1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THEBACKGROUNDOFSWEDISHSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEM出处HTTP/WWWFORSAKRINGSKASSANSE/PRIVATPERS作者LORAINEAWEST外文原文THEBACKGROUNDOFSWEDISHSOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMLORAINEAWESTSOCIALINSURANCEPROVIDESECONOMICSECURITYINTHEEVENTOFILLNESS,DISABILITYANDOLDAGEASWELLASFORFAMILIESWITHCHILDRENINSWEDEN,SOCIALINSURANC
2、EISINDIVIDUALLYBASEDANDCOMPENSATESLOSSOFINCOMEWHENAPERSONISUNABLETOSUPPORTHIM/HERSELFBYWORKINGASARESULTOF,FOREXAMPLE,ANILLNESSORCARINGFORACHILDATHOMESOCIALINSURANCEISADMINISTEREDBYTHESOCIALINSURANCEINCLUDESBOTHUNIVERSALBENEFITSANDMEANSTESTEDBENEFITSASWELLASINCOMERELATEDBENEFITSUNIVERSALBENEFITSAREPA
3、IDTOEVERYONEATTHESAMERATEANDINCLUDECHILDALLOWANCEANDADOPTIONALLOWANCEMEANTESTEDBENEFITSINCLUDEHOUSINGALLOWANCE,HOUSINGSUPPLEMENTFORPENSIONERSANDTHETOPUPBENEFITINMAINTENANCESUPPORTTHESEALLOWANCESARENOTTAXABLEINQUIRYONSOCIALINSURANCETHEGOVERNMENTINTENDSTOAPPOINTACROSSPARTYCOMMITTEEOFINQUIRYONAREFORMOF
4、SOCIALINSURANCEIN2007PRICEBASEAMOUNTANDINCOMECEILINGSEVERALSOCIALINSURANCEBENEFITSARELINKEDTOTHEPRICEBASEAMOUNT,WHICHIS,INTURN,LINKEDTOTHECONSUMERPRICEINDEXTHISMEANSTHATTHEBENEFITSMAINTAINTHEIRVALUEASTHEGENERALLEVELOFPRICESCHANGESTHEPRICEBASEAMOUNTFOR2007ISSEK40300THENCOMECEILING”FORSICKNESSINSURANC
5、E,TEMPORARYPARENTALBENEFITANDPREGNANCYBENEFITTHEINCOMECEILINGISTENPRICEBASEAMOUNTSCOSTSIN2005EXPENDITUREONSOCIALINSURANCEAMOUNTEDTOSEK435BILLIONEUR1APPROXSEK930ABOUTHALFGOESTOPENSIONS,SOME32PERCENTISSICKNESSANDDISABILITYBENEFITSANDAROUND14PERCENTISSUPPORTTOFAMILIESWITHCHILDRENADMINISTRATIONCOSTSAMOU
6、NTTOJUSTOVERTWOPERCENTSOCIALINSURANCEACTSOCIALINSURANCEISDIVIDEDINTOARESIDENCEBASEDINSURANCERELATINGTOGUARANTEEBENEFITANDALLOWANCES,ANDAWORKBASEDINSURANCERELATINGTOBENEFITSFORLOSSOFINCOMEBOTHINSURANCECATEGORIESAPPLYEQUALLYTOANYONELIVINGORWORKINGINSWEDENSWEDISHCITIZENSHIPISNOTONEOFTHEINSURANCECONDITI
7、ONSTHEACTCOVERSMOSTOFTHESOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMSADMINSTEREDBYTHESWEDISHSOCIALINSURANCEAGENCYANDTHEPREMIUMPENSIONAUTHORITYPPMSUPPORTFORFAMILIESWITHCHILDRENFINANCIALSUPPORTFORFAMILIESWITHCHILDRENCONSISTSOFPARENTALINSURANCE,CHILDALLOWANCE,ADOPTIONALLOWANCE,MAINTENANCESUPPORT,HOUSINGALLOWANCE,CAREALLOWANCE
8、FORSICKANDDISABLEDCHILDREN,CHILDSPENSIONANDPENSIONRIGHTFORCHILDCAREYEARSPARENTALBENEFITISPAYABLEFORATOTALOF480DAYSPARENTSWITHLOWINCOMEORNOINCOMEATALLRECEIVEBENEFITFOR390DAYSATABASICLEVELOFSEK180PERDAYPARENTALBENEFITCANALSOBEPAIDFORAFURTHER90DAYSONTHELOWESTBENEFITLEVEL,WHERETHEPAYMENTISSEK180PERDAYTH
9、ESAMELEVELFOREVERYONEMAINTENANCESUPPORTCANBEPAIDTOACHILDWHOSEPARENTSDONOTLIVETOGETHERTHEMAXIMUMBENEFITISSEK1273PERCHILDPERMONTHITISPAIDTOTHEPARENTWITHWHOMTHECHILDISLIVINGAPARENTWHOISLIABLETOPAYMAINTENANCEHASTOREIMBURSEALLORPARTOFTHESTATESCOSTSOFMAINTENANCESUPPORTHOUSEHOLDSWITHCHILDRENLIVINGATHOMEAND
10、HOUSEHOLDSWITHACCESSRIGHTSTOCHILDRENAREELIGIBLEFORHOUSINGALLOWANCETHESIZEOFTHEALLOWANCEDEPENDSONHOUSINGCOSTS,HOUSINGSPACE,HOUSEHOLDINCOMEANDNUMBEROFCHILDRENPARENTSOFACHILDTHATISSICKORDISABLEDCANAPPLYFORACAREALLOWANCETOBEELIGIBLEFORACAREALLOWANCE,THECHILDMUSTNEEDSPECIALSUPERVISIONANDCAREFORATLEASTSIX
11、MONTHSORMUSTHAVEADISABILITYTHATENTAILSEXTRACOSTSTHESTATEMAKESAGRANTOFSEK40000PERCHILDFORCOSTSINCONNECTIONWITHINTERCOUNTRYADOPTIONSINTHENEARFUTURE,THEGOVERNMENTWILLINVESTIGATETHESPECIFICCONDITIONSFORAREFORMOFFAMILYPOLICYDURINGTHISELECTORALPERIODTHECOREPOINTSOFTHEREFORMWILLBETHEINTRODUCTIONOFACHILDCAR
12、EVOUCHERSYSTEM,AGENDEREQUALITYBONUS,AVOLUNTARYMUNICIPALCHILDRAISINGALLOWANCEANDINCREASEDEDUCATIONALCONTENTINPRESCHOOLFINANCIALSECURITYFORTHESICKANDDISABLEDTHEMAINFORMSOFBENEFITAVAILABLEINTHEEVENTOFWORKINCAPACITYOWINGTOSICKNESS,DISABILITYORINJURIESARESICKNESSBENEFIT,REHABILITATIONALLOWANCE,COMPENSATI
13、ONFORMEASURESINWORKORIENTEDREHABILITATION,SICKNESSCOMPENSATION,ACTIVITYCOMPENSATIONANDOCCUPATIONALINJURYCOMPENSATIONSOCIALINSURANCEPROVIDESCOMPENSATIONFORSICKNESSTHATREDUCESWORKCAPACITYBYATLEASTONEQUARTERTHEEMPLOYERPAYSSICKPAYDURINGTHEFIRST14DAYPERIODSICKPAYPERIODNOCOMPENSATIONATALLISPAIDONTHEFIRSTD
14、AYTHEWAITINGPERIODAFTERTHEFIRST14DAYS,SICKNESSBENEFITISPAIDBYTHESWEDISHSOCIALINSURANCEAGENCYSICKNESSBENEFITISBASEDONTHEINCOMEQUALIFYINGFORSICKNESSBENEFITSSICKNESSBENEFITISPAYABLEASFULL,THREEQUARTERS,HALFORONEQUARTERBENEFIT,DEPENDINGONTHEEXTENTOFTHEREDUCTIONINWORKCAPACITYINCERTAINCASES,THESWEDISHSOCI
15、ALINSURANCEAGENCYMAYDECIDETOGRANTATRAVELALLOWANCEFORTRAVELTOANDFROMWORK,INSTEADOFSICKNESSBENEFITSICKNESSCOMPENSATIONANDACTIVITYCOMPENSATIONARETHENAMESOFTHEBENEFITSINTHEREFORMEDDISABILITYPENSIONSYSTEMACTIVITYCOMPENSATIONISPAIDTOINSUREDPERSONSAGED199YEARS,WHILESICKNESSCOMPENSATIONISPAIDTOINSUREDPERSON
16、SAGED304YEARSTHESEFORMSOFCOMPENSATIONCANBEGRANTEDTOINDIVIDUALSWITHAPERMANENTORLONGTERMATLEASTONEYEARFULLORPARTIALINCAPACITYFORWORKDUETOILLNESSORSOMEOTHERIMPAIRMENTOFTHEIRPHYSICALORMENTALCAPACITYFORWORKSICKNESSCOMPENSATIONCANBEGRANTEDFOREITHERANINDEFINITEORALIMITEDPERIODACTIVITYCOMPENSATIONISALWAYSPA
17、IDFORALIMITEDPERIODOFATMOSTTHREEYEARSATATIMEACTIVITYANDSICKNESSCOMPENSATIONAREPAYABLEASFULL,THREEQUARTERS,HALFORONEQUARTERBENEFIT,DEPENDINGONTHEEXTENTOFTHEREDUCTIONINWORKCAPACITYTHESEFORMSOFCOMPENSATIONCONSISTOFBOTHPROTECTIONINTHEFORMOFINCOMERELATEDSICKNESSCOMPENSATIONORACTIVITYCOMPENSATION,ANDBASIC
18、PROTECTIONINTHEFORMOFGUARANTEEDBENEFITTHEYAREINFLATIONPROOFEDBYBEINGRECALCULATEDANNUALLYINRELATIONTOCHANGESINTHEPRICEBASEAMOUNTGUARANTEEBENEFITISPAYABLETOTHOSEWHOHAVENOORLOWINCOMERELATEDSICKNESSORACTIVITYCOMPENSATIONANDISPAIDEITHERINFULLORASATOPUPAMOUNTTOREACHTHEMINIMUMGUARANTEEDLEVELTHEPUBLICPENSIO
19、NSYSTEMPENSIONSINTHEPUBLICPENSIONSYSTEMAREBASEDONLIFETIMEINCOMEANDCONSISTOFSEVERALDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSTHEINCOMERELATEDPENSIONINCLUDESINCOMEPENSIONANDPREMIUMPENSIONINCOMEPENSIONISLINKEDTOECONOMICGROWTHINSWEDEN,ANDTHEPENSIONSYSTEMISDESIGNEDTOCOPEWITHDEMOGRAPHICCHANGETHERETIREMENTAGEISFLEXIBLETHEREISALS
20、OBASICSOCIALSECURITYINTHEFORMOFAGUARANTEEPENSION,MAINTENANCESUPPORTFORELDERLYPERSONSANDHOUSINGSUPPLEMENTFORPEOPLEWHOHAVEHADLOWINCOMEORNOINCOMEATALLINADDITIONTOTHIS,THEREISANOCCUPATIONALPENSIONFORMOSTPEOPLEINWORKINSUREDPERSONS,THEIREMPLOYERSAND,INCERTAINCASES,THESTATEPAYPENSIONCONTRIBUTIONSTHEPENSION
21、CONTRIBUTIONIS185PERCENTOFGROSSEARNINGSOUTOFTHEPENSIONCONTRIBUTION,16PERCENTAGEPOINTSAREUSEDFORTHEPAYASYOUGOPAYGSYSTEMCALLEDTHEINCOMEPENSION,WHILETHEREMINDER,25PERCENTAGEPOINTS,ISDEPOSITEDINANINDIVIDUALPREMIUMPENSIONACCOUNTWHEREITEARNSINTERESTTHEPENSIONSYSTEMISLARGELYAPAYGSYSTEM,THATISTOSAYANINSURAN
22、CESYSTEMWHERETHECONTRIBUTIONSPAIDINAYEARCOVERTHATYEARSPAYMENTSOFOUTGOINGPENSIONSTHENAMEPAYGDERIVESFROMTHESYSTEMSREDISTRIBUTIONOFINCOMEFROMTHEWORKINGPOPULATIONTOTHERETIREDGENERATIONTHEPREMIUMPENSIONISAPARTOFTHEPENSIONENTITLEMENTTHATEACHINDIVIDUALISFREETOINVESTINFUNDSOFTHEIRCHOICEANINCOMEBASEAMOUNTTHA
23、TISLINKEDTOTHENCOMEINDEX”WASINTRODUCEDINCONNECTIONWITHTHEPENSIONREFORMTHEINCOMEINDEXMEASURESTHEAVERAGEINCOMECHANGEINSWEDENBYLINKINGTHEINDEXATIONOFPENSIONRIGHTSANDOUTGOINGPENSIONSTOTHEINCOMEINDEX,THEPENSIONSYSTEMHASBEENLINKEDTOTHEGENERALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEECONOMYANYONEWHOHASNOTEARNEDANADEQUATEPENSIONISG
24、UARANTEEDATOPUPGUARANTEEPENSIONTHISCOMPENSATIONISFINANCEDVIATHECENTRALGOVERNMENTBUDGETTHEGUARANTEEPENSIONCANBEPAIDFROMTHEAGEOF65ATTHEEARLIESTTOTHOSEBORNIN1938ORLATERRESIDENCEINSWEDENFOR40YEARSISREQUIREDFORFULLGUARANTEEPENSIONMAINTENANCESUPPORTFORELDERLYPERSONSCANBEPAIDTOPEOPLEWITHLOWORNOGUARANTEEPEN
25、SIONTHEHOUSINGSUPPLEMENTFORPENSIONERSISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEBASICSOCIALPROTECTIONPROVIDEDTOPENSIONERSWITHLOWPENSIONSJUSTLESSTHANHALFAMILLIONPENSIONERSRECEIVEHOUSINGSUPPLEMENTTHEGUARANTEEPENSIONANDMAINTENANCESUPPORTFORELDERLYPERSONSAREADJUSTEDUPWARDSINLINEWITHTHEPRICEBASEAMOUNTUNEMPLOYMENTINSURANCEINO
26、THERCOUNTRIESUNEMPLOYMENTINSURANCEISOFTENPARTOFTHESOCIALINSURANCESYSTEM,BUTINSWEDENITISPARTOFLABOURMARKETPOLICYTHEUNEMPLOYMENTINSURANCEFUNDSOFTENCOOPERATECLOSELYWITHTHETRADEUNIONSBUTARELEGALLYINDEPENDENTEUROPEANUNIONEUROPEANCOMMUNITYLAWHASAPPLIEDINSWEDENSINCE1994THEEUHASADETAILEDSYSTEMOFRULESFORCOOR
27、DINATINGMEMBERSTATESSOCIALSECURITYREGULATIONSTHISREGULATORYSYSTEMALSOAPPLIESINEEACOUNTRIESLIECHTENSTEIN,ICELANDANDNORWAYANDSWITZERLANDTHESYSTEMENTITLESPEOPLEWHOMOVEFROMONEMEMBERSTATETOANOTHERINORDERTOWORKTOASATISFACTORYLEVELOFSOCIALINSURANCEPROTECTIONTHECOORDINATIONOFBENEFITSINTHEDIFFERENTMEMBERSTAT
28、ESMEANSTHATPEOPLEWHOHAVEEARNEDRIGHTSTOBENEFITSWILLNOTLOSETHEMIFTHEYMOVETOANOTHERMEMBERSTATETHECOORDINATIONRULESAREALSOINTENDEDTOGIVEPEOPLEWHOMOVETOANOTHERMEMBERSTATEENTITLEMENTTOBENEFITSINTHATCOUNTRYSWEDENHASALSOENTEREDINTOBILATERALANDMULTILATERALSOCIALSECURITYAGREEMENTSWITHAROUNDTWENTYOTHERCOUNTRIE
29、STHESEAGREEMENTSCOORDINATENATIONALSOCIALINSURANCESYSTEMSTOVARYINGDEGREES译文瑞典社会保障制度的背景社会保险就像家庭对孩子一样，为病人、残疾人和老年人提供经济保障。在瑞典，当一个人通过劳动无法养活自己时，社会保险要基于个人情况和补偿个人收入损失，例如，一个有病人或有需要照顾的孩子的家庭。社会保险由包括普遍利益和私人利益以及与收入有关的津贴在内的社会保险给予。普遍性的利益同样的速度支付给每个人，这包括儿童津贴和通过津贴。平均测试的好处包括住房补贴，对养老金领取者的住房补贴和对顶端的利益的维护支持。当然这些津贴是不征税的。调查社
30、会保险政府打算成立一个跨党派的调查委员会来实施2007年对社会保险的改革。物价基数和收入上限一些社会保险福利与价格基数相挂钩，这种价格基数又与消费物价指数相关。这意味着，效益同一般价格水平一样保持其价值的变化。2007年的价格基数为40300瑞典克朗。医疗保险收入状况的最高限度，临时父母津贴和怀孕补贴的最高限度是10倍的价格基础数额。费用2005年支出的社会保险达四千三百五十亿瑞典克朗（1欧元约等于930瑞典克朗）。大约有一半用于养老金，大约32是疾病和伤残津贴，大约14的是对有儿童家庭的补助。行政费用刚刚超过百分之二。社会保险法社会保险是分为以居住基础的关于福利和津贴的保险保障和以工作为基础
31、的关于收入损失的保险利益。这两种保险类同样适用于任何在瑞典生活或工作的人。瑞典公民身份不是获得保险的一个必需条件。该法涵盖了大部分由瑞典社会保险局和高级养老金管理局（PPM）管理的的社会保障制度。对有孩子家庭的补助财政对有子女的家庭给予父母保险、子女免税额、养育津贴、赡养保障、住房津贴、生病和残疾儿童的医疗津贴、儿童的退休金和儿童退休金权利等方面的补助。父母获得的补贴是480天的全额支出补贴。低收入或无收入的家长都能得到390天基本水平在每天180瑞典克朗的补助。父母津贴也可以得到90天的每天180瑞典克朗（每个人同一水平）最低收益水平的补助。维持补助支付给不跟父母在一起生活的孩子。最高的补助
32、是每名儿童每月1273克朗。这些钱支付给与孩子一起生活的家长。有义务支付赡养费的家长要偿还国家用于赡养费用补助的全部或部分。有孩子住在家里的家庭和儿童有权回家居住的家庭有资格获得住房补贴。补贴的多少取决于该家庭的住房费用、住房面积、家庭收入和家里儿童的数量。孩子有疾病或者有残疾的父母可申请护理津贴。申请保健津贴的条件是，儿童必须需要特殊的监督和至少6个月的照顾或者必须有一个残疾产生额外费用。国家为每个跨国收养的孩子提供40000瑞典克朗的补贴。在不久的将来，政府将在选举期间调查家庭政策改革的具体条件。改革的核心点将是对托儿券制度、两性平等的奖金、自愿的基础上的子女抚养津贴和增加学前班教育内容的
33、引进。病人和残疾人的财政保障基于生病造成丧失劳动能力，残疾或受伤等原因的可用救济金的主要形式有疾病津贴，康复津贴，衡量工作导向的康复补偿，疾病补偿，补偿和活动的工伤赔偿。社会保险为患降低至少一个季度工作能力疾病的患者提供补偿。该雇主在头14天（病假期间）支付病假工资。任何赔偿都不能在第一天（等待期）就支付。在第14天之后的生病补助是由瑞典社会保险机构支付的。疾病津贴以疾病津贴的收入为限定条件。根据疾病对工作能力的影响，补助金有全额补助、3/4补助、半数补助、1/4补助四种形式。在某些情况下，瑞典的社会保险机构可决定给予基于旅行和工作的旅费津贴，而不是疾病津贴。疾病补偿和活动补偿的以改革养老保险
34、制度的名义给予残疾人的补助。活性补偿支付给19岁被保险人9年，而患病的补偿支付给30岁被保险人4年，这些形式的补偿可以给予那些因疾病或其他一些损害其身体或精神而全部或部分丧失工作能力的人以永久或长期（至少一年）性的补助。疾病补偿可以无限期或者有限期的被准予。活性赔偿支付期限始终是限制性的三年之内。根据减少工作的能力的程度，活性和疾病补助支付花费的全部、3/4、半数或者1/4。这些补偿形式既有与疾病赔偿的收入或工作补偿有关的保护形式，又有效益保障的基本保护形式。他们通过计算每年价格基数的变动来作为通货膨胀的证据。担保补助是应付给那些没有基于疾病的低收入或者活动的赔偿和享受全额或者达到最低生活保障
35、水平人群中收入最高的人。公共养老保险制度在公共养老金制度里，养老金是建立在一辈子收入基础之上，它由几个不同的部分组成。与收入相关的养老金收入包括养老金和养老保险费。在瑞典养，老金收入与经济增长相关联，建立养老保险制度的目的是应付人口变化。退休年龄是灵活的，也有养老保障形式的基本的社会保障，赡养保障老年人和低收入或没有收入的需要住房补助的人。此外，有一个为大部分工作的人提供的职业养老金。在某些情况下，被保险人、他们的雇主和国家共同承担养老金的缴纳。养老金的缴纳占到总收入的185。除养老金的缴纳之外，16被复用于PAYG系统的，被称为退休金的收入，同时提醒人们，25个百分点，是存入个人账户养老金保
36、险费而获得的利益。养老保险制度主要是PAYG系统，也就是说保险制度的缴款包括在即将离任那一年所缴纳的养老金款项。PAYG的名称源自该系统对退休一代劳动人口收入的再分配。养老保险费是每一个人可以自由选择投资于基金的权利的养老金的一部分。收入基数是联系在一起的介绍有关养老金改革近似指数。收入指数衡量瑞典收入水平的变化。通过与养老金权利指数挂钩和开放养老金收入指数，养老保险制度已经与一般性的经济发展链接到链接到一起。没有获得足够的养老保障的人将被给与最高的保障养老金。这种补偿资金通过中央政府的预算拨付。保证养老金支付给那些出生于1938年或更早的人，最早从他们65岁开始支付。在瑞典居住了40年就需要
37、充分保证养老金。老年人赡养补助支付给那些低退休金保障或者无退休金保障的人。住房补贴是给予低养老保险金者的基本社会保障的一个重要组成部分。只有不到一半的养老金领取者能够获得住房补贴。为老年人提供的养老保险和赡养补助，都随价格基数指数作调整。失业保险在其他国家失业保险金也常常是社会保险制度的一部分，但在瑞典却是劳动力市场政策的一部分。失业保险基金经常与工会密切合作，但在法律上独立的。欧洲联盟欧洲共同体法已于1994年开始在瑞典实行。欧盟有一份详细的规则体系来协调各会员国社会保障规章。这规管制度也适用于欧洲经济区国家（列支敦士登，冰岛和挪威）和瑞士。该系统赋予人们追求工作达到令人满意水平的社会保障而从一国到另一国的权利。不同的会员国之间利益的协调意味着赢得了权利的人如果迁到其他会员国去不会失去利益。协调规则还打算给予迁到其他会员国的人在该会员国享受福利的权利。瑞典还与周围其他21个国家签订了双边和多边的社会保障协定。这些协定在不同程度上协调全国社会保险制度。
