1、1毕业论文外文翻译外文题目REGIONALSYSTEMOFGREENWAYSIFYOUCANMAKEITINSTLOUIS,YOUCANMAKEITANYWHERE出处WILEYINTERSCIENCE作者WSCOTTKRUMMENACHER,TODDSWANSTROMANDMARKTRANEL原文REGIONALSYSTEMOFGREENWAYSIFYOUCANMAKEITINSTLOUIS,YOUCANMAKEITANYWHEREABSTRACTSINCETHE1990S,REGIONSAROUNDTHECOUNTRYHAVETURNEDTOGREENWAYSASTHELATESTTREN
2、DINPARKDEVELOPMENTUSUALLYDEVELOPEDALONGSTREAMSORABANDONEDRAILLINESASLINEARPARKS,GREENWAYSRESPONDTOTHERISINGDEMANDFORACTIVEOUTDOORRECREATIONSUCHASJOGGINGANDCROSSCOUNTRYSKIINGFROMTHEPROPOSEDCATAWBAREGIONALTRAILINTHECHARLOTTEMECKLENBURGAREATODENVERSCHERRYCREEKGREENWAYTOSANANTONIOSCELEBRATEDRIVERWALK,CO
3、NNECTEDGREENWAYSAREINCREASINGLYSEENASTHEAMENITYNOTWENTYFIRSTCENTURYMETROPOLITANAREACANDOWITHOUTINMETROGREEN,ASTUDYOFGREENWAYSINTENUSANDCANADIANCITIES,PLANNERDONNAERICKSONCONCLUDESTHATGREENWAYSGENERATEECONOMIC,ENVIRONMENTAL,ANDSOCIALVITALITYBYINCREASINGTHECONNECTIONSAMONGPEOPLEANDPLACESSUPPORTERSSTRE
4、SSTHATGREENWAYSINCREASELANDVALUESANDDEVELOPMENTOPPORTUNITIESSINCETHETIMEOFFREDERICKLAWOLMSTED,THEPROXIMATEPRINCIPLEHASBEENWELLKNOWNPROPERTIESLOCATEDINPROXIMITYTOPARKSENJOYHIGHERMARKETVALUESANDTHERESULTINGINCREASEDPROPERTYTAXREVENUESCANHELPPAYFORPARKDEVELOPMENTANDMAINTENANCEACCORDINGTOTHEEDGEEFFECT,G
5、REENWAYSHAVEADISTINCTADVANTAGEOVERTRADITIONALPARKSASLINEARPARKS,GREENWAYSGENERATELONGEREDGES,ORBORDERS,THANCONVENTIONALPARKSJOHNCROMPTONOBSERVEDTHATAONEHUNDREDACREPARKCOMPOSEDOFASTRINGOFONEHUNDREDCONNECTEDSQUAREACRESGENERATES565TIMESMOREEDGETHANACIRCULAR2ONEHUNDREDACREPARKTHEEDGEEFFECTHASLONGGUIDEDT
6、HELAYOUTOFGOLFCOURSESTHATAREINCORPORATEDINTOREALESTATEDEVELOPMENTSABOUTHALFOFALLNEWGOLFCOURSESAREPARTOFAREALESTATEDEVELOPMENTTHEPREFERREDLAYOUTISTHESINGLEFAIRWAY,RETURNINGNINESCONFIGURATIONINWHICHNOFAIRWAYBORDERSANOTHERFAIRWAYANDEACHNINELOOPSOUTANDRETURNSTOTHECLUBHOUSETHISMAXIMIZESTHENUMBEROFHOMESDI
7、RECTLYABUTTINGTHEGOLFCOURSETHERISEOFREGIONALGREENWAYSISALSOARESPONSETOCHANGINGRECREATIONALPATTERNSMOREPEOPLEAREADOPTINGACTIVELIFESTYLESINVOLVINGHIKING,JOGGING,BICYCLING,INLINESKATING,ANDCROSSCOUNTRYSKIINGTHEPREFERENCESOFHOMEBUYERSHAVESHIFTEDFROMSWIMMINGPOOLSANDTENNISCOURTSTONATURETRAILSACCORDINGTOCR
8、OMPTON,PROXIMITYTONATURALAREASHASMOREOFAPOSITIVEEFFECTONLANDVALUESTHANPROXIMITYTOPARKSWITHLARGEATHLETICFACILITIESANDGATHERINGPLACESGREENWAYSAREEVENTOUTEDASDRIVERSOFREGIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINCREASINGLY,FOOTLOOSECORPORATIONSANDHIGHTECHWORKERSSEEKOUTHIGHQUALITYOFLIFEPLACESTHEPRESENCEOFCERTAINAMENITI
9、ESMAYBEMOREIMPORTANTTHANTHEFACTORCOSTSOFPRODUCTIONORACCESSTOMARKETSINTHERISEOFTHECREATIVECLASS,RICHARDFLORIDAARGUESTHATCREATIVEWORKERSINHIGHTECHOCCUPATIONSDRIVEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTWORKINGINTENSELYFORLONGHOURS,CREATIVECLASSWORKERSCRAVEREADYACCESSTORECREATIONTORECHARGETHEIRBATTERIESTHEYREQUIREPARKSORTR
10、AILSCLOSEATHAND,WRITESFLORIDAGREENWAYSALSOBENEFITTHEENVIRONMENTBYPRESERVINGNATUREALONGSTREAMS,THEYIMPROVEWATERQUALITYRIPARIANVEGETATIONFILTERSOUTPOLLUTANTS,BOTHINTHEAIRANDINTHEWATERGREENWAYSCANDAMPENNOISEFROMAHIGHWAYBYREDUCINGRUNOFF,GREENWAYSCANREDUCEFLOODINGANDCUTCOSTSFORSTORMWATERMANAGEMENTBYENABL
11、INGSOMERESIDENTSTOWALKORBICYCLETOWORK,GREENWAYSCANREDUCEAUTOMOBILEUSEFINALLY,BYENABLINGPEOPLEFROMDIFFERENTCOMMUNITIESTOMINGLEINLOWSTRESSENVIRONMENTS,GREENWAYSCANINCREASESOCIALCAPITALESPECIALLYWHATROBERTPUTNAMINBOWLINGALONECALLSBRIDGINGSOCIALCAPITALOBSTACLESTOGREENWAYDEVELOPMENTTHESUBSTANTIALECONOMIC
12、,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALBENEFITSOFREGIONALGREENWAYS3WOULDSEEMTOMAKETHEMANEASYSELLGREENWAYS,HOWEVER,AREOFTENCONTROVERSIALPRECISELYBECAUSETHEYLINKDIFFERENTCOMMUNITIES,RESIDENTSALONGTHEPROPOSEDGREENWAYOFTENANTICIPATEANINVASIONOFTHEIRCOMMUNITYBYOUTSIDERSHOMEOWNERSFEARAVIOLATIONOFTHEIRPRIVACY,WITHSTRANGE
13、RSPEERINGINTOTHEIRLIVINGROOMSOPPONENTSRAISETHESPECTEROFINCREASEDNOISE,LITTER,TRESPASSING,ANDVANDALISMTHEYEVENFEARINCREASEDCRIME,THOUGHSTUDIESYIELDNOEVIDENCEFORTHISOPPONENTSOFGREENWAYSHAVEACCESSTOMANYVETOPOINTSBECAUSEOFFRAGMENTEDPRIVATELANDOWNERSHIPANDPUBLICLANDUSECONTROLSIFONEPRIVATELANDOWNERREFUSES
14、TOSELLORALLOWEASEMENTSTOAKEYPIECEOFLAND,THEENTIREGREENWAYSYSTEMCANBECOMPROMISEDANDWITHEMINENTDOMAINSOCONTROVERSIAL,FEWGOVERNMENTSAREPREPAREDTOFORCIBLYSEIZEPRIVATEPROPERTYTOBUILDAGREENWAYPERHAPSTHEGREATESTOBSTACLETOGREENWAYDEVELOPMENTISTHEFRAGMENTATIONOFLANDUSEPOWERSAMONGLOCALGOVERNMENTSTHEAVERAGEMET
15、ROPOLITANAREAINTHEUNITEDSTATESHASABOUTONEHUNDREDGENERALPURPOSEGOVERNMENTSWITHOUTPERMISSIONFROMTHELOCALMUNICIPALITY,GREENWAYDEVELOPMENTISIMPOSSIBLEMOREOVER,SUCCESSFULGREENWAYSUSUALLYREQUIRELOCALGOVERNMENTSTOBERESPONSIBLEFORMAINTENANCENEGOTIATINGMAINTENANCEAGREEMENTSAMONGSCORESOFLOCALGOVERNMENTSISADAU
16、NTINGTASK,TOSAYTHELEASTGREATRIVERSGREENWAYTHESTLOUISWAYTHESTLOUISMETROPOLITANAREAISONEOFTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGENVIRONMENTSFORBUILDINGAREGIONALSYSTEMOFCONNECTEDGREENWAYSTHEQUINTESSENTIALINELASTICCITY,TOUSEATERMCOINEDBYDAVIDRUSKINCITIESWITHOUTSUBURBSP10,STLOUISCITYHASNOTANNEXEDANYLANDSINCEITWITHDREWFROMST
17、LOUISCOUNTYIN1876INTHESECONDHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY19502000,THEPOPULATIONOFSTLOUISFELLBYMORETHANHALFAMILLION,FROMABOUT856,796TO348,189WITHNONATURALBARRIERSTOEXPANSION,SUCHASMOUNTAINSORLARGEBODIESOFWATER,STLOUISHASBECOMEONEOFTHEMOSTSPRAWLEDOUTMETROPOLITANAREASINTHENATIONFROM1982TO1997,THEREGIONSPOP
18、ULATIONGREWBYONLY6PERCENTYETURBANIZEDLANDGREW25PERCENT,RANKINGSTLOUISASHAVINGONEOFTHELEASTEFFICIENTPATTERNSOFLANDDEVELOPMENTINTHENATIONSTCHARLESCOUNTY,LOCATED4WESTOFSTLOUISCITYANDCOUNTYONTHEOTHERSIDEOFTHEMISSOURIRIVER,HASBEENONEOFTHEFASTESTGROWINGCOUNTIESINTHENATIONBECAUSETHESTLOUISREGIONHASTHINNEDO
19、UTSOMUCH,BUILDINGATRULYREGIONALSYSTEMOFGREENWAYSREQUIRESSPANNINGHUGEDISTANCESSTLOUISALSOHASONEOFTHEMOSTFRAGMENTEDSYSTEMSOFLOCALGOVERNMENTINTHENATION,GENERALLYRANKEDRIGHTBEHINDPITTSBURGHINTOTALNUMBEROFGOVERNMENTSPERONEHUNDREDTHOUSANDPEOPLEACCORDINGTOTHE2002CENSUSOFGOVERNMENTS,THESTLOUISMETROPOLITANAR
20、EAHAS303GENERALPURPOSELOCALGOVERNMENTSSTLOUISANSAREDEEPLYATTACHEDTOTHEIRLOCALGOVERNMENTSACCORDINGTOTERRYJONES,THEREGIONISFRAGMENTEDBYDESIGNHOMEBUILDERSWORKCLOSELYWITHSUBURBANMUNICIPALITIESWHOSEZONINGCODESOFTENMANDATESINGLEFAMILYHOMESONLARGELOTSBOTHPUBLICANDPRIVATEACTORSAREDEEPLYSUSPICIOUSOFANYREGION
21、ALPLANNERSWHOMIGHTTAKEPOWERSAWAYFROMLOCALGOVERNMENTSTHEIMPETUSFORAREGIONALSYSTEMOFGREENWAYSINSTLOUISGREWOUTOFADANFORTHFOUNDATIONCIVICINITIATIVE,STLOUIS2004,COMMEMORATINGTHEHUNDREDTHANNIVERSARYOFTHESTLOUISWORLDSFAIRONEOFTHEHUNDREDSOFIDEASGENERATEDBYTHEMORETHANTENTHOUSANDCITIZENSWHOPARTICIPATEDINTHEPR
22、OCESSWASANINITIATIVETOBUILDAREGIONALSYSTEMOFCONNECTEDGREENWAYSTHISWOULDREQUIREENABLINGLEGISLATIONINILLINOISANDMISSOURIASHORTTERMNONPROFITORGANIZATION,GREENWAYPARKSANDTRAILS2004,WASESTABLISHEDTOLEADTHEPROCESSOVERATWOYEARPERIOD,ROBERTJHALL,THEEXECUTIVEDIRECTOR,NEGOTIATEDWITHAMULTITUDEOFMUNICIPALANDCOU
23、NTYPARKANDRECREATIONPROFESSIONALSANDELECTEDOFFICIALSTOCREATEAREVENUESHARINGPLANTHATWOULDLENDSOMESUPPORTTOEXISTINGPARKSASWELLASTHEFUNDINGFORTHEREGIONALPARKSDISTRICTINNOVEMBER2000,PROPOSITIONCWASPUTONTHEBALLOT,CREATINGAONETENTHOFACENTSALESTAXINSTLOUISCITY,STLOUISCOUNTY,ANDSTCHARLESCOUNTY,ASWELLASTWOCO
24、UNTIESONTHEILLINOISSIDEOFTHEMISSISSIPPIRIVERTHEVOTERSAPPROVEDTHETAX,ESTABLISHINGWHATISNOWKNOWNASTHEGREATRIVERSGREENWAYGRGDISTRICTINMISSOURIANDTHEMETROEASTPARKSANDRECREATIONDISTRICTINILLINOISTHETAXGENERATESCLOSETO22MILLIONAYEARINMISSOURI,HALFOFWHICHISDISTRIBUTEDTOAREAGOVERNMENTSANDHALFOFWHICHISSPENTD
25、IRECTLYBYGRGONGREENWAYS5WITHITSFRAGMENTEDLOCALGOVERNMENTS,SUSPICIONOFREGIONALPLANNING,ANDPOWERFULSUBURBANHOMEBUILDERS,STLOUISISONEOFTHEMOSTINHOSPITABLEENVIRONMENTSIMAGINABLEFORBUILDINGAREGIONALSYSTEMOFGREENWAYSTOECHOAREFRAINOFTENSAIDABOUTNEWYORKCITY,IFYOUCANMAKEITINSTLOUIS,YOUCANMAKEITANYWHERESURPRI
26、SINGLY,GRGHASBEENABLETOMAKESUBSTANTIALPROGRESSONACOMPREHENSIVEPLANFORREGIONALGREENWAYSINARELATIVELYSHORTPERIODOFTIMENOT,HOWEVER,BEFOREHITTINGAPOLITICALBUZZSAWTHATTEMPORARILYSTOPPEDGRGINITSTRACKSTHECHALLENGEOFEQUITYINREGIONALGOVERNANCEGRGISINASITUATIONINWHICHITMUSTCOLLABORATEWITHPUBLIC,PRIVATE,ANDNON
27、PROFITACTORSASSCHOLARSPUTIT,GRGMUSTSUBSTITUTEPROCESSESOFREGIONALGOVERNANCEINTHEABSENCEOFASTRONGREGIONALGOVERNMENTTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYGRGHASAVAILABLE,ABOUT11MILLIONAYEAR,ISRIDICULOUSLYSMALLRELATIVETOTHEDEMANDSOFBUILDINGAREGIONALGREENWAYNETWORKKNOWINGTHIS,GRGSPENDSALMOSTALLOFITSMONEYONACQUIRINGLAND,EASEME
28、NTS,ANDBUILDINGTHETRAILGRGUSESSEEDSOCIAL,ENVIRONMENTAL,ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPROJECTSTOHELPGENERATEACTIVITYALONGGREENWAYSITESANDREINVIGORATEGREENWAYINITIATIVESBEFOREANYSECTIONOFTHERIVERRINGISCOMPLETED,ALEGALMAINTENANCEAGREEMENTMUSTBESIGNED,USUALLYWITHTHELOCALGOVERNMENTIFGRGPUTMONEYINTOMAINTENANCE,ITWOU
29、LDSOONHAVENOFUNDSLEFTTOBUILDGREENWAYSTHESEAGREEMENTSALSOPREVENTLOCALGOVERNMENTSFROMBECOMINGDEPENDENTONTHEDISTRICTFORSUPPORTTHEDISTRICTWORKSTOACQUIRESTATEANDFEDERALGRANTSANDMATCHINGFUNDSFORPROJECTSSEVENTYSEVENMILESOFBICYCLELANESPLANNEDFORSTLOUISCITYANDCOUNTYWERETHERESULTOFGRGSLEADERSHIPINACQUIRINGAFE
30、DERALFUNDINGSOURCEFORTHEPROJECTADDITIONALLY,THEDISTRICTASSISTSLOCALMUNICIPALITIESINTHEIREFFORTSTODEVELOPENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYPROJECTS,SUCHASTHEPORTAGEDESIOUXNATUREAREA,WHICHFEEDINTOTHERIVERRINGSYSTEMTHESTVINCENTGREENWAY,FOREXAMPLE,RUNSTHROUGHSOMEOFTHEMOSTIMPOVERISHEDAREASINTHESTLOUISREGIONMORETHAN
31、39PERCENTOFTHERESIDENTSOFWELLSTONAND30PERCENTOFTHERESIDENTSOFPAGEDALELIVEBELOWTHEFEDERALPOVERTYLEVELTHEPOVERTYRATEFORSTLOUISCOUNTYASAWHOLEIS69PERCENTTHESEMUNICIPALITIES6LACKAPROFESSIONALPARKSDEPARTMENTANDAREINAPERPETUALSTATEOFFISCALSTRESSLOCALGOVERNMENTSOPERATINGATTHEMARGINSHAVELITTLEROOMTOADDALONGT
32、ERMCOSTSUCHASMAINTENANCEOFAGREENWAYINSOMECASES,CIVICORGANIZATIONSHAVESTEPPEDINTOFILLTHENEEDFORMAINTENANCETRAILNET,ALOCALCITIZENSGROUP,HASADOPTEDTHEMAINTENANCECOSTSFORAPORTIONOFTHESTVINCENTGREENWAYEVENSO,LOCALGOVERNMENTSCANNOTLEANTOOHEAVILYONTHECIVICSECTORCIVICGROUPSARESTRONGADVOCATESOFGREENWAYS,BUTC
33、APITALIMPROVEMENTSANDMAINTENANCESOONDRAINTHEIRBUDGETTHETWELVEMILERIVERFRONTTRAIL,FOREXAMPLE,FELLINTODISREPAIRWHENTRAILNETSTRUGGLEDTODELIVERTHEFUNDINGTOMAINTAINITINEQUALITYTHUSPRESENTSAFORMIDABLEOBSTACLEFORREGIONALGOVERNANCEAPPROACHESTOMAJORAMENITIES,SUCHASTHATPIONEEREDBYGRGFINANCIALLYSTRAPPEDLOCALGO
34、VERNMENTSFINDITDIFFICULTTOCOMMITTOTHELONGTERMCOSTSOFGREENWAYMAINTENANCECIVICGROUPSSTRUGGLETOFILLTHEGAPSWITHOUTADDITIONALRESOURCESANDIMAGINATIVEEFFORTSTOADDRESSTHISPROBLEM,THEDEVELOPMENTOFGREENWAYSWILLFAVORUPPERMIDDLECLASS,USUALLYWHITESUBURBSPOSSESSINGADEQUATERESOURCESTOMAINTAINTHESEVALUABLENEWAMENIT
35、IESBUILDINGREGIONALGREENWAYSPROMISESANDPITFALLSTHESTLOUISEXAMPLESHOWSTHATPROGRESSCANBEMADEONREGIONALGREENWAYSEVENWITHOUTASTRONGREGIONALGOVERNMENTPOSSESSINGLANDUSEPLANNINGPOWERSANDEMINENTDOMAINLEANANDMEANSPECIALDISTRICTSHEADEDBYENTREPRENEURIALLEADERSCANOVERCOMEFRAGMENTATIONANDBUILDCOLLABORATIONTHREEL
36、ESSONSSTANDOUTFROMTHEGRGEXPERIENCEFIRST,UNDERSTANDINGTHELOCALPOLICYENVIRONMENTISESSENTIALTHEWATERSHEDPLANNINGPROPOSALWASDEFEATEDLARGELYBECAUSEOFLONGSTANDINGATTACHMENTSTOLOCALCONTROLANDMISTRUSTOFGOVERNMENTREGULATIONWORDSSUCHASWATERSHEDPLANNINGACTIVATEDTHESECONCERNSASGRGLEARNEDFROMTHISEXPERIENCE,YOUCA
37、NNOTASSUMETHATTHEPUBLICUNDERSTANDSGREENWAYSYOUHAVETOAGGRESSIVELYMARKETGREENWAYSANDTHEREGIONALVISIONBEHINDTHEMSECOND,BUILDINGRELATIONSHIPSISCRITICALFISHERWORKEDTOBUILDTRUSTINGRELATIONSHIPSWITHPOWERFULHOMEBUILDERSANDLOCALMAYORSEXTENSIVEPROCESSESOFCITIZENENGAGEMENTHELPEDTOFORESTALLGRASSROOTSOPPOSITION7
38、FINALLY,PUBLICLEADERSHIPANDRESOURCESMATTERGREENSPACEISEXPENSIVETOPRESERVEANDDEVELOPITISOFTENTHEFIRSTITEMCUTFROMLOCALBUDGETSHAVINGDEDICATEDFUNDINGHASBEENPARAMOUNTTOGRGSSUCCESSTHEPUBLICSECTORISNOTJUSTANOTHERSTAKEHOLDERINPROCESSESOFREGIONALGOVERNANCEGRGWASTHEONLYACTORTHATHADASTAKEINAREGIONALVISIONOFACO
39、NNECTEDSYSTEMOFGREENWAYS,ANDITWASABLETOUSEITSRESOURCESSTRATEGICALLYTOGAINACCESSTOKEYPOLITICALACTORSINTHEREGIONANDOVERCOMEINITIALOPPOSITIONTOGREENWAYS8译文绿道网的地域系统如果你可以在路易斯做到，你能在任何地方做到摘要20世纪90年代以来，全国各地的区域已转向绿色通道作为园区发展的最新趋势。绿道积极响应如慢跑，越野滑雪，户外休闲日益增长的需求，通常沿河流或废弃的铁路线发展为线性公园。从夏洛特梅特伦堡区的卡托巴区域性步道的提出，到丹佛梅克伦堡地区的樱
40、桃河绿道网，再到圣安东尼奥的庆功河道，绿道连接日益被视为作为二十一世纪大都会区所必须有的市容。在麦得格林，在美国和加拿大的十个城市绿道研究，规划师唐娜埃里克森认为，绿道会增加人与地方的联系从而产生经济、环境和社会活力。支持者强调，绿色通道增加了土地价值和发展机会。自从冯检基劳尔奥姆斯特德以来，“近因原则”已经众所周知物质位于接近公园处享有较高的市场价值，以及由此产生的收入可以增加物业税帮助支付园区开发和维护。根据“边缘效应”，绿道网拥有一个比传统公园更为明显的优势。那就是，作为线性公园，绿道产生比传统公园更长的边缘或边界。约翰克朗普顿指出，由一百个平方英亩连接成的一百英亩大小的公园，比一百英亩
41、大小的圆形公园产生565倍的公园边缘。早已成为高尔夫球场布局指导的边缘效应也将要纳入到房地产开发之中。（关于所有新球场一半是房地产发展的一部分。）首选的布局是“单航道，返回九”，配置为没有边界的另一航道，航道各九圈出来，并均可返回该会所。这直接毗邻高尔夫球场的住房数量最大化。区域绿道的增加也是休闲方式改变的一种响应。越来越多的人通过参与徒步旅行，慢跑，骑自行车，滑冰，和越野滑雪等积极的生活方式。购房者的偏好已经从游泳池和网球场转向自然小径。据克朗普顿所说，接近自然地区的土地价值比接近与大型体育设施和公园聚集场所有更积极的作用。绿道网甚至成为区域经济发展的驱动力。越来越多的自由自在的企业和高科技
42、工作者寻求高品质的生活场所。对某些设施的存在可能会比生产或进入市场的成本更为重要。在创意阶层的兴起得时期，理查德佛罗里达认为，在高科技行业的创意工作者带动经济发展。长时间紧张工作，创造性工人渴望随时进入休闲以恢复体能。“他们需要在附近的公园或小径”在佛罗里达州写道。绿道网也有利于环境。他们通过保护溪边的自然来改善水质。河岸植被能过9滤掉在空气中或在水中的污染物。绿道可以降低高速公路的噪音。通过减少径流，绿道可以减少洪水和降低暴雨治理成本。通过促进一些居民步行或骑自行车上班，绿道可以减少汽车的使用。最后，让不同社区的人们在低压力环境中生活，绿道可以增加社会资本，尤其是罗伯特普特南在保龄球单独所说
43、的“桥梁”的社会资本。绿道网发展的障碍区域绿道所带来的大量的经济、社会和环境效益似乎使临近楼盘更容易出售。但是，绿道网也经常引起争议。正因为它们连接不同社区，绿色通道沿线的居民往往预测他们将受到外界社会的干扰。业主担心自己的隐私受到侵犯，自己的起居室被陌生人窥视。反对者提出了噪声、垃圾、非法侵入和破坏等厄运的增加，他们甚至担心犯罪的增加，虽然没有研究这方面的证据。绿道反对者已经获得许多否决点，因为零散的私人土地所有权和公共土地用途受到管制。如果一个私人土地所有者拒绝出售或允许地役权的土地，就关键来讲，整个绿道系统将受到损害。与其征用而产生如此多的争议，一些国家的政府准备强行扣押私人财产，建立一
44、个绿色通道。也许，绿道发展最大的障碍，是地方政府之间的土地使用权分散的问题。在美国，一个都市圈平均约有一百个区域性政府。未经当地市政当局许可，绿道的发展是不可能的。此外，成功的绿色通道，通常需要当地政府负责维修。至少可以这样说，地方政府之间通过谈判维护各自利益从而达成协议是一项艰巨的任务。大河绿道网圣路易斯路圣路易斯都市圈区是建立一个区域系统相互连接的绿道网最具挑战性的环境之一。最典型的“弹性”的城市，圣路易斯市，并没有附任何土地，因为它在1876年从圣路易斯县退出。在二十世纪（19502000年）下半年，圣路易斯减少了超过50万的人口，从约856796人到348189。由于没有天然屏障如高山
45、或大型水体阻碍扩张，圣路易斯已成为全国最广阔的大都市之一。从1982年到1997年，该地区的人口只增长了6个百分点，但城市化土地增长了25，圣路易斯成为全国土地利用率最低的发展区域。圣查尔斯县，位于圣路易斯市和县西的密苏里河的另一边，一直是全国发展最快的县之一。正是由于圣路易斯地区已经变稀薄了这么多，建立一个真正的区域绿道系统需要跨越巨大的距离。圣路易斯也是国家中地方政府体系最分散的系统之一，一般正好排名在匹兹10堡之后，每十万人拥有一个政府。根据政府2002年人口普查，圣路易斯都市圈地区拥有303通用地方政府。圣路易山斯深受当地政府重视。据特里琼斯介绍，该地区是“分散的设计”，住宅建筑商的区
46、划代码工作任务往往和很多大型的单户住宅郊区城市密切合作。公共和私营部门都深感任何区域规划者都可能从当地政府拿走权力。绿色通道区域系统的推动来源于一个名为“丹圣”的民间基金组织，它是2004年圣路易斯市为纪念圣路易斯世界博览会的一百周年而创立的。它是由超过十万市民参与产生的百余个想法中的一个倡议，即建立一个区域系统相互连接的绿色通道。这就要求伊利诺伊州和密苏里州能够立法。成立了一个短期的非盈利组织“绿道公园及步道2004”来组织这一进程。在一两年内，执行主任罗伯特，与同一个市、县的公园和娱乐众多专业人士和民选官员协商建立收益分享计划，将在某种程度上支持了现有的公园以及公共公园的资金使用。2000
47、年11月，C主张被放在了选票上，在圣路易斯城、圣路易斯县、查尔斯至县、以及密西西比河岸的伊利诺斯州的两县创造出一种01的销售税。选民们批准了税，在密苏里州区东和新城公园和伊利诺斯州的娱乐区建起了现在有名的“大河绿道网”（GRG）。在密苏里州每年产生的税收近2200万美元，其中一半分配给区政府，另一半则直接用于GRG绿道。圣路易斯分散的地方政府，令人质疑的区域规划，以及强大的郊区房屋建筑商，是可想而知的建设绿色通道区域系统最恶劣的环境之一。人们常说的一句关于纽约的话“如果你能在圣路易斯，您能在任何地方。”令人惊讶的是，GRG已经在相对较短的时间内使的综合计划有了实质性的进展，而且，在对政治流言进
48、行打击使其暂时停止之前，GRG已经步入正轨。区域治理中的权益的挑战GRG是一种必须与公共、私人和非盈利演员合作的机制。正如学者所说的那样，GRG必须替换成在一个强有力的区域政府的情况下的区域治理进程。GRG可获得的货币量，大约每年1100万美元，相对于建设区域绿道网络的资金需求是小得可笑的。认识到这一点，GRG几乎将其所有的钱花在了购买土地、地役权和建设步道上。GRG通过SEED（社会，环境，经济发展）项目，以帮助促成绿道沿线活动和振兴绿道措施。在任何河环段建成之前，通常须与当地政府签署维修协议。如果GRG将资金用于维修，这将很快无法剩下资金来建立绿色通道。这些协议也防止地方政府11成为地区依
49、赖的支持者。该地区工程项目获得国家和联邦政府拨款和配套资金。圣路易斯市、县77英里的自行车道计划，是GRG组织获得联邦资金支持而设立的项目。此外，区协助它们努力发展环保项目，如纳入河岸系统的德苏自然生态区等。例如，圣文森特绿色通道，贯穿在圣路易斯地区最贫困的一些领域。超过39的福尔斯顿居民和30的帕萨迪纳居民生活在联邦贫困水平以下。（作为一个整体，圣路易斯县的贫困率是69。）这些市缺乏专业公园部门，以及长期存在着财政压力。地方政府的经营利润所剩的余地太小，无法提供更多绿道维修的长期成本。在某些情况下，民间组织已在填补维修需要方面有所加强。一个当地居民组织“步道网”，已经承担了圣文森特绿道网的部分维修费用。即便如此，当地政府也不能过多地依靠民间部门。民间团体都大力倡导绿色通道，但资本改善和维修很快流失了他们的资金预算。例如，在十二英里的滨河步道，年久失修，“步道网”耗重资才勉强将其维持。GRG由此提出了一种不平等的区域治理方法。财政拮据的地方政府难以承担维护的绿色通道长期成本，率先出现了难以逾越的障碍。民间团体的努力，以填补国内财政缺口。如果没有额外的资源和富有想象力的努力来解决这个问题，对绿道的发展将仅有利于上层中产阶级，通常只能由拥有足够的资源得“白色郊区”来维持这些宝贵的新设施。构建区域绿道网承诺与陷阱圣路易斯的例子表明，使区域绿道开展开来时有可能
