1、原文CAUSESOFSOILCONTAMINATIONINTHEURBANENVIRONMENTDUSTDEPOSITIONEXTENSIVEDUSTDEPOSITIONISMAINLYCAUSEDBYINDUSTRIALEMISSIONITISDEPOSITEDINDRYCONDITIONSANDASSUSPENDEDPARTICULATEMATTERTHESIZEOFPARTICULATEMATTERVARIESTHEFRACTIONOFLESSTHAN10MDESIGNATEDASRESPIRABLEPARTICULATEMATTERISMOSTDANGEROUSFORHUMANHEAL
2、THAPORTIONOFCEMENTDUSTANDFLYASHMAYEXCEEDTHATVALUE,BUTTHEREARESOMEKINDSOFPARTICULATEMATTERWITHAGENERALSIZEDISTRIBUTIONOFLESSTHAN10MLIKEASBESTOSDUSTANDSMOKEDERIVEDFROMOILFIREDPOWERSTATIONSITSHOULDBEBORNEINMINDTHATTHESMALLERTHESUSPENDEDMATTERISTHEHIGHERTHECONTAMINANTCONCENTRATIONISDUETOTHEENHANCEDSORPT
3、IONCAPACITYCONTAMINATEDPARTICULATEMATTERCANBETRANSPORTEDFROMOUTDOORSINTOROOMSTHERE,ADUSTACCUMULATIONOCCURS,PARTICULARLYIFWINDOWSREMAINOPENEDDURINGDAYTIMEOFINTERESTISTHECOMPARISONBETWEENGARDENSOILANDHOUSEDUSTCONCENTRATIONINENGLANDITHASBEENFOUNDTHATTHECD,CU,PBANDZNVALUESWERELARGERINHOUSEDUSTTHANINTHEA
4、SSOCIATEDGARDENSTHORNTON1991DUSTFORMATIONINURBANAREASMAYPLAYANIMPORTANTROLE,INPARTICULARINARIDANDSEMIARIDREGIONS,WHEREDRYCONDITIONSDOMINATES,BUTALSOINHUMIDCLIMATESDUSTISOFIMPORTANCEFORSOILFORMATIONFORINSTANCE,INTHECITYOFHANOVERGERMANYWITHAPOPULATIONOF520,000,ANENORMOUSACCUMULATIONOF58CMWITHIN50YEARS
5、WASOBSERVEDBURGHARDTANDHKE2005WHENDUSTDEVELOPMENTANDDEPOSITIONOCCURREDWITHOUTANYFILTERTECHNIQUESYSTEMS,THEDEPOSITEDLAYERCANREACHENORMOUSTHICKNESSASOBSERVEDINVICINITYOFACOALPROCESSINGFACTORYINHALLEGERMANYWITHITS230,000INHABITANTSFIG32ONEIMPORTANTFEATUREOFURBANAREASISTHEOFTENEXPOSEDLANDSURFACEYOUCANNE
6、VERDISCOVERINWOODLANDANDPASTUREANDOVERLONGPERIODSPERCENTAGESOFBARESOILSAREPRIVATEGARDENSANDALLOTMENTSINWINTERTIME,PLAYINGFIELDS,CEMETERIES,DEMOLITIONANDBUILDINGSITES,DERELICTANDDISUSED,MOSTLYINDUSTRIALLAND,WASTEHEAPS,RAILWAYEMBANKMENTS,ANDSTORAGESITES,WHEREPERMANENTDUSTDEPOSITIONOCCURSTHORNTON1991IN
7、URBANANDINDUSTRIALAREASSEALEDSITESAREINFLUENCEDASWELL,SINCEDUSTMAYEASILYPENETRATEINTOGAPSBETWEENPAVEMENTSTONES,COBBLESASWELLASRAILWAYEMBANKMENTS,CONSTANTLYFILLINGTHEMUPITISSUPPOSEDTHATDUSTWILLBELATERALLYTRANSPORTEDONTHEPAVEMENTSTONESANDULTIMATELYCONCENTRATEDINGAPSDOWNSLOPEBURGHARDTANDHKE2005ITISLOGI
8、CALTOEXPECTTHATURBANSOILSSHOWHIGHERCONTAMINATIONLEVELSTHANTHERURALAREASBECAUSEOFTHEIRPROXIMITYTOANUMBEROFPOTENTIALPOLLUTIONSOURCESBIGCITIESLIKENEWYORKUSAWITH23,200,000INHABITANTSAREAFFECTEDBYSEVERALCONTAMINATIONSOURCES,FORINSTANCESIMULTANEOUSINDUSTRIALEMISSION,IMPACTOFTRAFFIC,DEPOSITSOFTECHNOGENICSU
9、BSTRATES,ETCCONSEQUENTLY,ADECLINEINEGCU,NIANDPBCONCENTRATIONSWASFOUNDWITHINCREASINGDISTANCEFROMTHECITYCENTREMANHATTANINTOTHERURALDISTRICTOUTSIDEOFTHECITYWHILEINMANHATTANPBTOPSOILVALUESOFMORETHAN130MGKG1WEREMEASURED,ATADISTANCEOF5060KMTHEVALUESDECREASEDTOABOUT40MGKG1,ANDATADISTANCEOF120130KMTOABOUT30
10、MGKG1PIERZYNSKIETAL2005THEURBANTORURALGRADIENTHASFREQUENTLYBEENFOUNDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESOFTHENORTHERNHEMISPHEREFIGURE33PRESENTSTHELEADCONCENTRATIONSOFFIVERELATIVELYSMALLTOWNSINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHECONTAMINATIONLEVELOFTHEURBANLAWNISCOMPARABLYHIGH,ASWOULDBEEXPECTEDBYTHEVICINITYANDEXPOSURETOHIGHLEVELSOFAI
11、RPOLLUTIONINURBANENVIRONMENTSTHEAIRPOLLUTIONISRELATEDTOMETALLICAEROSOLSFROMHEAVYINDUSTRYASWELLASCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUELTHEINVESTIGATIONSREFERREDTOLAWNSCLOSETOHOUSESANDINPARKSTHEHIGHLEVELHASNOTTOBERESTRICTEDTOTHEUPPERHORIZONSANDFORESTFLOORSTHEACTIVITYOFEARTHWORMSANDANTSBIOTURBATIONMAYPLAYAROLEINTHELON
12、GTERMMIXINGOFTHEHUMICTOPSOILANDTHEMINERALSUBSOIL,CAUSINGTRANSLOCATIONOFCONTAMINANTSLIKEPBCRAUL1992SEESECTION63ACITYSUBURBGRADIENTHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYTHESOILINVESTIGATIONSOFTHEUPPER5CMINMARRAKECHMOROCCOWITH1,200,000INHABITANTSELKHALILETAL2008THEYCOLLECTEDMATERIALFROMNINESITESACCORDINGTOAGRADIENTFROMSUB
13、URBANNO1TOURBANZONESNO9FIG34ACITISOBVIOUSTHATTHECD,CU,NIANDZNVALUESTENDTOINCREASETHESHORTERTHEDISTANCETOTHECITYCENTREISHOWEVER,OTHERFACTORSASWELLASTHEEXPECTEDDUSTDEPOSITIONCLOSETOTHECITYINFLUENCETHESITUATIONWITHINCREASINGDISTANCETOTHEHISTORICCITYCENTRETHEANTHROPOGENICDISTURBANCEOFTHESOILPROFILESSHOW
14、EDDISTINCTFINGERPRINTSASWELLTHETECHNOGENICFRACTIONINTHEUPPERSOILLAYERREACHES14ATSITENO9,INDICATINGTHEHUGEDISTURBANCETHECOARSETECHNOGENICFRACTIONREVEALEDSIMILARVALUESATADISTANCEOFAPPROXIMATELY500MFROMHISTORICCENTREBEHINDTHISDISTANCETHEPERCENTAGERANGEDBETWEEN1AND2BECAUSEOFTHEIRRELATIVELYHIGHCONTAMINAT
15、IONLEVELTHEFINDINGSMAYCONTRIBUTETOTHESOILPOLLUTIONSIGNIFICANTLYSEESECTION43BOTHTHEFACTORSDUSTDEPOSITIONANDTHEPRESENCEOFTECHNOGENICSUBSTRATESOVERLAPSEACHOTHERWITHREFERENCETOTHETOPSOILCONTAMINATIONINGENERAL,DUSTCONCENTRATIONININDUSTRIALAREASTENDSTOBEMUCHHIGHERTHANINRESIDENTIALANDRURALAREASINPARTICULAR
16、,INREGIONSWITHFACTORIESTHATHAVEARELATIVELYLOWNUMBEROFAIRPOLLUTIONFILTERSYSTEMSTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEAREASAREENORMOUSFORINSTANCE,THEEMISSIONOFSUSPENDEDPARTICULATEMATTERRANGEDBETWEEN360AND500GM3ININDUSTRIALCATCHMENTSOFSEVERALINDIANCITIES,WHILSTINRESIDENTIALANDRURALAREASTHEVALUESVARIEDFROM140TO200GM3
17、ONLYINRELATIONTOTHERESPIRABLEPARTICULATEMATTERWITHADIAMETERLESSTHAN10M,THERESULTSWERE120150GM3FORINDUSTRIALAREASAND60100GM3FORRESIDENTIALANDRURALAREASCPCB2004IFSOMEINDUSTRIALCOMPLEXESWITHVERYHIGHEMISSIONSSUCHASHEAVYMETALWORKSAREPRESENT,THESOILCONTAMINATIONISGOINGTOREACHEXTREMELYHIGHVALUESASSEENINFIG
18、35AANDB,THENONFERROUSMETALLURGYPLOTINPIRDOPBULGARIAWITHAPOPULATIONOF8,000INFLUENCEDTHESOILPROPERTIESNOTONLYINTHEIMMEDIATEPROXIMITYOFTHEINDUSTRIALPLOTAPARTFROMLEAD,THEELEMENTSCUANDZNREVEALEDTHESAMETENDENCIESOFDECREASINGVALUESWITHINCREASINGSOILDEPTHANDWITHINCREASINGDISTANCEFROMTHESOURCEMOREOVER,ITISOB
19、VIOUSTHATTHEREISADEPENDENCEONTHEWINDDIRECTION,SINCETHECONCENTRATIONSMAYBEENHANCEDPREDOMINANTLYINTHEMAINWINDDIRECTIONVERYHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFHEAVYMETALSACCUMULATEDESPECIALLYINTHEUPPERPORTIONOFTHEHUMICTOPSOILSPENINANDTSCHERNEV1997THETENDENCIESDESCRIBEDASSOCIATEDWITHTHEHEAVYMETALGRADIENTSAREBASICALLYAP
20、PLICABLETOORGANICPOLLUTANTSASWELLNEARTHETOWNOFSTRAZSKESLOVAKIAWITH5,000INHABITANTSWHICHISDOMINATEDBYACHEMICALFACTORYTHATPRODUCEDTECHNICALPOLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLSPCBMIXTURESBETWEEN1959AND1984,SAMPLESWERETAKENONANADJACENTMOUNTAINSLOPEINFLUENCEDBYTHEINTENSIVEDUSTEMISSIONANDNEARBYDEPOSITIONASSHOWNINTABL
21、E32,THEACCUMULATIONOFPCBANDPOLYCYCLICAROMATICHYDROCARBONSINTHEORGANICLAYEREXCEEDEDTHERESULTSFROMTHEMINERALSUBSOILDEPTHGRADIENTANDHIGHERVALUESTENDEDTOBEFOUNDATTHELOWERPOSITIONOFTHENEIGHBOURINGSLOPEINDIRECTCONTACTWITHTHEEMISSIONSOURCETHANATTHECENTRALANDUPPERPOSITIONINCONTRASTTOTHEHEAVYMETALS,THEDISTAN
22、CEGRADIENTSEEMEDOBVIOUSLYTOBELESSSIGNIFICANTWILCKEETAL2003INDUSTRIALANDMININGPROCESSESINFLUENCEINCREASINGLYTHEINVENTORYOFCONTAMINANTSINTHEUPPERPARTSOFTHESOILSINTHECOURSEOFTIMETRACEELEMENTSUSUALLYINTHEEARTHSCRUSTINVERYSMALLQUANTITIESREACHHIGHCONCENTRATIONSTHATWOULDNEVERHAVEBEENFOUNDINTHEABSENCEOFINDU
23、STRIALDEVELOPMENTFORINSTANCE,INWYOMINGANDIDAHO,USA,DUSTINDUCINGSURFACEMININGOFCOALANDPHOSPHORUSLEDTOANINCREASEOFSELENIUMINTHEENVIRONMENTDUETOTHEEXPOSUREOFSECONTAININGOVERBURDENPIERZYNSKIETAL2005IFSOILSOFANURBANENVIRONMENTARECOMPAREDWITHHEAVYMETALMININGSOILS,ANAPPRECIABLEDIFFERENCECANBENOTICEDTHORNTO
24、N1991ANALYSEDTOPSOILSOFSPECIALMININGVILLAGESANDTHEBRITISHCAPITALLONDON,WITHAPOPULATIONOF13,200,000,WITHREFERENCETOALLLOCATIONSINVESTIGATEDINENGLANDANDWALESTABLE33INGENERAL,ITWASSTATEDTHATTHERESULTSFROMLONDONAREMUCHHIGHERTHANFROMALLLOCATIONSINVESTIGATEDASEVERYBODYWOULDEXPECT,BUTSURPRISINGLY,THECONCEN
25、TRATIONSOFTHEMININGVILLAGESEXCEEDEDTHELONDONRESULTSCONSIDERABLY,APARTFROMCADMIUMINOTHERWORDS,THEURBANIMPACTAPPARENTLYSEEMSTOBELESSSIGNIFICANTTHANTHEMININGIMPACTWITHREFERENCETOURBANENVIRONMENTS,INTHETWONORWEGIANCITIESBERGEN,WITH230,000INHABITANTS,ANDTRONDHEIM,WITH160,000INHABITANTS,SENSITIVEUSESLIKEG
26、ARDENS,PARKS,KINDERGARTENSANDPLAYGROUNDSWERECHECKEDINORDERTOASCERTAINTHEINFLUENCEOFDUSTDEPOSITIONCONSEQUENTLY,THEUPPER2CMOFTHE661BERGENAND631TRONDHEIMSOILSAMPLESWERETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONBERGENSMOSTIMPORTANTECONOMICSECTORSARETRADE,SHIPPING,THEMARITIMEINDUSTRYANDTHEPUBLICSERVICETRONDHEIMHASGOTALARGEN
27、UMBEROFCOMPANIESPRODUCINGANDPROCESSINGAGRICULTURALGOODSFORBOTHCITIES,THEMAINPOLLUTIONSOURCESDISCOVEREDWEREINBUILDINGMAINTENANCEESPECIALLYPAINTING,INDUSTRIALWASTETREATMENT,ENERGYPRODUCTION,CARTRAFFICANDTHEUSEOFCUCRASIMPREGNATEDWOODMUCHATTENTIONWASPAIDTOTHELATTERSOURCE,BECAUSESANDPITSINPLAYGROUNDSANDK
28、INDERGARTENSWEREIMPREGNATEDBYCOPPER,CHROMIUMANDARSENICTABLE34PROVIDESINFORMATIONABOUTTHESOILCONCENTRATIONSOFTHETWONORWEGIANMUNICIPALITIESINDETAIL,SOMEAREASWERECONSIDEREDINORDERTOCONFIRMCLOSECORRELATIONSBETWEENSOMEEMITTINGFACTORSANDTOPSOILPOLLUTIONNEARBYTHEMETALSAS,CD,CU,PB,SEANDZNWEREMOREHIGHLYCONCE
29、NTRATEDINTHEHARBOURAREA,WHERESHIPMENTOFCOPPEROREPREVIOUSLYTOOKPLACEMERCURYWASENHANCEDINPROXIMITYTOACREMATORIUMANDAHOSPITALINCINERATORNEARMAINROADSTHEREWEREACCUMULATIONSOFHG,PBANDZNSEESECTION331INGENERAL,SOMEELEMENTSLIKECD,HG,PBANDZNREVEALEDINCREASINGCONCENTRATIONSINTHEOLDERPARTSOFTHECITYOTTESENETAL2
30、000A,2000B本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目CAUSESOFSOILCONTAMINATIONINTHEURBANENVIRONMENT出处CONTAMINATEDURBANSOILSENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION作者HELMUTMEUSER译文城市环境土壤污染的原因粉尘沉积广泛的灰尘沉积,主要是工业排放造成的。这是存放在干燥的条件和悬浮颗粒物。这些颗粒物大小各不相同。不到10微米的可吸入颗粒物含量指定是最适合人类健康的危险界限。部分的水泥粉尘和粉煤灰可能超过该值,但也有一些小于10微米的微粒一般像石棉粉尘粒度因烟油发电厂而得的。应该注意的是较小的悬浮物,是高浓度的污染物,其
31、吸附能力的增强污染越严重。污染颗粒物可由户外运进入房间。在那里,一旦积尘发生,尤其是当窗户在白天开放时候。令人感兴趣的是、花园土壤和屋尘浓度比较。在英国已经发现镉,铜,铅,锌值在屋尘大于其在相关的花园(桑顿1991年)。市区粉尘的形成可能起着重要作用,特别是在干旱和半干旱地区,那里干燥的环境下占主导地位,而且灰尘是土壤潮湿气候条件形成的重要部分。例如,在汉诺威(德国)52万人口的城市,一个在50年内58厘米的巨大积累的粉尘(瑞光和霍克2005年)。当灰尘发展和沉积技术没有任何过滤系统,巨大的沉积层厚度可以达到在一个在哈雷(德国)煤炭厂加工的情况。城市地区的一个重要特点是经常暴露地表,你永远无法
32、发现在林地和草场和在长期内裸土的百分比大部分是是私人花园和冬季拨款,运动场,墓地,拆迁和建筑工地,废弃和废弃,主要是工业用地,废物堆,铁路路基,和储存地点,在那里发生永久性的尘埃沉积(桑顿1991年)。在城市和工业区设密封网站的影响,以及,因为灰尘容易渗透到路面的石头之间的缝隙,卵石以及铁路路堤,不断填补起来。据推测灰尘会在人行道上横向运动,并最终在下坡(瑞光和霍克2005年)集中。这是合乎逻辑的期望,城市土壤表明不是因为它们靠近潜在污染源的如农村地区高污染水平。大城市如纽约,二千三百二十万居民(美国)遭受多种污染源,如工业排放的同时,对交通的影响,存款技术性基板等,在如下降铜,镍,铅含量,发
33、现随着进入农村地区距离市中心(曼哈顿)以外的城市。虽然在曼哈顿铅值超过130毫克公斤表土1的测量,在5060公里的值下降到约40毫克公斤1的距离,并在该120130公里的距离约30毫克公斤1(PIERZYNSKI等。2005年)。在北半球的发达国家城市到农村梯度经常被发现。图33介绍了五个相对较小的美国城镇的铅浓度。城市草坪的污染程度相对比较高,这将由附近,暴露于高浓度的空气污染城市环境的预期。空气污染是重工业以及化石燃料的有关金属气溶胶的燃烧。该调查称草坪靠近房屋和公园。高级别并没有被限制到上层的视野和森林地板。可能是蚯蚓,蚂蚁(生物扰动)的活性在腐植表土和底土的矿物长期混合作用,导致污染物
34、如铅(见63节)易位。一个城市郊区梯度已经证实了在高5马拉喀什(摩洛哥)厘米,1,200,000人(2008年萨尔瓦多哈利勒等。)土壤调查。他们收集的材料,从九个地点据来自郊区(第一号)梯度(第9号)(图34AC)的城市区域。很明显,镉,铜,镍和锌的量往往会离城市中心距离较短。然而,其他因素以及预期的尘埃沉积靠近城市的影响情况。历史悠久的城市中心,人为干扰的土壤剖面也显示不同的指纹。在上面的土层技术性分数达到14,9号在现场,显示了巨大的干扰。技术性部分的粗发现了约500米的距离历史中心相似的价值观。这个距离后面的百分比介于1和2。由于其相对较高的污染水平,这一发现可能有助于土壤污染研究(见4
35、3节)。这两个因素粉尘沉积和技术上存在重叠基板参考表层土污染对方。一般来说,在工业区粉尘浓度往往比在住宅和农村地区高。特别是在工厂有一个空气污染过滤系统地区的数量与相对较少的地区之间的差别是巨大的。例如,悬浮颗粒物的排放量不等的几个印度城市,而工业集水区360和500微克之间的M3的住宅和农村地区介于140至200微克的M3只值。关于可吸入颗粒物的直径小于10微米的事,结果是120150微克在工业区和60100微克在住宅和农村地区(CPCB2004年)。如果具有非常高排放重金属等一些工业园区存在的话,土壤污染是要达到非常高的指标。PIRDOP(保加利亚)有色金属冶金8000人口与密度不仅影响在
36、工业小区紧邻的土壤性状。除铅,铜和锌的内容揭示了随着土壤深度的下降,并伴随着距离值相同的倾向。此外,很明显,有一个风向的依赖,因为浓度可能会随着主风向的方向浓度越高为主。非常高浓度的重金属积累了(PENIN和TSCHERNEV1997年)土壤的上半部分,特别是胡敏表土。所描述的与重金属梯度有关,以及有机污染物,基本上是适用的倾向。附近的STRAZSKE(斯洛伐克)5000这是由化学工厂在1959年和1984年之间生产技术多氯联苯(PCB)的混合物产生的污染,样本被送往附近的山上在一个密集的沉积粉尘排放及附近斜坡的影响。如表32,PCB的积累在有机层(和多环芳香烃)所示底土的矿物超过了从(深度梯
37、度)和高价值的结果往往是在邻近斜坡下的直接接触位置与发现其在中部和上部正电子发射源。与此相反的重金属,距离梯度似乎不那么明显差异(WILCKE等。2003年)。在适当的时候工业和采矿过程中越来越多的影响土壤的上部污染物清单。高浓度的微量元素在地球的地壳通常是在非常小的数量达到,这个情况永远也不会在工业发展的情况下发现。例如,在怀俄明州和爱达荷州,美国,因为含有硒的(PIERZYNSKI等。2005)磷矿开采,防尘表面诱导煤与导致环境中硒的增加。如果拿一个城市环境与土壤重金属矿山土壤的环境相比,一个明显的差异就可以被看到。桑顿(1991)分析了表层土壤的特殊开采的村庄和英国首都伦敦的情况,参考了
38、拥有13,200,000人口的英格兰和威尔士(表33)的调查的所有地点。在一般情况下,有人说,从伦敦的结果看大家都期望从调查的所有地点较高,但奇怪的是,从镉来说采矿村的浓度大大超过了伦敦的浓度结果。换句话说,城市的影响的显著性显然小于矿山采矿影响。关于城市环境,在这两个挪威城市卑尔根的23万居民,和特隆赫姆16万居民,也喜欢花园,从公园,幼儿园及游乐场敏感的用途是检查,以确定粉尘沉积的影响。因此,高2661(卑尔根)和631厘米(TRONDHEIM)的土壤样品进行了检查。卑尔根最重要的经济部门是贸易,航运,海运业和公共服务。特隆赫姆已得到了生产和加工农产品的大量企业。对于这两个城市的主要污染源建筑维修中发现(尤其是绘画),工业废物处理,能源生产,汽车行驶和使用的铜铬作为浸渍木材。许多注重后者的根源,因为砂坑在操场和幼儿园是由铜,铬,砷浸渍。表34提供了有关这两个挪威直辖市土壤浓度信息。具体而言,一些地区被认为是为了确认两者之间的一些因素和表层土壤污染状况的密切相关。金属砷,镉,铜,铅,硒,锌更高度集中在海港区,因为这里以前装运铜矿发生。特隆赫姆附近主要道路有汞,铅和锌的积累(见331节)。一般来说,像镉,汞,铅和锌的一些内容显示增加了城市的土壤浓度(OTTESEN等。2000A型,2000年B)。