1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目THETRANSITIONTOELECTRICBIKESINCHINAHISTORYANDKEYREASONSFORRAPIDGROWTH出处TRANSPORTATION作者JONATHANWEINERT、CHAKTANMAANDCHRISTOPHERCHERRYTHETRANSITIONTOELECTRICBIKESINCHINAHISTORYANDKEYREASONSFORRAPIDGROWTHJONATHANWEINERTCHAKTANMACHRISTOPHERCHERRYABSTRACTANNUALELECTRICBIKEEBIKESALESINCHINAG
2、REWFROM40,000IN1998TO10MILLIONIN2005THISRAPIDTRANSITIONFROMHUMANPOWEREDBICYCLES,BUSESANDGASOLINEPOWEREDSCOOTERSTOANALLELECTRICVEHICLE/FUELTECHNOLOGYSYSTEMISSPECIALINTHEEVOLUTIONOFTRANSPORTATIONTECHNOLOGYAND,THUSFAR,UNIQUETOCHINAWEEXAMINEHOWANDWHYEBIKESDEVELOPEDSOQUICKLYINCHINAWITHPARTICULARFOCUSONTH
3、EKEYTECHNICAL,ECONOMIC,ANDPOLITICALFACTORSINVOLVEDTHISCASESTUDYPROVIDESIMPORTANTINSIGHTSTOPOLICYMAKERSINCHINAANDABROADONHOWTIMELYREGULATORYPOLICYCANCHANGETHEPURCHASECHOICEOFMILLIONSANDCREATEANEWMODEOFTRANSPORTATIONTHESELESSONSAREESPECIALLYIMPORTANTTOCHINAASITEMBARKSONALARGESCALETRANSITIONTOPERSONALV
4、EHICLES,BUTALSOTOOTHERCOUNTRIESSEEKINGMORESUSTAINABLEFORMSOFTRANSPORTATIONKEYWORDSEBIKEELECTRICBICYCLEELECTRICSCOOTERTWOWHEELVEHICLEINTRODUCTIONELECTRICBIKESAREACATEGORYOFVEHICLESINCHINATHATINCLUDESTWOWHEELBIKESPROPELLEDBYHUMANPEDALINGSUPPLEMENTEDBYELECTRICALPOWERFROMASTORAGEBATTERY,ANDLOWSPEEDSCOOT
5、ERSPROPELLEDALMOSTSOLELYBYELECTRICITYUSUALLYWITHPERFUNCTORYPEDALSTOSATISFYLEGALDEFINITIONSTHESEVEHICLESHAVEBECOMEAPOPULARTRANSPORTATIONMODEFORCHINESECONSUMERSBECAUSETHEYPROVIDEANINEXPENSIVEANDCONVENIENTFORMOFPRIVATEMOBILITYANDARETHUSANATTRACTIVEALTERNATIVETOPUBLICTRANSITORREGULARBICYCLINGTHEYAREPROM
6、OTEDBYNATIONALANDMANYLOCALGOVERNMENTSDUETOTHEIRLOWENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDZEROTAILPIPEEMISSIONS,ESPECIALLYIMPORTANTINCHINASCONGESTEDURBANAREASEBIKESAREGAININGANINCREASINGSHAREOFTWOWHEELEDTRANSPORTATIONTHROUGHOUTCHINA,ANDINSOMECITIESLIKECHENGDUANDSUZHOU,HAVEEVENSURPASSEDTHEBICYCLEMODESHAREUNDERSTANDINGTH
7、ETRANSITIONTOEBIKESISIMPORTANTFORGUIDINGTHEFUTUREOFPERSONALMOBILITYINCHINAANDOTHERDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESFIRST,CHINAISONTHEBRINKOFLARGESCALEMOTORIZATIONIEPEOPLEBUYINGCARSUNDERSTANDINGHOWANDWHYALARGESCALETECHNOLOGYSYSTEMEBIKESISSUCCESSFULLYADOPTEDMAYPROVIDEINSIGHTANDAFOUNDATIONFORASMOOTHERTRANSITIONTOCLE
8、ANERVEHICLE/FUELSYSTEMSFORPERSONALCARSASMOTORIZATIONCONTINUESSECONDLY,MANYOTHERDEVELOPINGNATIONSINSOUTHEASTASIAWITHHIGHTWOWHEELVEHICLE2WVSUCHASINDIAANDVIETNAMUSEARECONFRONTINGTHESAMEAIRQUALITYANDENERGYISSUESASCHINATHESECOUNTRIESMAYBEABLETOLEARNFROMCHINASEXPERIENCEINADOPTINGEBIKESELECTRICBIKESBACKGRO
9、UNDANDCURRENTSTATUSTHEREAREHUNDREDSOFMODELSOFELECTRICBIKESMANUFACTUREDINCHINAMOSTCANBECATEGORIZEDASBICYCLESTYLEELECTRICBIKESBSEBORSCOOTERSTYLEELECTRICBIKESSSEBSEEFIG1JAMERSONANDBENJAMIN2005THEREISASPECTRUMOFSTYLESBETWEENTHESETWOTYPESTHATALMOSTALLELECTRICBIKESSTYLESFALLINTOTHESSEBSHAVEMANYOFTHEFEATUR
10、ESOFGASOLINEPOWEREDSCOOTERSSUCHASHORNS,HEADLIGHTS,BRAKELIGHTS,TURNSIGNALSANDSPEEDOMETERSMOSTRELYEXCLUSIVELYONELECTRICPOWER,NOTHUMANPEDALINGBSEBSAREMORESIMILARINAPPEARANCEANDFUNCTIONTOSTANDARDBICYCLES,INCLUDINGFUNCTIONINGPEDALSINMOSTCITIES,ELECTRICBIKESAREALLOWEDTOOPERATEINTHEBICYCLELANEANDARECONSIDE
11、REDABICYCLEFROMAREGULATORYPERSPECTIVEIEHELMETSANDDRIVERSLICENSESARENOTREQUIREDTHETECHNOLOGYOFEACHTYPEOFELECTRICBIKEISSIMILARTHEMAINCOMPONENTSOFANELECTRICBATTERYINCLUDEAHUBMOTOR,CONTROLLERANDBATTERYBSEBSTYPICALLYHAVE36VBATTERIESAND180250WMOTORSSSEBSTYPICALLYHAVELARGER48VBATTERIESANDHIGHERPOWEREDMOTOR
12、S350500WELECTRICBIKESAREREGULATEDNOTTOEXCEED20KM/H,BUTMANY,ESPECIALLYSCOOTERS,CANTRAVELATSPEEDSINEXCESSOFTHATLIMITANDSOMEAREADVERTISEDTOGO40KM/HASMALLSUBSURVEYOF14EBIKEUSERSREVEALTOPSPEEDSFROM2540KM/HRANDRANGESOF2550KMONASINGLECHARGE,WHICHREQUIRES68HELECTRICBIKEBATTERIESARERECHARGEDFROMASTANDARDELEC
13、TRICALOUTLETANDTHUSREQUIRENONEWINFRASTRUCTURETHEMAJORITYOFEBIKEUSERSINTERVIEWEDCHARGETHEIREBIKESATHOMEDURINGTHENIGHTWHENELECTRICITYISCHEAPERINURBANAREAS,THISTYPICALLYMEANSCARRYINGTHEEITHERTHEBATTERYORTHEENTIREEBIKEINTOAMULTILEVELAPARTMENTBUILDINGITISALSOCOMMONTOSEEBIKESBEINGCHARGEDDURINGTHEDAYOUTSID
14、EGROUNDFLOORSHOPSUSINGSTANDARDELECTRICALOUTLETSEBIKEISSUESSAFETYISPERHAPSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTISSUEFACINGEBIKEGROWTHINNOVEMBER2006,GUANGZHOUBECAMETHETHIRDCITYINCHINATOBANEBIKESBEHINDFUZHOUANDZHUHAI,UNDERADVICEFROMTHETRAFFICMANAGEMENTBUREAUCITINGTRAFFICSAFETYCONCERNSXINHUANET2006THISISPRIMARILYBECAUSEEBIK
15、ES,WHILEBECOMINGFASTERANDHEAVIER,AREVERYQUIETWHENOPERATING,THEYAREVIRTUALLYIMPERCEPTIBLEBYEAR,ESPECIALLYTOVEHICLES,WHICHMAKESEBIKEUSERSVULNERABLEBUTALSODANGEROUSTOPEDESTRIANSTHESAFETYISSUEOFEBIKESMIXEDINTRAFFICISAKEYCONSIDERATIONINTHEDRAFTINGOFNEWNATIONALEBIKESTANDARDS,WHICHAREUNDERREVISIONANDUNDERI
16、NTENSEDEBATEWHILEEBIKESPROVIDEZEROTAILPIPEEMISSIONS,THEYDOEMITPOLLUTIONFROMPOWERPLANTS,WHICHARE75COALFIREDINCHINACHERRY2006THISRESULTSININCREASEDEMISSIONSOFCERTAINPOLLUTANTS,PARTICULARLYSO2,WHICHISPARTICULARLYPROBLEMATICINCHINESECITIESOTHERPOLLUTANTSARELOW,COMPAREDTOALTERNATIVEMODESCHERRY2006LEADEMI
17、SSIONSFROMBATTERYPRODUCTIONANDRECYCLINGHAVESERIOUSHEALTHIMPLICATIONSINCHINABECAUSEOFPOORPRODUCTIONANDRECYCLINGPRACTICESWITHINTHELEADANDBATTERYINDUSTRIES,3070OFTHELEADINABATTERYISLOSTTOTHEENVIRONMENTTHECHINESEEBIKEINDUSTRYTHECHINESEEBIKEINDUSTRY,WITHMINIMALGOVERNMENTALFINANCIALSUPPORTANDINDUSTRYSUPER
18、VISION,HASDEVELOPEDINTOTHELARGESTPRODUCEROFEBIKESWORLDWIDEMOSTPRODUCEBETWEEN10,000AND50,000EBIKESAYEAR,BUTTHEREARESIXCOMPANIESWITHANANNUALPRODUCTIONOFOVER200,000EBIKESONEREASONFORTHELARGENUMBEROFCOMPANIESINTHISINDUSTRYISTHATCOMPONENTTECHNOLOGYISMATURE,THENETWORKOFSUPPLIERSISVAST,ANDMANUFACTURINGISRE
19、LATIVELYSIMPLE2PROFITMARGINSOFEIGHTOEMSAVERAGEATONLY6THEREISALSOCONSIDERABLETHEFTOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYIPBYTHESMALLTOMEDIUMCOMPANIESACCORDINGTOINTERVIEWSWITHTHEMANAGERSFROMLARGERECOMPANIESBECAUSEOFTHELOWBARRIERSTOENTRYANDLAXIPPROTECTION,THEREAREMANYUNLICENSEDEBIKEMAKERSSELLINGPOORQUALITYBUTLOWCOSTEB
20、IKESSEVERALOEMSPREDICTTHATTHEREWILLBECONSIDERABLECONSOLIDATIONOVERTHENEXTFEWYEARSANDTHENUMBEROFEBIKEMAKERSWILLDROPSIGNIFICANTLYTHECOMPANIESTHATCURRENTLYMAKEEBIKESCOMEFROMAVARIETYOFINDUSTRIALBACKGROUNDSSOMEAREESTABLISHEDCOMPANIESPRODUCINGBICYCLES,MOTORCYCLES,ELECTRICALAPPLIANCES,ANDEVENTOYCARS,THATSH
21、IFTEDTOMAKINGEBIKESWHENDEMANDGREWSOMEOFTHESECOMPANIESAREOVER60YEARSOLD,BUTMOSTDIDNOTSTARTPRODUCINGEBIKESUNTILPOST2000MANYCOMPANIESWITHNOPASTMANUFACTURINGEXPERIENCEENTEREDTHEINDUSTRYMAKINGEBIKESDIRECTLYIMPORTANTFACTORSFORRAPIDEBIKEGROWTHTHEREASONSFOREBIKESUCCESSINTHE3RDPHASECANBECATEGORIZEDINTOTHREEI
22、MPORTANTDEVELOPMENTFACTORSTECHNOLOGY,ECONOMICS,ANDPOLICY1、TECHNOLOGYFACTORSIMPROVEMENTSINBATTERYANDMOTORTECHNOLOGYSINCETHE90SHELPEDEXPANDTHEMARKETFOREBIKESEBIKES,REACHINGRANGESOF5060KMOVER95OFEBIKESSOLDINCHINAUSEPBACIDBATTERIESJAMERSONANDBENJAMIN2005WHILEPBACIDBATTERIESHAVEBEENINUSEFORNEARLYACENTURY
23、INAUTOMOBILESANDOTHERAPPLICATIONS,THEREHAVEBEENIMPORTANTADVANCESINTHEPASTDECADERENDERINGTHEMMORESUITABLEFOREBIKESDURINGTHEFIRSTPHASEOFEBIKEINTRODUCTION,BATTERIESUSEDLIQUIDACIDELECTROLYTEINSTEADOFTHEFIXEDELECTROLYTEUSEDINMOSTPBACIDBATTERIESTODAYLIQUIDTYPEREQUIREDMOREMAINTENANCE,ANDIFTHEBATTERYORBIKEF
24、ELLOVER,ELECTROLYTELEAKEDOUTANDCAUSEDPROPERTYDAMAGEMOSTEBIKESTODAYUSEVALVEREGULATEDPBACIDTYPESWITHGELORABSORBEDGLASSMATAGMELECTROLYTE,WHICH,INADDITIONTOIMPROVINGENERGYDENSITY,ALSOMINIMIZESMAINTENANCEANDELECTROLYTESPILLSDUETOITSSEALEDNATUREJAMERSONANDBENJAMIN20052、ECONOMICFACTORSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTECONO
25、MICFACTORSEXPLAININGRAPIDEBIKEADOPTIONINCHINAARETHERISINGINCOMELEVELOFTHECHINESE,THEDECREASINGCOSTOFEBIKETECHNOLOGY,ANDTHERISINGCOSTOFGASOLINETHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFCHINAINTHEPASTDECADEHASRAISEDTHESTANDARDOFLIVINGOFITSRESIDENTS,BRINGINGTHEEBIKEWITHINCLOSERREACHOFMILLIONSMOREBETWEEN1997AND2004,AVERAGED
26、ISPOSABLEINCOMEINCREASED82FROM645/YEARTO1180/YEARFUELPRICEHASRISENSUBSTANTIALLYINTHEPAST6YEARSGASOLINEPRICESINSHANGHAIINCREASED45SINCE2002FROM039TO056/LITEREXCLUDINGINFLATIONCONSUMERSPURCHASEDECISIONSARESENSITIVETOFUELCOSTINCREASESSINCEITISAMOREFREQUENTPAYMENTALONGWITHRISINGGASOLINEPRICES,ELECTRICIT
27、YPRICESFELLINRURALAREASTHISPRICEDECREASEWASDUETOSIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTFROMCENTRALGOVERNMENTINELECTRICITYINFRASTRUCTURETHROUGHRURALAREASNATIONWIDE,ANDTHEDECISIONTODROPRURALELECTRICITYPRICESTOURBANPRICELEVELSBEFORETHISPOLICYWASENACTED1998,ELECTRICITYPRICEINRURALAREASWAS50HIGHERTHANINURBANAREASXINHUANET
28、2004THISDECREASEINPRICECOMBINEDWITHRISINGINCOMECAUSEDTHERURALEBIKEMARKETTOEXPANDRAPIDLY3ONEELECTRICBIKECOMPANYESTIMATESTHATIN2005THERURALCONSUMERSACCOUNTEDFOR20OFTHEIRNATIONALEBIKESALES3、POLICYFACTORSCHINASRAPIDURBANIZATIONTHEFLUXOFRURALPEOPLEINTOCITIESOVERTHEPASTDECADE,ALSOAPRODUCTOFECONOMICANDPOLI
29、TICALCHANGES,ISANOTHERAFACTORINEBIKEGROWTHURBANIZATIONHASLEDTOINCREASEDCONGESTIONWITHINCITIESANDGREATERDEMANDFORLOWCOSTPERIPHERALHOUSINGINTHEIRSUBURBSPUBLICTRANSPORTATIONSERVICEINMOSTCITIESISCROWDEDANDSLOWDUETOCONGESTION,WHICHISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONLYSTATEDREASONSEBIKEUSERSCHOOSETHISMODEBUSESAREALSOINH
30、ERENTLYINFLEXIBLEINSERVINGAGROWINGDIVERSITYOFORIGINS/DESTINATIONSSETSTRADITIONALBICYCLESHAVEALSOBECOMELESSANDLESSSUITEDFORTRAVELASTRIPSLENGTHSEXTENDANDHOUSEHOLDSDEMANDFAST,FLEXIBLE,LOADCARRYINGMODESTHETRICITYSURVEYRESULTSSHOWTHATEBIKEUSERSAREEXPERIENCINGMORERANGEANDLESSTRAVELTIMETHANBICYCLESTRIPLENG
31、THANDFREQUENCYISONAVERAGE1020HIGHERTHANBICYCLESAVERAGEOPERATINGSPEEDIS3135HIGHERINSHANGHAIANDKUNMINGCONCLUSIONSEBIKES,THOUGHTHEYFLOUNDEREDTWICEINTHE80SANDEARLY90S,EXPERIENCEDEXTRAORDINARYGROWTHINTHELATE90STOTHEPRESENTDUETOACOMBINATIONOFECONOMIC,TECHNICAL,ANDPOLITICALFACTORS,SUMMARIZEDBELOW1EBIKETECH
32、NOLOGY,SPECIFICALLYMOTORSANDBATTERIES,IMPROVEDSIGNIFICANTLYDURINGTHELATE1990SSIMPLETECHNOLOGY,AVASTSUPPLIERBASE,ANDWEAKIPPROTECTIONMADEITEASIERFOREBIKEMAKERSTOENTERTHEINDUSTRY,INCREASINGCOMPETITIONANDDRIVINGPRICESDOWN2DUETOIMPROVINGECONOMICCONDITIONSNATIONALLY,INCOMESOFURBANHOUSEHOLDSANDTHESHARESPEN
33、TONTRANSPORTATIONBOTHROSECONSIDERABLY3EBIKEPRICESDECREASED,GASOLINEPRICESROSEANDELECTRICITYPRICESINRURALAREASDROPPED,MAKINGEBIKESMORECOMPETITIVEECONOMICALLYWITHALTERNATIVESLIKEGASOLINEPOWEREDSCOOTERSANDBUS4NATIONALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTPOLICYMOTIVATEDBYENERGYANDAIRQUALITYISSUESCREATEDFAVORABLECONDITIONS
34、FOREBIKEGROWTHBANNINGGASOLINEPOWEREDMOTORCYCLESINLARGECITYCENTERSREMOVEDTHEMOSTCOMPETITIVEMODEFROMTHECHOICESET5NATIONALEBIKESTANDARDSWITHLOOPHOLESANDFLEXIBLEGUIDELINESCREATEDARICHOPPORTUNITYFORMANUFACTURERSTOCREATEEBIKESTHATAPPEALEDTOMOREUSERS,NAMELY,SCOOTERSTYLEELECTRICBIKES6DUETOCHANGESINURBANFORM
35、,PERFORMANCEOFALTERNATIVETRANSPORTATIONMODESDECREASEDASTRIPSLENGTHSANDCONGESTIONINCREASEDTHISMADETRIPSDIFFICULTTOTRAVERSEBYBICYCLEANDSLOWBYMOTORIZEDMODES,PARTICULARLYBUSESANDTAXISRECOMMENDATIONSEBIKESARESTILLINTHEIRINFANCYANDMANYOFTHEIRNEGATIVEIMPACTSCANBEMITIGATEDTHROUGHTECHNOLOGYIMPROVEMENTSPARTIC
36、ULARLYINCREASEDUSEOFADVANCEDBATTERYTECHNOLOGY,IMPROVEDTRAFFICOPERATIONSTRATEGIESANDENFORCEDDESIGNANDPERFORMANCESPECIFICATIONSREMOVINGVULNERABLEROADUSERSLIKEBIKESANDEBIKESANDENCOURAGINGTRULYUNSAFEMODESLIKECARSISAPOORPOLICYDIRECTIONRATHERTHANPROHIBITELECTRICBIKES,THEINDUSTRY,GOVERNMENTANDUSERSNEEDTOAD
37、DRESSTHEPROBLEMATICASPECTSOFEBIKESPRODUCTION,PERFORMANCEANDTECHNOLOGYTHISCOULDMAKETHISMODEMUCHMORESUSTAINABLEINTOTHEFUTUREANDCOULDSIGNIFICANTLYIMPACTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSANDMODECHOICEASCHINAMOTORIZESLOOKINGFORWARD,THISANALYSISHINTSATFUTURETECHNOLOGYEVOLUTIONPATHSFORCHINAS450MILLIONBIKEUSERS,22MILLIO
38、NCURRENTEBIKEUSERS,ANDBURGEONINGCARPOPULATIONINSMALLERCITIESANDCOUNTRYSIDEWHEREINCOMESARERISING,EBIKESMAYEVENTUALLYREPLACEBICYCLESCHINASEXPERIENCEMAYALSOHAVEATRICKLEDOWNEFFECTINOTHERDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWITHHIGH2WVUSEEGINDIA,VIETNAMANDMOUNTINGURBANTRANSPORTATIONPROBLEMSSPECULATINGONTHEFUTUREOFTECHNOLO
39、GYEVOLUTIONANDTRENDSINCHINAANDTHESEOTHERCOUNTRIES,FURTHERTECHNOLOGICALPROGRESSONEBIKESANDINCREASINGENVIRONMENTALPRESSURESMAYCREATEAREGULATORYENVIRONMENTTHATUSHERSINELECTRIC3WHEELERSANDSMALLBATTERYELECTRICCARSINANYCASE,THEIMPLICATIONSOFHOWANDWHERETHISTECHNOLOGYSYSTEMDEVELOPSAREHUGETHESEIMPLICATIONS,B
40、OTHPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVE,ONURBANTRAFFIC,INDUSTRYDEVELOPMENT,ENERGYUSE,ANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS,WARRANTFURTHERINVESTIGATION译文从历史看电动自行车在中国快速转型的主要原因乔纳森维纳特CHAKTAN马斯托弗克里【摘要】电动自行车（电动车）在中国年度销售额从1998年的40,000到2005年的1000万。本文从人力自行车,公共汽车和用汽油作动力的滑板车过渡到特殊燃油系统的全电动车，到目前为止,中国在交通运输上的发展是独一无二的。我们研究如何以及为什么电动自行车在中国发展这么快，特别侧
41、重于关键的技术，经济和政治因素。这项个案研究重要的见解决策者在中国和国外如何及时监管政策可以改变数以百万计选购，并创建一个新模式运输。这些经验教训对中国尤其重要，不仅因为它涉及从大型交通到个人车辆，还向其他国家寻求更多交通可持续形式。【关键词】电动自行车电动滑板车两轮车简介电动自行车，是指以蓄电池作为辅助能源在普通自行车的基础上，安装了电机、控制器、蓄电池、转把闸把等操纵部件和显示仪表系统的机电一体化的个人交通工具。这些车辆,已成为一个受欢迎的运输方式,因为他们为中国消费者提供廉价和便利的形式的私人流动,因此对比公共交通或定期骑自行车，是一个有吸引力的选择。由于他们能耗低,排放低，他们为国家许
42、多拥堵城市地区的政府所推动。电动车在中国交通的占有额日益增加，在中国,和在一些城市像成都和苏州,甚至超过了自行车模式份额。在中国和其他发展中国家，因为个人移动性日益重要，电动车引领未来或许成为趋势。第一,中国在大型机动化即边缘人购买轿车。一个大型技术系统电动车成功应用是因为可以提供有技术,又环保的车辆/燃油系统，个人汽车的动力化还在继续。其次,许多其他发展中国家比如东南亚印度和越南等，车辆使用正面临着同样的空气质量和能源问题。这些国家可能可以向中国学习经验,采取电动车。电动车的背景和现状数百个型号的电动自行车在中国生产。大多数可以分为几类,如（BSEB）自行车风格电动车和机车风格SSEB。有一
43、种风格在这两者之间,几乎所有电动车风格都涉及。SSEB有许多如摩托车汽油头灯、角,刹车灯,以汽油为动力的滑板车的许多特点。大多数完全依赖电力，而不是人力。BSEB在外观和功能标准更像自行车,包括功能踏板。在很多城市,电动车是允许在自行车道行驶的,从监管的角度，他们被看作是一个自行车即头盔、司机许可证是不需要。每一种类型的电动车技术是相似的。主要部件电动电池包括一个毂电机、控制器和电池。BSEB通常有36V电池和180250W电机。SSEB通常有较大的48V电池和高动力马达350500W，电动车电机规范不超过20公里/小时,但很多人,特别是摩托车、可以驾驶的速度超过这个限制达到40公里/小时。一
44、个电动车用户的调查报告显示，最高的速度从2540公里/小时到2550公里和范围,需要68小时给电池充电。电动车电池充电,是一个标准的插座,因此不需要新的基础设施。大多数的电动车用户接受采访，他们一般在家里晚上给电动车充电，因为电费晚上便宜。在城市地区,这通常意味着载着或电池或整个电动车成多层次的公寓大楼。这也是常见到自行车被指控的经常使用商店前面标准插座充电。电动车问题安全问题是影响电动车行业迅速发展的重要因素。2006年11月,由于来自交通管理局的建议，广州成为继福州和珠海后中国第三个禁止电动车的城市新华网2006。这主要是因为电动车变得更快更安静。操作时,他们几乎是不知不觉用听觉,特别是对
45、车辆,使电动车用户成为弱势群体，危险的行人。起草新的国家电动车标准时电动车的安全问题是重点考虑的,需要修改和激烈的争论。当电动自行车提供尾部排气管零排放,75的煤在中国，燃煤会排放污染樱桃2006。这个结果在增加,尤其是某些污染物质排放二氧化硫,而这里面尤为显著的是在中国的城市里。其他污染物很低,与替代模式相比樱桃2006。在中国，铅蓄电池生产和回收带来严重的健康影响。因为恶劣的生产和资源回收工作在领导电池行业,3070电池中的铅消失在环境中。中国电动车工业中国电动车产业以最小限度的政府财政支持和工业监视、已经发展成为全球最大的电动车生产者。大多数生产商年产一到五万电动车,但有六家公司,年生产
46、20万电动车。原因之一,是因为广大企业在这产业组成部分技术成熟,网络供应商巨大,和制造成本相对较低，平均只有6。采访了大公司经理，得知也有相当的知识产权盗版。因为低进入壁垒以及散漫的知识产权保护,有许多无证电动车制造商出售劣质但价格便宜电动车。几个OEM预测,在未来的几年中,电动车数量和电动车制造商数量将会大幅下降。当前的电动车公司来自多种工业背景。一些知名企业生产自行车、摩托车,电器、甚至玩具车,让电动车需求转移了。有些公司已有60年以上,但大多数没有开始生产电动车直到2000年。许多公司没有过去的制造经验直接进入电动车制造业。电动车快速增长的重要因素电动车成功的原因在第三阶段可分为三个重要
47、的发展因素技术、经济、和政策。1、工艺因素90年代以来，电池、马达技术改进极大地帮助扩大了电动车市场。电动车的行驶范围,达到60公里。电动车在中国销售95使用的是PBACID电池。PBACID电池在汽车和其他应用上已经使用了近一个世纪,在过去的十年中的重要进展使其更适合电动车。在第一阶段的电动车使用的是液体酸电池电解液而不是固定电解质用于更多PBACID电池的今天。LIQUIDTYPE需要更多维护,如果电池或骑自行车跌倒、电解液泄漏出去,会造成财产损失。大多数电动车现在所使用的VALVEREGULATEDPBACID凝胶或吸收类型与玻璃垫电解质丢失,从而,除了提高能量密度,也使其密封自然，减少
48、电解液溢出。2、经济因素中国电动车快速增长的另一个重要原因是经济增长,主要因为随着收入水平的增长，汽油价格的上升，而电动车技术的成本却在降低，这就导致了越来越多的人选择电动车。在过去的十年里，中国的经济快速增长，人均收入也随之快速增长。从1997年到2004年,人均可支配收入增加82。在过去的6年燃油价格持续上升。汽油价格在上海自2002年以来增加了45,从39到056美元/升不含通货膨胀。消费者购买决策都是敏感的，燃料成本的增加因为它更强烈的需求。随着油价上涨、电力价格下跌,在农村地区，这个价格降低是由于中央政府在电力上进行重大投资，在全国建设农村基础设施。在此之前,电在农村地区价格比市区高
49、50。这价格下降结合增长的收入使农村电动车市场扩大迅速一个电动车公司估计在2005年的农村消费者占20。3、政策因素在过去的十多年来，中国迅速城市化农村人口向城市大量流动,这是社会的产物,经济和政治的变化,也是是电动车增长另外一个因素。城市化已导致城市比低成本周边住宅需求的郊野的交通更加拥挤。在大多数城市，由于公共交通服务拥挤不堪,缓慢的拥堵,也是电动车普及的原因。公共汽车还固有的路线，从起始点到目的地。由于旅行长度延伸和家庭需求快捷、轻松,承载模式，传统的自行车也变得越来越不适合。调查结果表明,电动车用户正经历比自行车更大范围和更少的旅行时间。旅行平均长度和频率高于1020自行车平均操作速度高上海和昆明3135。结论电动车行业尽管在80年代和90年代早期挣扎了两次,直到90年代晚期才有成长的经验。到现在的由于组合的经济,技术、政治因素,总结了如下1。在1990年代晚期，电动车技术,特别是电机、电池、有显著的提高。简单的技术供应商,犹如一幅巨大以及薄弱的IP的保护使各国电动车制造商进入产业,加快竞争和价格下降。2。由于国民经济的发展,城镇居民家庭收入和花在交通上的比例均有所上升很大。3。电动车物价下跌了,汽油价格上涨和电力价格在农村地区下降使电动车更有竞争力,替代汽油燃料的摩托车和汽车。4。国家和地方政府政策出于能源和空气质量问题为电动车增长创造了有利的
