1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目CATCHINGUP,CRISISANDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGEVOLUTIONARYASPECTSOFTECHNOLOGICALLEARNINGINKOREASELECTRONICSINDUSTRY出处ASIAPACIFICJOURNALOFMANAGEMENT作者DIETERERNSTASIMPLIFIEDMODELADISTINGUISHINGFEATUREOFTHEKOREANMODELHASBEENASYMBIOTICRELATIONSHIPBETWEENGOVERNMENTSANDLARGEBUSINESSGROUPSTHECHAEBOL
2、STHISHASGIVENRISETOTHEFOLLOWINGVICIOUSCIRCLEOFTRUNCATEDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGAHEAVYRELIANCEONCREDITANDANEXTREMELYUNBALANCEDINDUSTRYSTRUCTUREHASLEDTOANARROWKNOWLEDGEBASE,ANDASTICKYPATTERNOFSPECIALIZATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFKOREASELECTRONICSINDUSTRYFITSTHEPATTERNOFLARGESCALE,CAPITALINTENSIVELATECOMERINDUSTRI
3、ALIZATIONDESCRIBEDBYGERSCHENKRON1962EASYACCESSTOLARGEAMOUNTSOFPATIENTDEBTCAPITALHASBEENACRITICALSOURCEOFCOMPETITIVESTRENGTHFORTHEKOREANCHAEBOLSTHISHASSHAPEDKEYFEATURESOFCORPORATESTRATEGYINTERMSOFPRODUCTSPECIALIZATION,TYPEOFPRODUCTION,SIZEOFCOMMITMENTANDENTRYSTRATEGY,VERTICALINTEGRATION,COMPETITIONFO
4、CUSANDTECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENTKOREASSUCCESSFULENTRYINTOTHEELECTRONICSINDUSTRYHASBEENAFORCEDMARCHTODEVELOPAMASSPRODUCTIONCAPACITYTHATCANSERVEHIGHGROWTHEXPORTMARKETSFORHOMOGENEOUSPRODUCTSVERYLITTLEUPGRADINGHASOCCURREDINTOHIGHERENDANDRAPIDLYGROWINGMARKETSEGMENTSFORDIFFERENTIATEDPRODUCTSANDSERVICESONCEADECI
5、SIONHASBEENMADETOENTERASECTOR,THECHAEBOLSNORMALLYMOVEINONAMASSIVESCALEANDINAHIGHLYINTEGRATEDMANNERBYCHANNELINGFUNDSATCONCESSIONARYTERMSTOAHANDFULOFCHAEBOLS,THESTATEHASCREATEDPOWERFULDOMESTICOLIGOPOLIESKOREASEXTREMELYUNBALANCEDINDUSTRYSTRUCTUREHASGIVENRISETOAPECULIARFORMOFCOMPETITIONSTRATEGYFIRMGROWT
6、HHASOCCURREDTHROUGHOCTOPUSLIKEDIVERSIFICATIONINTOMANYDIFFERENTANDUNRELATEDINDUSTRIESRATHERTHANTHROUGHANACCUMULATIONOFKNOWLEDGETHROUGHINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGTHERESULTHASBEENANARROWDOMESTICKNOWLEDGEBASE,WHICHINTURNHASMADEITDIFFICULTTOMOVEUPTHELADDEROFSPECIALIZATIONTHISDEVELOPMENTMODELWORKEDWELL,ASLONGASMA
7、JOREXPORTMARKETSKEPTGROWINGRAPIDLYASWEWILLSEEINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,THISISNOLONGERTHECASETODAYTHERESULTISOVERCAPACITYANDPRICEWARS,ASWELLASADRAMATICINCREASEINTHECOUNTRYSEXPOSURETODEBTAFTERTHREEDECADESOFRAPIDGROWTH,KOREAISNOWFACINGAMAJORCRISISEXTERNALFACTORS,CAUSEDBYTHEVOLATILITYOFINTERNATIONALFINANCI
8、ALMARKETS,HAVEACTEDASACATALYSTTHEIRIMPACTHOWEVERHASBEENMAGNIFIEDBYIMPORTANTDOMESTICFACTORSAFAILURETOUPGRADEISONEIMPORTANTREASONFORKOREASVULNERABILITYTOTHECURRENTCRISISINTHEFINANCIALANDCURRENCYMARKETSITHASREDUCEDTHECAPACITYOFKOREANFIRMSTOGENERATEASUFFICIENTLYLARGEAMOUNTOFFOREIGNEXCHANGETHATISNECESSAR
9、YTOSERVICETHEIRHUGEDEBTANARROWDOMESTICKNOWLEDGEBASEANARROWDOMESTICKNOWLEDGEBASEISANOTHERINDICATOROFKOREASTRUNCATEDINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGCATCHINGUPREQUIREDALIMITEDSETOFCAPABILITIESACAPACITYTOABSORBANDUPGRADEIMPORTEDFOREIGNTECHNOLOGYANDTODEVELOPOPERATIONALCAPABILITIESINPRODUCTION,INVESTMENTANDMINORADAPTA
10、TIONSTHISISNOLONGERSUFFICIENTTODAYIN1995,ANOECDREVIEWOFKOREASNSICONCLUDEDTHECOUNTRYCANNOLONGERAFFORDSIMPLYTOIMPORTTECHNOLOGYWHICHFOREIGNERSAREINFACTMOREANDMORERETICENTTOINTRODUCEONCONCESSIONALTERMSANDWILLHAVETORAISETHEVALUEADDEDANDTECHNOLOGICALINTENSITYOFWHATITPRODUCESOECD1995B,P5TODAY,THEREISANEVEN
11、MOREPOWERFULREASONFORSUCHASHIFTINKOREASDEVELOPMENTPARADIGMTHECOUNTRYSIMPLYDOESNOTHAVETHEFOREIGNEXCHANGEREQUIREDTOBUYINFOREIGNTECHNOLOGYKOREATHUSNEEDSTOCREATEABROADBASEDANDDIVERSIFIEDKNOWLEDGEBASE,ESPECIALLYWITHREGARDTOPRODUCTDESIGN,MARKETDEVELOPMENT,THEPRODUCTIONOFKEYCOMPONENTSANDTHEPROVISIONOFHIGHE
12、NDKNOWLEDGEINTENSIVESUPPORTSERVICESSOFARHOWEVER,KOREASKNOWLEDGEBASEISCONSTRAINEDBYTHREEMAINWEAKNESSESANINSUFFICIENTCRITICALMASSOFRGROSSINEFFICIENCIESOFCORPORATETECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENTANDEQUALLYIMPORTANTINEFFICIENCIESOFITSPUBLICINNOVATIONSYSTEMANINSUFFICIENTCRITICALMASSUNTILAROUNDTHEMID1980S,KOREANELECT
13、RONICSFIRMSHADLITTLEMOTIVATIONCOINVESTINRKIMSG1995KIMIYANDCHUNG1991KIMIYANDKIMCY1991KIML1992,1993ANDKIMSR1996WHILEEXTERNALTECHNOLOGYSOURCINGSTRATEGIESATEHIGHLYSOPHISTICATED,THEORGANIZATIONOFINNOVATIONWITHINTHESEFIRMSREMAINSRATHERINEFFECTUALANDTHEREISAHUGEPOTENTIALFORREORGANIZATIONANDPRODUCTIVITYIMPR
14、OVEMENTORGANIZATIONALCONSERVATISMCONTINUESTOPREVAILIFCHANGESOCCUR,THEYFOLLOWANOUTDATEDCENTRALIZEDRKIMSG1995KIMIYANDCHUNG1991KIMIYANDKIMCY1991KIML1992,1993ANDKIMSR1996。虽然外部技术采购战略已经高度成熟，但是这些企业内部创新组织依然相当无效而且有巨大潜力的重组和生产力的提高。组织的保守主义依旧占上风。如果发生改变，他们会遵守一种过时的集中式研发模式，而于如今日本、美国和欧洲公司典型的研究逐步下放的模式相反。韩国和日本之间的一个重要区
15、别是，韩国企业组织等级模式仍然盛行JANELLIANDYLMDAWNHEE1993。这对研发组织有着严重的负面影响韩国工程师和技术人员更倾向于做属于自己的工作，相较于日本同行更不愿意为团队付出OKI1993。韩国集中研发机构偏置的不利的影响已经超越了企业的边界。这可能是在技术的产生和扩散过程中涉及的不同行动者国内呈现极微弱的联系状态的主要原因。这尤其适用于大型电子制造企业和零部件供应商之间的联系。大多数联系是与国外公司或者被领先的财阀内化BLOOM1992。韩国公共创新体制的低效率韩国的公共创新体系也存在严重的低效率。虽然政府的研发比例已经下降到不足20，但依旧足够大，足够去发挥了重要作用。然
16、而，不同部委之间的研发严重缺乏协调已经浪费了韩国的稀缺资源。现有的制定优先次序的机制非常的不完善每个部委设立了自己的方案，基本上都是自由的提出自己的方案目标而缺乏不同程序之间足够的协调。只要长期目标是赶超性的，韩国几乎完全依赖于一个角色政府研究机构GRIS。他们的主要目的是为了弥补当时还很薄弱的私营公司的RD活动，并协助和支持他们去吸收和适应引进的外国技术。自80年代中期开始发生了改变，改变的结果是目前私营部门负责的部分超过韩国总研发的80。但是这类的研发企业存在一个狭隘的焦点其中大部分是面向发展，而不是研究，特别是流程重整和产品定制。这导致了阻断产业升级研发所需的一个浪费的恶性循环财阀已经拥
17、有研究经费，却忽视了它，而宁愿去把重点放在了发展活动上。韩国创新体系的另一个重要弱点，反常的，涉及到了既定的教育体系。重点关注对中层管理人员，工程员和技术人员的的培训是赶超阶段成功的重要前提。然而今天，重点转移到了研究，产品设计和市场开发，现有的教育系统是不足以去应付新的要求的。韩国的教育体系的特点是严重依赖于正规教育在每个领域，更多是集中在传统材料，而不是最新的论点。太多的注意力集中在整合和记忆，缺乏创意。高等教育一直是韩国技术学习上的明显瓶颈。总之，由于其早期的成功，韩国的创新体系正面临着新的挑战。它表现出大量的结构性弱点，这些已经得到了政府和管理层很好的识别和广泛的讨论。然而，由于以往成功所造成的惯性和权利结构的建立，削弱了韩国适应新的产业升级要求的能力。对新的政策理论和新的公司战略的探寻一直受限于经济和政治权力高度不平等的分配。
