITHNONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORS,NAMELYPURCHASESOFGOODSANDSERVICESANDDIRECTSER
29、VICESTHEREMAINDEROFTHEPAPERPROCEEDSASFOLLOWSWEDESCRIBETHEALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESISONRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSINSECTION2INSECTION3WESUMMARIZEREPORTINGREQUIREMENTSFORRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSWEDESCRIBESAMPLECREATION,DATACOLLECTIONPROCEDURESANDRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSINSECTION4WEPRESENTOURRESEARCHDESIGNFOREC
30、ONOMICDETERMINANTTESTSANDINDUSTRYADJUSTEDRETURNSTESTSINSECTION5INSECTION6,WEPRESENTOURANALYSESANDRESULTSWEOFFERCONCLUSIONSANDEXTENSIONSINSECTIONTWOALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESESONRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSINTHISSECTION,WEPROBETHECONTRASTINGHYPOTHESESOFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSASCONFLICTSOFINTERESTOREFFICIENTTRA
31、NSACTIONS,ANDTHEIMPLICATIONFORCORPORATEGOVERNANCETHECONFLICTOFINTERESTHYPOTHESISANDPOTENTIALFORIMPROPRIETYISDEMONSTRATEDINHIGHLYPUBLICIZEDCORPORATESCANDALSINCLUDINGENRON,ADELPHIA,ANDTYCOTHEREAREALSOOTHERLESSWIDELYPUBLICIZEDCASESFORINSTANCE,SHAREHOLDERSFILEDALAWSUITINSEPTEMBER,2003THATACCUSESRECKSONA
32、SSOCIATESREALTYCORPSMAINEXECUTIVESOFSELFDEALINGINAGREEINGTOSELLRECKSONSINDUSTRIALPORTFOLIOTOTHEFOUNDINGRECHLERFAMILYTHELAWSUITALSONAMESALLOFTHECOMPANYSOUTSIDEBOARDMEMBERS,CLAIMINGTHATTHEINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSWHOREVIEWEDTHEPLAN“ARESOENTANGLEDWITHTHERECHLERFAMILYTHATTHEIRREVIEWISRENDEREDMEANINGLESS“BLOO
33、MBERGNEWSALANJWAX,SEPTEMBER30,2003SCANDALSHIGHLIGHTEXTREMEEXAMPLESOFPROBABLEABUSESOFTRANSACTIONSWITHEXECUTIVESANDBOARDMEMBERSINGENERAL,THEVIEWTHATRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSREPRESENTACONFLICTOFINTERESTISCONSISTENTWITHAGENCYISSUESSIMILARTOTHOSECONSIDEREDBYBERLEANDMEANS1932ANDJENSENANDMECKLING1976JENSENA
34、NDMECKLING1976,313PORTRAYTHEAGENCYCONFLICTBETWEENAMANAGERANDOUTSIDESHAREHOLDERSASTHEMANAGERSTENDENCYTOAPPROPRIATETHEFIRMSRESOURCESFORPERSONALCONSUMPTION,LIKEPERQUISITESASSUCH,RELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSPRESENTTHEPOTENTIALFORTHEEXPROPRIATIONOFTHEFIRMSRESOURCESTOCONTROLPOTENTIALAGENCYCOSTS,COMPANIESCANUS
35、EVARIOUSCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSTOBETTERALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFMANAGERSANDOWNERS,INCLUDINGCEOCOMPENSATIONANDBOARDSTRUCTUREIFRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSARECONFLICTSOFINTERESTTHATARISEBECAUSEOFTHELACKOFALIGNMENTOFMANAGERSORBOARDSINCENTIVESWITHSHAREHOLDERS,ORBECAUSEOFLIMITEDINTERNALMONITORING,WEEXPECTTHA
36、TWEAKERGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESWILLBEPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSTHEALTERNATIVEVIEWTOTHECONFLICTOFINTERESTHYPOTHESISISTHATRELATEDPARTYTRANSACTIONSAREEFFICIENTTRANSACTIONSTHATRATIONALLYFULFILLECONOMICDEMANDSOFACOMPANY,SUCHASSECURINGINDEPTHSKILLSANDEXPERTISEORPROVIDINGALTERNATIVEFORMSO
37、FCOMPENSATIONFOREXAMPLE,SAYANONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORPOSSESSESANEXTENSIVEKNOWLEDGEOFFIRMSPECIFICACTIVITIESASWELLASANEXPERTISETHATTHECOMPANYDEMANDSSUCHASLEGALEXPERTISETHECOMPANYENGAGINGTHERELATEDPARTYTOPROVIDETHESERVICECOULDBEMOREEFFECTIVETHANHIRINGANOUTSIDERBECAUSETHENONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORPOSSESSESANEXTENS
38、IVEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEFIRM,INFORMATIONASYMMETRIESAREREDUCEDANDCONTRACTINGENHANCEDNOTONLYISTHECOMPANYACQUIRINGTHENEEDEDSERVICES,BUTENGAGINGTHEDIRECTORTOPROVIDETHESERVICESCANSOLIDIFYTHEDIRECTORSECONOMICBONDTOCOMPANYANDESCALATETHEDIRECTORSCOMMITMENTINDEED,MANYCOMPANIESREPORTTHATTHEIRCONTRACTSWITHRELATEDPART
39、IESHAVEBEENMADEONTERMSATLEASTASFAVORABLEASWITHUNRELATEDPARTIESFOREXAMPLE,ARECENTWALLSTREETJOURNALARTICLEPOINTSOUT“ACOMPANYMIGHTWANTTHEHEADOFAKEYSUPPLIERASADIRECTORINORDERTOGETTHATPERSONSBUSINESSINSIGHTSSOMEARGUE,ABANONRELATEDPARTYDEALINGSCOULDDEPRIVEACOMPANYOFTALENTEDEMPLOYEESORBENEFICIALBUSINESSARR
40、ANGEMENTS”WALLSTREETJOURNAL,DECEMBER29,2003,A19SOURCEKANACOMMUNICATIONSLNC10KFILED4/2/2001WWWSECGOV译文相关交易公司治理与公司价值的关联介绍关联方交易是最近由公司丑闻引发关注的经常性的领域之一。这些交易往往是一家公司和其管理人员、董事或主要业主之间的各种复杂的业务交易。在公共会计中,它们被认为是很难审计的以及存在潜在审计风险的指标美国2001年,约翰斯通和贝达德2004年。总审计局(2003)确定关联方交易为引导公司重申财务报表的九个主要原因之一。监管机构、市场的参与者和其他公司的利益相关者通常把
41、这些事务作为潜在的利益冲突,作为可能会危及负责管理股东的机构或董事会董事的监测因素。这些关于关联方交易的相似观点,我们把它当做利益冲突的假设,关联方交易在BERLE和MEANS(1932),JENSEN和MECKLING(1976)认为是和审议机构相联系的。一种我们当做高效率的假设认为关联方交易是有效地履行公司经济需求的基础。虽然存在的问题以及关联方交易的基本性质不明朗,但很少有严谨的学术研究证实或反驳他们的意见。在这份文件中,我们可以探讨这两个假设通过检查RPTS与公司治理机制及与公司价值的关系。如那些相关方的交易与公司治理问题的出现是由于信息不对称的外部资本市场与公司经营管理的问题。如果外
42、部资本市场能完全遵守经营人员的投资行为和努力,就不需要公司治理机制帮助监视或激励管理者构造一个完善的惩罚制度来排除非价值最大化的行为。现有的文献已发现某些董事会特征和首席执行官薪酬性能灵敏度是很有效的改善管理机构治理机制问题的方法。此外,更高的杠杆效率和大股东的存在是资本结构功能发挥治理作用,以减轻管理机构的方法。我们使用类似的逻辑,检查关联方交易是否是有害的或者是对公司价值有帮助的以及是否与他们这些其他的公司治理机制相关的。虽然关联方交易通常被看作是潜在的利益冲突,我们提出了两种符合合理经济参数的成鲜明对比的假设。在利益冲突的假设下,关联方交易会损害股东或董事会董事的监督职能机构管理的责任。
43、在公司的治理机制较弱的情况下关联方交易将会变得更普遍,这样的公司股票回报率就会较低。替代高效率的交易假设是关联方交易有效地履行公司的经济需求的基础。如果相关方交易是高效率的交易,将不需要增加监测;这样一来在关联方交易之间就没有强的公司治理机制以及没有不良影响的股东之间的关联。但是,即使关联方交易是高效率的交易,公司也可以选择增加监控以避免利益冲突的出现。在这种情况下我们希望有一个积极协会在更强大的公司治理结构的和关联方交易之间。我们对现有关联方交易提出了以下三个文献首先,我们提供112家公开交易公司在财政2000年度和2001年度的关联方交易的一个全面示例说明。萨班斯奥克斯利法案SOX颁布之前
44、,我们选择我们的示例是从电子计算机会计数据库的控制大小和工业及美国公司高阶经理人薪资数据库。我们是从代理声明和在10K的示例中收集每个公司的关联方交易,我们目前有包括数量、类型、金额和有关各方的这些交易的详细的说明。关联方交易的详细描述使我们能够检查这些事务是否局限于少数高利润的情况或广泛存在于美国企业界。第二,我们调查和关联方交易有关的公司治理机制后认为关联方交易的的存在和关联方交易在公司治理机制选择的范围内类似于董事会选择的大小或独立性YERMACK1996年;WEISBACH1988年;克莱因2002年。其研究也是类似于这些在管理所有权选择变量方面的研究(DEMSETZ及LEHN1985
45、年;HIMMELBERG、哈伯德和PALIA1999)。我们选择同样的变量认为关联方交易程度的存在。我们探讨这种选择是否与其他方面如首席执行官的补偿、董事会的特性、坚定的杠杆和拥有所有权的大股东的公司治理环境相关联。我们把经理人的激励方式和首席执行官补偿作为一项指标。我们调查董事会的特点是董事会的大小内幕人士双首席执行官/主席职位的百分比和赔偿委员会。我们还调查了大股东和利用这两个外部代表监测期待外部显示器有限的基本性质关联方交易的信息,因此更喜欢较少这类交易的作用。此外,我们分别检查关联方交易与高级管理人员和执行董事会成员的关系。第三,我们调查了与公司价值相关联的关联方交易。如果关联方交易是
46、高效率的交易,我们不希望市场价值有负面的影响。但是,如果关联方交易会和股东的利益相冲突,我们会希望它和公司的价值没有关系。在第一次调查公司治理与关联方交易之间的关系后,我们又进一步研究了关联方交易的行业调整回报程度。我们查找了以下三个主要组的结果第一次,我们报告了关联方交易的类型和广泛度。在我们的示例中,我们发现关联方交易得到了广泛传播在2000和2001会计年度。具体而言,我们发现超过80的公司披露至少一个关联方交易,这些交易大约和我们披露过的10个或更多的案例的10有关。我们还发现从0到20的广泛交易范围内,关联方交易的中位数是两个。在所有的878项关联方交易中,我们发现约23(200项交
47、易)的贷款是给予行政人员或董事会成员的,而其余的主要交易如购买的商品或接受的服务是直接和管理人员或董事会成员有关的。更不可思议的是,有超过三倍多的关联方交易中至少有其中一项不是SOX法规中规定的贷款规则。被报道至少存在一项关联方交易的公司对所有公司的平均交易金额是210美元。而相对于小公司的市值,关联方交易的平均金额却是执行董事会成员赔偿费用的倍数。此外,我们发现这类交易也同样流行于高级管理人员与非执行董事会成员中,这两个类别各占约47。其次,我们发现行业调整后的回报值是与关联方交易(经过缩放的命名执行官和董事会成员的数量)和他们的美元数目呈负相关的。当我们检查与高级管理人员和执行董事的交易数
48、量时,发现这两种结果对立,即使我们找到了一个更强的有消极关系的非执行董事。当我们审查与管理人员和非执行董事的交易金额时,这一结果仅管理人员持有。在控制了公司的治理机制后(如董事会特性,首席执行官薪酬性能的敏感性和显示器以外),我们找到了独立的负面影响,关于执行董事的人数和行政人员的关联方交易的美元金额的行业调整回报值。这个数值不是对非执行董事有意义的关联方交易的数量,而是的独立董事的概念一致的。这个存在而不是划分为作为非独立董事的非执行董事的交易金额。但是对于管理人员,关联方交易的数量似乎比他们的存在更引起关注。在我们检查贷款数量与其他类型的关联方交易时,我们发现行业调整的回报值与贷款呈负相关
49、性。当我们检查关联方交易的数量和金额时,我们还发现行业调整回报值与其他类型的关联方交易的的数目之间的强负关系。当我们消除其他公司治理机制的影响时,我们发现管理人员的贷款数量和金额有独立的负面影响。我们也发现非管理人员所有其他类型的事务的数目是和关联产业调整的回报值呈负相关的。SOX法规没有明确地考虑这些其他类型的交易,第三次符合行业调整结果的返回测试,意味着这些交易是对股东有害的,我们也找到企业治理措施力量之间的相关证据和通常意味着利益冲突的关联方交易。具体而言,我们发现,大股东所有权、较小的董事会、较少的内部人员,单独的首席执行官的位置、更高的董事费和董事批出的股票是与行政人员存在关联方交易的金额较少和较低的。非执行董事的情况下,我们找到一个较小的董事会、高董事费、董事会批出的股票是与关联方交易存在较少关联的。更小的董事会和更高的影响是与非执行董事的关联方交易存在较少的交易金额的。这些结果为机构减少冲突提供了证据。然而,我们发现一个积极协会在首席执行官选项敏感性和首席执行官共享拥有权之间为了高级管理人员建议效率参数的RPTS。总的来说,从公司治理机制和行业汇报的结果测试表明股东不会做得益,事实上股东权益是被关联方交易所危害的,而且这种危害表现了一种关于股东权益的强大支持力。这种影响特别是对行政人员和非行政人员(现在在SOX法案下已经被禁止了