1、本科毕业论文外文翻译出处AMERICANJOURNALOFAGRICULTURALECONOMICS00029092作者COOKMICHAELLTHEFUTUREOFUSAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESANEOINSTITUTIONALAPPROACHTHIRTYYEARSAGOHELMBERGERSPECULATEDTHATINDUSTRIALIZATIONOFAGRICULTUREWOULDLEADTOTHEDEMISEOFFARMERCOOPERATIVESHELMBERGER1966,P1434INRESPONDINGTOHELMBERGERSPREDICTION,AB
2、RAHAMSENCOUNTEREDBYSUGGESTINGTHATASINDUSTRIALIZATIONOFAGRICULTUREEVOLVED,COOPERATIVESWOULDINCREASINGLYBECOMETHE“FARMERSINTEGRATINGAGENCY“ABRAHAMSEN,P1442INTHISPAPERIEXAMINETHESETWODIVERGENTOPINIONSBYABRIEFLYDESCRIBINGTHESTRUCTURALANDSTRATEGICEVOLUTIONOFUSFARMERCOOPERATIVESSINCETHEHELMBERGERANDABRAHA
3、MSENHADECLINETO25INBOTHFARMMARKETINGSANDINPUTSUPPLIESBY198788SINCETHISRECENTNADIR,COOPERATIVEMARKETSHARESHAVEAGAININCREASEDEACHYEARUNTILTHEYREACHED1982LEVELSOF30AND28IN1993AGGREGATEMARKETSHARENUMBERSINDICATEGENERALINCREASESANDDECREASESINPRODUCERCOLLECTIVEACTION,BUTSPECIFICCOMMODITYMARKETSHARESPROVID
4、EMOREINFORMATIONINANALYZINGSTRUCTURALCHANGECOOPERATIVEMARKETSHARESINFARMMARKETINGSVARYBYCOMMODITYFROM10INLIVESTOCKTO85INMILKTABLE2OVERTHEFORTYYEARPERIOD,COOPERATIVEFARMMARKETINGSOFLIVESTOCKDECLINEDSLIGHTLY,FRUITSANDVEGETABLEMARKETINGSREMAINEDSTEADY,GRAINSANDOILSEEDMARKETINGSINCREASEDSLIGHTLY,ANDMILK
5、ANDCOTTONMARKETINGSINCREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYFIGURESINTABLE3REPRESENTCOOPERATIVEMARKETSHARESOFPRODUCTIONINPUTSFROM1951THROUGH1993COOPERATIVEMARKETSHARESINSEEDSALESDECREASED,FEEDMARKETSHARESREMAINEDSTEADY,ANDAGRICULTURALCHEMICAL,PETROLEUM,ANDFERTILIZERMARKETSHARESINCREASEDDRAMATICALLYMARKETSHARETRENDSATT
6、HEFARMGATEANDFIRSTHANDLERLEVELSSUGGESTTHAT,EXCEPTINTHECAPITALINTENSIVELIVESTOCKPROCESSINGSUBSECTORANDTHERESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTINTENSIVESEEDSUBSECTOR,COOPERATIVESHAVEINCREASINGLYBECOMEWHATABRAHAMSENCALLSFARMERSINTEGRATINGAGENCYWHATABOUTTHEDEGREEOFFORWARDORBACKWARDINTEGRATIONINTOTHEFOODORINPUTCHAINHEL
7、MBERGERSTATESTHAT“COOPERATIVESHAVEMADELITTLEHEADWAYININVADINGTHEINDUSTRIALSECTORSWHICHSERVEAGRICULTURE“1966,P1429TWENTYFIVEYEARSLATERROGERSANDMARIONVERIFYHELMBERGERSCONCERNTHEIRSTUDYFOUNDTHATTHE100LARGESTAGRICULTURALMARKETINGCOOPERATIVESACCOUNTEDFOR69OFTHETOTALVALUEOFSHIPMENTS,UPFROM57FIVEYEARSEARLI
8、ERBASEDONVALUEADDED,THESESAMECOOPERATIVESHELDONLYA36SHARE,UPFROM31THESEFIGURESSUGGESTTHATCOOPERATIVESTENDTOOPERATEINTHELOWVALUEADDED,FIRSTSTAGEFOODMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESNOSTUDIESWEREFOUNDTHATANALYZEDTHEDEGREEOFBACKWARDINTEGRATIONBYSUPPLYCOOPERATIVES,ALTHOUGH,ACCORDINGTOINDUSTRYSOURCES,FERTILIZERCOO
9、PERATIVESCONTROL25TO40OFTHEMANUFACTURINGCAPACITYWHYARENTCOOPERATIVESTHEDOMINANTFORMOFAGRIBUSINESSINTHEUNITEDSTATESEVENTHOUGHCOOPERATIVESMADECONSIDERABLEADVANCESINMARKETSHARESATTHEFARMGATEANDFIRSTHANDLERLEVELSANDMINORPROGRESSINFOODMANUFACTURINGDURINGTHEPASTTHIRTYFIVEYEARS,THEYHAVENOTBECOMETHEDOMINANT
10、FORMOFBUSINESSORGANIZATIONINTHEAGRIFOODCHAINABETTERCONCEPTUALUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEGENESIS,GROWTH,DECLINE,ANDDEMISEOFTHECOOPERATIVEBUSINESSORGANIZATIONWOULDSERVEUSWELLINEXAMININGTHISQUESTIONANDINTHEEXERCISEOFSPECULATINGABOUTTHEROLEOFTHECOOPERATIVEFORMOFBUSINESSINTHEFUTUREOFTHEUSAGRIFOODCHAINTHISUNDERSTA
11、NDINGSHOULDBEDYNAMICINNATUREUNFORTUNATELY,NOFORMAL“LIFECYCLE“THEORYEXISTSLEVAY,INHISSEMINALARTICLE,STRESSESTHENEEDTOFORMULATEAWORKABLEPARADIGMHEALSOBRINGSTOOURATTENTIONSEVERALEMBRYONICNOTIONSTHATMIGHTCOMPLEMENTATHEORYOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFCOOPERATIVESTHESEINCLUDE1WAVE“THEORYFIRSTENUNCIATEDBYHELMBERGER“WES
12、HOULDNOTBESURPRISEDTOSEEWAVESOFCOOPERATIVEORGANIZATION,ESPECIALLYINDEPRESSEDTIMES,FOLLOWEDBYWAVESOFCOOPERATIVEFAILURES“HELMBERGER1966,P14302“WINDITUP“THEORYSUGGESTEDBYLEVAY,BUILDINGONNOURSESS1942COMMENTS“ONCETHEYHAVESECUREDTHETERMSTHEYREQUIRE,COMPETITORSMAYADJUSTTHEIRPRICESORIMPROVETHEIRSERVICESSUCH
13、THATTHEGROUPIE,THECOOPERATIVEBECOMESREDUNDANTTHECOOPERATIVEHASACHIEVEDITSPURPOSEANDMEMBERS,CONSIDERINGTHATITISNOWOBSOLETE,MAYWINDITUP“LEVAY,P283“PACEMAKER“THEORYARTICULATEDBYLEVAYINHISANALYSISOFHELMBERGERS1964PIECEONCOOPERATIVESTRUCTURE“THEVERYEXISTENCEOFASUCCESSFULCOOPERATIVEMAKESFORGREATEREFFICIEN
14、CYAMONGSTTHECOMPETITORS,SOTHATEVENWHENPRICEANDSERVICEADJUSTMENTSHAVEBEENEFFECTED,THEORGANIZATIONISKEPTINBEINGTOFULFILLAPACEMAKERROLE“LEVAY,P28INADDITION,STAATZSUGGESTSAFOURTHCOMPLEMENTTOAPOTENTIALDYNAMICPARADIGMOFCOOPERATIVEEVOLUTION4“MOPUP“THEORYSTAATZSUGGESTSTHAT“INSTATICORDECLININGMARKETS,IOFSMAY
15、HAVELITTLETOLOSEBYACTINGOPPORTUNISTICALLYSUCHBEHAVIORMAYTHEREFORECREATEINCENTIVESFORFARMERSTOINTEGRATEFORWARDVIACOOPERATIVESINTHESEMARKETS“STAATZ1987A,P89GIVENTHESEFOURNOTIONSASASTARTINGPOINT,IPROPOSETHEFOLLOWINGFIVESTAGECRUDEMODELOFCOOPERATIVEGENESIS,GROWTH,ANDDEMISETHISINTRODUCESTHETRANSACTIONANDA
16、GENCYCOSTGROUNDWORKFORTHESUBSEQUENTSECTIONONSPECULATINGABOUTTHEFUTUREOFAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVESSTAGEONETHETWOECONOMICJUSTIFICATIONSFORFORMINGCOOPERATIVESAREAINDIVIDUALPRODUCERSNEEDINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMSTOBRINGECONOMICBALANCEUNDERTHEIRCONTROL,USUALLYBECAUSEOFEXCESSSUPPLYINDUCEDPRICESANDBINDIVIDUALPR
17、ODUCERSNEEDINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMSTOCOUNTERVAILOPPORTUNISMANDHOLDUPSITUATIONSENCOUNTEREDWHENMARKETSFAILDEPRESSEDPRICESORMARKETFAILURESCREATEINCENTIVESFORPRODUCERSTOREACTCOLLECTIVELYGENERALLY,THEFIRSTSTAGEINTHEFORMATIONOFACOOPERATIVEISVIEWEDASDEFENSIVEINNATUREINANALYZINGTHESIXTRADITIONALTYPESOFUSAGRI
18、CULTURALCOOPERATIVES,ITBECOMESOBVIOUSTHATTHEIRCOLLECTIVEENTREPRENEURIALENERGYORIGINATEDINSURVIVALDEFENSIVEROOTSTHESESIXINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING1FARMCREDITSYSTEMTWELVEFEDERALLANDBANKSWERETHEFIRSTCOMPONENTSOFTHEFARMCREDITSYSTEMWHENITWASCHARTEREDBYCONGRESSUNDERTHEFEDERALFARMLOANACTOF1916SUBSEQUENTLY,THEFEDE
19、RALINTERMEDIATECREDITBANKSWERECREATEDIN1923TOPROVIDESHORTANDINTERMEDIATETERMCREDITTHEPRODUCTIONCREDITASSOCIATIONIN1933,THEBANKSFORCOOPERATIVESIN1933,ANDTHEREGULATORTHEFARMCREDITADMINISTRATIONTHEMOTIVATINGFORCESBEHINDTHEEFFORTSTOORGANIZETHESYSTEMSCAMEFROMCONCERNSABOUTTHEUNAVAILABILITYOFAGRICULTURALAN
20、DREALESTATELOANS,EXTREMELYHIGHRATES,ANDTHELENGTHOFTERMSFEDERALLAWPROHIBITEDNATIONALBANKSFROMMAKINGLOANSWITHMATURITIESBEYONDFIVEYEARS2RURALUTILITIESTHERURALELECTRICANDTELEPHONECOOPERATIVESWEREFORMEDIN1936AND1949,RESPECTIVELY,TOPROVIDEASERVICETHATWASMISSINGBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHPERUNITCOSTOFSERVINGALOWDENSI
21、TYCUSTOMERBASE3NOURSEILOCALCOOPERATIVESTHESEMULTIPURPOSELOCALCOOPERATIVESAREECONOMICUNITSOPERATINGINAGEOGRAPHICALSPACEWHEREACHIEVINGSCALEANDSCOPEECONOMIESINCOMMODITYASSEMBLYUSUALLYGRAINSOROILSEEDSANDINPUTRETAILINGMIGHTDICTATETHEPRESENCEOFASPATIALMONOPOLIST/MONOPSONISTFOUNDEDTOPROVIDEAMISSINGSERVICE,
22、TOAVOIDMONOPOLYPOWER,TOREDUCERISK,ORTOACHIEVEECONOMIESOFSCALE,THEYEPITOMIZETHENOURSEPHILOSOPHYOFCOOPERATIONTHATOFA“COMPETITIVEYARDSTICK“WITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFKEEPINGINVESTORORIENTEDFIRMSCOMPETITIVE4NOURSEIIMULTIFUNCTIONALREGIONALCOOPERATIVESCOMPETITIVEYARDSTICKDRIVENREGIONALCOOPERATIVESUSUALLYPERFORMACO
23、MBINATIONOFINPUTPROCUREMENT,SERVICEPROVISION,AND/ORMARKETINGMANYINTEGRATEFORWARDORBACKWARDBEYONDTHEFIRSTHANDLERORWHOLESALINGLEVELSTHEYMIGHTBEORGANIZATIONALLYSTRUCTUREDASFEDERATED,CENTRALIZED,ORACOMBINATIONOFBOTHTHEYDIFFERFROMNOURSEILOCALCOOPERATIVESINTHATTHEREISLITTLEPROBABILITYOFTHEIRBEINGSPATIALMO
24、NOPOLISTS/MONOPSONISTSINTHEIRGEOGRAPHICMARKETS5SAPIROICOOPERATIVESBARGAININGCOOPERATIVESBARGAININGCOOPERATIVESADDRESSMARKETFAILURESTHROUGHHORIZONTALINTEGRATIONPRODUCERSORGANIZETHESESAPIROINSPIREDASSOCIATIONSINANATTEMPTTOAFFECTTHETERMSOFTRADEINFAVOROFMEMBERSWHENNEGOTIATINGWITHFIRSTHANDLERSTHEFUNCTION
25、SOFBARGAININGCOOPERATIVESCANBEDESCRIBEDASTWOFOLDATOENHANCEMARGINS,ANDBTOGUARANTEEAMARKETTHESETYPESOFASSOCIATIONSAREFOUNDMOSTOFTENSERVINGPERISHABLECOMMODITYPRODUCERS,WHERETEMPORALASSETSPECIFICITYCREATESASITUATIONOFPOTENTIALPOSTCONTRACTUALOPPORTUNISM6SAPIROIICOOPERATIVESMARKETINGCOOPERATIVESMARKETINGC
26、OOPERATIVESAREAFORMOFPRODUCERVERTICALINTEGRATIONTHATCIRCUMVENTANDCOMPETEWITHPROPRIETARYHANDLERSTHEYUSUALLYCANBECATEGORIZEDINONEOFTWOWAYS,SINGLEORMULTIPLECOMMODITYTHEOBJECTIVESARESIMILARTOBYPASSTHEINVESTOROWNEDFIRM,ENHANCEPRICES,ANDINGENERALPURSUETHESAPIROGOALSOFINCREASINGMARGINANDAVOIDINGMARKETPOWER
27、FORMOREDETAILSONTHISTAXONOMY,SEECOOK1993OUTLOOKFORUSCOOPERATIVESCURRENTLYTWOPHENOMENAAREOCCURRINGINAGRICULTURALCOOPERATIVEORGANIZATIONSINTHEUNITEDSTATESTRADITIONALCOOPERATIVESAREADJUSTINGTOTHEPROPERTYRIGHTCONSTRAINTSBYEXITING,RESTRUCTURING,ANDSHIFTINGTHESEADJUSTMENTSAPPEARTOHAVEHADPOSITIVEIMPACTSONC
28、OOPERATIVEMARKETSHAREGROWTHSINCE1988THESECONDPOST1990PHENOMENONTHATISTAKINGPLACEISADRAMATICBIRTHOFSAPIROIIINEWGENERATIONCOOPERATIVESDESCRIBEDINSTAGEFIVEACCORDINGTOEGERSTROM,MORETHAN12BILLIONHASBEENINVESTEDINTHISTYPEOFCOOPERATIVEINTHEPASTTHREEYEARSBOTHOFTHESEPHENOMENASUGGESTTHATCOOPERATIVESTRATEGIESA
29、REBECOMINGMOREOFFENSIVEINNATUREALTHOUGHNONECONOMICCAUSESFORFORMINGCOOPERATIVESSHOULDNOTBETAKENLIGHTLY,INTHISPAPERTHEARGUMENTISLIMITEDTOWHATECONOMICSSAYSABOUTTHEPOTENTIALOFTHECOOPERATIVEORGANIZATIONINTHEFUTURETHEPROPERTYRIGHTSDISCUSSION,TRANSACTIONCOST,ANDINCOMPLETECONTRACTINGAPPROACHESMIGHTSUGGESTTH
30、ATCOLLECTIVEACTIONINUSAGRICULTUREWILLEXISTIF1THEREISANEWMARKETINWHICHEXISTINGPREFERENCESAREUNKNOWNTHECOOPERATIVEMAYBETHEMOSTEFFICIENTWAYOFCOMBININGTHEMARKETANDPOLITICALPREFERENCEARTICULATIONTOPRODUCEDESIREDPRODUCTS2ASITUATIONHASTRANSACTIONSPECIFICINVESTMENTSONBOTHSIDESOFTHEEXCHANGEBUTWITHWIDELYDIFFE
31、RENTECONOMIESOFSCALE3SHAREDRISKTHROUGHRELATIONALCONTRACTSCANBEACCOMPLISHED4HIGHFREQUENCYTRANSACTIONSREQUIRINGLONGTERMCOMMITMENTINANUNCERTAINENVIRONMENTEXIST5THEYCONTINUETOPREVENTTRANSFORMATIONOFLARGENUMBEREXCHANGEINBILATERALEXCHANGEINHIGHFREQUENCYEXCHANGESITUATIONS6DIFFICULTTOEXCHANGEMULTIDIMENSIONA
32、LGOODSTHATPOSSESSTHEPROPERTIESOFBOTHPRIVATEANDPUBLICGOODSISEFFICIENT7DECLININGMARKETSEXISTINDECLININGMARKETS,LONGTERMCONSEQUENCESTOFARMERSTRADINGPARTNERSOFACTINGOPPORTUNISTICALLYARELESSSEVERETHANINEXPANDINGMARKETSSTAATZ1987A8PRODUCERSRECOGNIZEASSETSPECIFICITYDRIVENOPPORTUNISMINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTECHNO
33、LOGYADAPTATION9FARMERSCONTINUEVERTICALLYINTEGRATINGVIACOOPERATIVEFIRMSTOINTERNALIZEEXTERNALITIESIMPOSEDONTHEMBYTHEIRTRADINGPARTNERS,PARTICULARLYWHEREREPUTATIONANDQUALITYASSURANCEARECONCERNED10COOPERATIVESASSISTINTHEREDISTRIBUTIONOFPROPERTYRIGHTSPOLITICALACTIONINFARMERSFAVOR11PRODUCERSRECOGNIZETHATFO
34、RINTERMEDIATELEVELSOFASSETSPECIFICITYINMARKETSCHARACTERIZEDBYSHORTAGES,MARKETINGCOOPERATIVESAREANEFFICIENT,EVENSUPERIOR,GOVERNANCESTRUCTUREHENDRIKSEANDVEERMANAND12IFPROPERTYRIGHTSCONSTRAINTSAREAMELIORATEDPRODUCERSAREMORELIKELYTOINVESTINCOOPERATIVESINSUMMARY,THEFUTUREFORMARKETFAILURECORRECTINGCOOPERA
35、TIVESTHATSHIFTORRESTRUCTURETOWARDMOREOFFENSIVESTRATEGIESANDSTRUCTURESLOOKSPROMISINGBUTCHALLENGINGADDITIONALLY,PRODUCERSWHOORGANIZENEWCOOPERATIVESTHATAVOIDTHECONSTRAINTSOFVAGUELYDEFINEDPROPERTYRIGHTSHAVEBRIGHTFUTURESIFCURRENTSTATEANDFEDERALPUBLICPOLICYDOESNOTCHANGE译文美国农业合作社的前景一个新体制的方式30年前汉姆伯格推测,农业产业化
36、将导致农民合作社的灭亡。亚伯拉罕森回应了汉姆伯格的预测，反驳认为随着农业产业化发展,合作社将日益成为“农民的统一经销处”。在这一文章我通过简要介绍自汉姆伯格和亚伯拉罕森预测以来美国农民合作社的结构性和战略演变,利用近来发展的新体制经济组织经济理论假设产生关于美国农业合作社的结构战略性转变和进一步实施新的体制经济来推测未来美国可能存在的生产和控制自有的农业合作社。一、美国农业合作社的演变由于经济、农业组织和公共政策等众多因素原因，大多数美国农业合作社创始于1900年初。在随后40年间,美国农民合作社缓慢地不断增加其对总市场份额的投入以及农业销售和提供的服务。在HA作出预测时止,合作市场份额已增加
37、到24的农业销售量和15的购买投入。在HA预测后的20年间,农业市场份额和购买投入继续增加,直到它们在1982年分别达到30和28，随后大萧条后的农场后出现了反向的市场份额增长；在1987和1988年间农业销售和投入供给下降到了25,由于这次谷底，合作市场占有率再次每年递增直至达到1982水平的30和1993年水平的28。二、为什么农业主要形式合作社会出现在美国在过去35年间，尽管合作社在市场份额和操作水平上取得了相当大的进展，也在食品和制造业上取得了较小的进步,但他们还是没有成为在农业食品链上站主导地位的商业组织形式。对农业合作组织的起源、发展，衰退和消亡的认识将有助于研究这个问题,并在应用
38、中预测在未来的美国农业食品链中合作社形式的作用。这种理解在性质上应是动态的。遗憾地是没有正式的“生命周期”理论存在。莱沃伊在其重大影响的文章中强调必须制订一个可行模式。他还使我们注意到几个初期的概念来补充合作社演变的理论。这些包括“波浪”理论由HELMBERGER第一个确切的阐明“我们不应该对于看到合作社组织的波动感到意外,特别是在萧条期后紧跟着合作社的倒闭”。“饱和”理论由莱沃伊提出,建立在1942年NOURSES的评论基础上“一旦获得他们需要的条件,竞争者可调整价格或改善服务,使团体即合作社成为多余的。合作社已经实现其目的和成员,鉴于它现在已经过时,可能被终结。”“心脏起驳器”理论莱沃伊在
39、对于HELMBERGER1964年关于合作结构部分分析的关联上提出的“一个成功合作社的存在会使竞争更有效率,因此即使价格和服务调节受到了影响,该组织保持起着心脏起搏器作用。”此外,施塔茨提出了第四次补充农业合作社进展的潜在动态模式。“扫荡”理论施塔茨指出，在静止的或者衰退的市场中,通过代理机会成本，几乎不会受到损失。这种行为可能因此鼓励农民通过融入合作社进入这些市场”施塔茨1987年第89页。将上述的四个概念作为起点,我将提出以下关于合作社生成、成长和死亡模型的五个阶段。这些阶段介绍了以下章节关于未来农业合作社的交易及代理成本。形成合作社的两个经济理由是A个人生产者需要公共机制来控制保持经济平
40、衡,经常因为供应过剩,而导致价格下降；及B个人生产者需要公共机制来抵销机会主义和市场失灵下的价格失控。低的价格或市场失灵刺激生产者集体作出反应。一般来说,合作社形成的第一阶段被认为是防御性的。在分析6种传统类型的美国农业合作社中，可以明显得看到,他们的集体企业活力来源于生存防御性根源。这些6点包括以下。农业信贷系统。12个联邦土地银行是农场信贷系统的第一个组成部分,它是被1916年国会联邦农业贷款法准许的。随后,联邦中间信贷银行成立于1923，提供短期和中期信贷生产信贷协会产生于1933,银行的合作社产生于1933，监管机构农业信贷管理。组织系统成就背后的推动力量来自担心没有效率的极端高费用的
41、农业和房地产贷款联邦法律禁止贷款期限五年以上的国民银行贷款。农村水电。农村电力和电话合作社成立于1936和1949,分别提供服务,这些服务消失是因为服务于低密度的顾客群产生的高单位成本。诺斯一当地合作社。这些多目标的当地合作社在实现规模及范围经济的商品通常谷物或油和投入零售业的地域空间有着单位经济营运，可能支配存在一个空间垄断。成立于提供没有的服务,以避免垄断权力,减少风险或实现规模经济,它们体现了诺斯的合作理念“竞争标准”的目标与维持投资者为主的企业竞争力。诺斯二多功能区域合作社。竞争尺度推动区域合作社通常进行输入采购、提供服务和销售的组合。其前向一体化和后向一体化超过零售水平。他们可能是组
42、织结构上的联合、集中或两者的组合。他们不同于诺斯一当地合作社，它几乎没有可能在地域市场上发生空间垄断。萨皮罗一合作社谈判合作社。谈判合作社通过横向一体化来解决市场失效。生产商组织这些萨皮罗启发协会,企图影响贸易条件的支持成员。谈判合作社的功能可以说有两个方面一提高幅度及二保证市场。这些类型的社团最常为易腐坏的商品生产者服务,暂存的资产特性产生一种潜在的前合同机会主义。萨皮罗二合作社销售合作社。销售合作社是竞争和避开专利处理器的生产者纵向一体化的一种形式。他们一般可分为两个种类,单一或多种商品。目标是相似的绕过投资者自有工厂提高价格,一般而言追求增加幅度和避免市场力量的萨皮罗目标。更多详细说明这
43、一分类,见1993。三、美国合作社的前景目前两种现象发生在美国农业合作组织。传统的合作社是通过退出，重组和转换调整财产权参数。1988年后这些调整在合作市场份额增长产生了积极的影响。第二个于1990年后产生的现象是一个戏剧化的处于上述第五阶段的新一代合作社。在过去的三年超过12亿美元投资在这种合作社上。这些现象表明,合作战略在本质上变得更具进攻性。尽管产生合作社不经济的理由不能被轻率的采用,在这篇文章争论被限制在那些经济学关于未来潜在的合作组织的说法上。财产权讨论、交易成本、并不完全缔约方法可能表明,在美国农业的集体功能可以存在如果1、有一个新的市场,现有的优惠措施不明。结合市场和政治倾向，合
44、作社是最有效的方式生产所需的产品；2、执行特定投资的双边互换环境有着不同的规模经济；3、通过分担风险合同关系可以形成；4、在不确定环境里高频率交易需要长期承诺；5、继续阻止在双边互换的高频率交换环境的大数量交换转变；6、难以交换的多维货物包括私人和公共物品，所占据的财产是有效的；7、衰退市场存在。在衰退的市场中,农民贸易伙伴代理机会主义的长期后果相较于扩张的市场并没有那么严重；8、在技术改造的早期阶段，生产商承认资产专用性的投机主义；9、通过合作企业使外在性内在化，农民继续垂直整合,特别关住声誉和质量保证方面；10、合作社在农民的同意下协助重新分配的财产权利政治行动；11、生产商承认,针对中级资产市场短缺的特性,销售合作社是一个有效、更优的治理结构；12、如果财产权限制生产者更可能投资在合作社。总之,合作社通过转移或调整成为更具进攻性的战略和结构是有希望的但富有挑战性的。此外,如果现有的国家和联邦公共政策不变，生产者通过组织新的合作社来避免模糊定义财产权有着光明的未来。
