1、本科毕业论文外文翻译出处ENVIRONMENTANDPLANNINGA2004,PAGES13811396WHATMAKESAGOODSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPLANANANALYSISOFFACTORSTHATINFLUENCEPRINCIPLESOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTMARIAMANTACONROYBERKE1994REES,1995UN,1992SINCETHATTUNETHECONCEPTHASBEENHERALDEDASBOTHACRITICALPARADIGMSHIFTFORPLANNINGPRACTICEANDASYETANOTHER
2、PLANNINGBANDWAGONWAITINGTOBEREPLACEDDISCUSSIONSANDDEBATEHAVEFOCUSEDONTHREEGENERALQUESTIONSWHATISSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTHOWAREWEDOINGINPROMOTINGSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINPLANNINGAND,WHATCANBEDONEINPLANNINGPRACTICETOINFLUENCEOURPROMOTIONOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTLITERATURETRYINGTODEFINETHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINA
3、BLEDEVELOPMENTHASBEENEXTENSIVEFOREXAMPLE,BEATLEY,1995REES,1990VIEDERMAN1993WHEELER1996THECONCEPTISGENERALENOUGHTOFINDAPPLICABILITYINAVARIETYOFAREAS,WHICHMAKESITBOTHWIDELYACCEPTEDANDWIDELYDISPUTEDDEFINITIONSTOUCHONDIVERSETOPICS,INCLUDINGPLANNING,ARCHITECTURE,ETHICS,BUSINESS,AGRICULTURE,ANDPSYCHOLOGYA
4、LTHOUGHDEBATEOVERTHEMEANINGOFTHECONCEPTCONTINUES,THESUSTAINABILITYLITERATUREHASBEENABLETOCOALESCEONTHREEMAJORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOALSENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,SOCIALANDINTERGENERATIONALEQUITY,ANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTWETAKETHESEGOALSASFOUNDATIONALTOTHECONCEPTANDLEAVEFURTHERINQUIRYINTOMEANINGFOROTHERRE
5、SEARCHEFFORTSLITERATURERESPONDINGTOTHESECONDANDTHIRDQUESTIONSHASBEENMUCHLESSFORTHCOMINGPREVIOUSLYBERKEANDCONROY,2000WEADDRESSED“HOWAREWEDOING“BYEXAMININGLOCALLANDUSECOMPREHENSIVEPLANSFROMACROSSTHEUNITEDSTATESWEDEFINEDSIXPRINCIPLESOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTASAMEANSTOMEASURETHEPROGRESSOFPLANPOLICIESTOPR
6、OMOTETHECONCEPTHARMONYWITHNATURE,LIVABLEBUILTENVIRONMENT,PLACEBASEDECONOMY,EQUITYPOLLUTERSPAY,ANDRESPONSIBLEREGIONALISMTHROUGHPLANCODINGWEMEASUREDTHESTRENGTHWITHWHICHTWOGROUPSOFLOCALIANDUSEPLANSFORWARDEDTHESECRIPPLESTHETWOGROUPSOFPLANSWEREMARKEDBYWHETHERORNOTTHEYINTEGRATEDTHECONCEPTINTOAPLANVISIORTS
7、TATEMENTORASANOVERARCHINGTHEMEFORTHEPLANALTHOUGHNOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEWASFOUNDBETWEENTHETWOGROUPS,THEABILITYTOMEASUREHOWWELLPLANPOLICIESPROMOTESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPROVIDESAUSEFULTOOLFORANALYSISTHEREREMAINSHOWEVER,LITTLECRITICALEVALUATIONOFWHATCANBEDONEINPLANNINGPRACTICETHATWILLHELPPROMOTESUSTAINA
8、BLEDEVELOPMENTBOTHINTHEUSAANDINTERNATIONALLYTHEPURPOSEOFTHISRESEARCHHASBEENTODETERMINEWHETHERDIMENSIONSOFTHEPLANNINGPROCESSANDSTATEPLANNINGMANDATESARERELATEDTOPROMOTINGTHECONCEPTINLOCALFANDUSEPLANSWEUSEDASAMPLEOFLOCALPLANSANDASURVEYOFCOMMUNITYPLANNINGDIRECTORSTOEXAMINETHEINFLUENCESOFTHEPLANNINGPROCE
9、SSONPLANSUSTAINABILITYSCORESWEADDRESSEDTWOPRIMARYQUESTIONS1DOESSUPPORTFORDIMENSIONSOFTHEPLANNINGPROCESSANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTASANORGANIZINGCONCEPTINPLANSLEADTOGREATERSUPPORTFORTHEPRINCIPLESOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINLOCALPLANS2DOESTHEPRESENCEOFASTATEPLANNINGMANDATELEADTOGREATERSUPP
10、ORTFORTHEPRINCIPLESOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINLOCALPLANSANSWERSTOTHESEQUESTIONSPROVIDEDINSIGHTINTOIMPORTANTELEMENTSOFTHEPLANNINGPROCESSTHATPLANNERSCANAFFECTTOPROMOTESUSTAINABILITYINPLANPOLICIESWEBEGINWITHAREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREONSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDPLANQUALITYTODERIVEPOTENTIALINFLUENCESONTHEDEGRE
11、ETOWHICHPLANSPROMOTETHESEPRINCIPLESNEXTWEDISCUSSTHEMETHODOLOGYUSEDFORTHEPLANEVALUATIONS,SURVEYANDREGRESSIONANALYSESAFTERWARDSWEPRESENTASUMMARYOFTHEFINDINGSOFOURANALYSISWECONCLUDETHEPAPERWITHADISCUSSIONOFOURRECOMMENDATIONSFORPLANNINGPRACTICEBASEDONTHEFINDINGSTHELITERATUREONSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTADDRE
12、SSESBOTHTHECHARACTERISTICSOFASUSTAINABLECOMMUNITYFOREXAMPLE,BEATLEY,1995BEATLEYANDMANNING,1997R6ES,1990ROSEIAND,1998ANDTHEPROCESSBYWHICHASUSTAINABLECOMMUNITYISDEVELOPEDFOREXAMPLE,BEATLEY,1995CAMPBELL,1996GRANTETAL1996REES,1995PLANSASAPRODUCTOFTHEPROCESSANDASAGUIDEFORPROMOTINGASUSTAINABLECOMMUNITYHAV
13、EALSOBEGUNTORECEIVEATTENTIONINTHELITERATUREBERKEANDCONROY,2000GIVENTHEGROWINGINTERESTINTHEPOTENTIALINFLUENCESONTHEDEGREETOWHICHPLANSPROMOTESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,INCREASEDATTENTIONHASBEENGIVENTOANALYZINGTHEDIMENSIONSOFTHEPLANNINGPROCESS,INCLUDINGTESTINGVARIOUSFORMSOFPARTICIPATION,RESOURCEALLOCATIONA
14、NDRESOURCECOMMITMENTADDITIONALATTENTIONHASALSOBEENGIVENTOANALYZINGTHEORGANIZATIONALFRAMEWORKOFLOCALPLANSASANINFLUENCEONTHEIRABILITYTOPROMOTESUSTAINABILITYASWELLASTHEROLEOFSTATEPLANNINGMANDATEDESIGNSCAMPBELL1996ARGUESCONVINCINGLYTHATTHEPROCEDURALPATHTOASUSTAINABLEFUTUREISFRAUGHTWITHCONFLICTSCONFLICTS
15、AREBOTHANINHERENTANDANECESSARYASPECTOFPLANNINGFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTBECAUSEOFTHEPURSUITANDBALANCINGOFTHETHREEMAINGOALSOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,SOCIALEQUITY,ANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTTHISARGUMENTISSUPPORTEDBYBLOWERS1993WHONOTESTHATCONFLICTSINSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTAREAREFLECTIONOFTHECOMPLEXDECISIONMAK
16、INGENVIRONMENTNECESSARYTOPURSUETHESEGOALSCONCURRENTLYRESEARCHERSONSUSTAINABILITYAREUNITEDINTHEIRARGUMENTTHATTHEBESTWAYTOADDRESSTHESECONFLICTSISTHROUGHACOMMUNITYBASEDCOLLABORATIVEPLANNINGPROCESSPARTNERINGPLANNERSANDCITIZENSBEATLEY,1995BLOWERS,1993CAMPBELL,1996UN1992WCED,1987INANIDEALCOLLABORATIVEAPPR
17、OACH,THEREISAGENUINEEXCHANGEOFNEEDSIDEAS,RESPONSIBILITIES,ANDCONTROLINTHEPLANNINGPROCESS,THOUGHTHISIDEALMAYBEACHALLENGEINPRACTICEACOLLABORATIVEAPPROACHISFUNDAMENTALTOTHESUSTAINABILITYPARADIGMANDISLINKEDWITHPROMOTINGASENSEOFCOMMUNITY,EQUITY,ANDEMPOWERMENTLINENS,1996UN,1992COLLABORATIVEPLANNINGPROCESS
18、ESRECOGNIZETHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEPLANNINGENVIRONMENTANDLOOKTOMINIMIZETHEDESTRUCTIVEASPECTSOFDISPUTESBYGETTINGISSUESANDCONCERNSONTOTHEDISCUSSIONAGENDAFORRESOLUTIONPARTICIPATIONRESEARCHPROVIDESAMPLEEVIDENCETHATWHENPEOPLEAREINVOLVEDINTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESS,THEYAREMORELIKELYTOBESUPPORTIVEOFITSDEVELOPMENTA
19、NDIMPLEMENTATIONGRANTETAL,199POTAPCHUK,1996PARTICIPATIONHELPSTOBUILDSOCIALCAPITALINACOMMUNITYFETCHINTURNSTRENGTHENSTHECOMMUNITYPOTAPCHUKANDCROCKER,1999NOTSURPRISINGLY,GOVERNMENTENTITIESALSONOTELESSHOSTILITYFROMCITIZENSANDBETTERPOLICIESFROMTHEPARTNERSHIPBERRYETAL,1993PARTICIPATIONINTHEPLANNINGPROCESS
20、ISARGUEDTOBEACRITICALPARTOFAPARADIGMSHIFTTOWARDPLANNINGFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTFORBROADERREASONSTHANCONFLICTRESOLUTIONFOREXAMPLE,ROSELAND,1998UN1992WCED,1987WILDANDMARSHALL1999RESEARCHINSWEDENSUPPORTSTHEINCREASEDPARTICIPATIONASSOCIATEDWITHLOCALAGENDA21LA21ACTIONSTHROUGHEXPANDINGSTAKEHOLDERIDENTIFIC
21、ATIONINTHEPLANNINGPROCESSJORBY,2002LA21,ANOUTCOMEOFTHE1992RIOCONFERENCE,STRESSESCOMMUNITYINVOLVEMENTINALOCALITYSPURSUITOFSUSTAINABILITYADDITIONALLY,HESTERNOTESTHAT“LOCALPARTICIPATIONISBESTSUITEDTOHELPREFORMPERSONALDAYTODAYUNSUSTAINABLEBEHAVIORBECAUSEITREPRESENTSTHELOCALPARTOFTHINKINGGLOBALLYANDACTIN
22、GLOCALLY“1999,PAGE12FURTHER,PUBLICINVOLVEMENTINTHEPLANNINGPROCESSISADVOCATEDBECAUSEIMPLANTERSCANNOTCREATESUSTAINABLECOMMUNITIESWITHOUTCOMMITMENTFROMCOMMUNITYRESIDENTSTOCHANGETHEWAYTHEYLIVEONTHELANDANDTHEIRATTITUDETOWARDSIT“GRANTETAL,1996,PAGE341THEPLANNINGPROCESSPROVIDESAFORUMFORREALIZINGTHEIDEALSOF
23、PARTICIPATORYDEMOCRACYASAMEANSFORDEMOCRATICDISCOURSELINENS,1996RESEARCHONTHEPLANNINGPROCESSHASALSOEXAMINEDRESOURCECOMMITMENTASAMEASUREOFTHELOCALCAPACITYBUILDINGTHATEXISTSFORPLANNINGINTHECOMMUNITYLOCALCAPACITYPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHESUCCESSFULINTRODUCTION,ADOPTION,ANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFMANYPLANNINGRELA
24、TEDEFFORTSSUCHASGROWTHMANAGEMENT,HAZARDSPLANNING,ANDCOASTALZONEMANAGEMENTPROGRAMSBERKEANDFRENCH,1994DALTONANDBURBY,1994DEGROVE,1992RESOURCESSUCHASTECHNICALSKILLFROMPLANNERSANDFUNDINGSOURCES,PROVIDEINFORMATIONANDEXPERTISENECESSARYTOPREPAREHIGHQUALITYPLANSBERKEANDFRENCH,1994译文如何制定一个良好的可持续发展的计划可持续发展的影响
25、原则的因素分析联合国1992年环境与发展会议在里约热内卢召开,可持续发展理论上升为公众意识。土地使用,特别是规划是很容易被视为是可持续发展政策的适当场所。由于该调整的概念,已经被誉为既是实践和批判范式转变的又是规划潮流等待被取代。讨论和辩论一般都集中在三个问题什么是可持续发展我们如何做好规划促进可持续发展而且,有什么可以做规划的做法,影响我们对促进可持续发展这个概念是一般地找到在各种领域,这使得它的适用性都被广泛接受和广泛争议,在不同的主题,包括规划,建筑,伦理,商业,农业和心理学。康乐/系统蒸发散接触。虽然超过这一概念的含义的争论仍在继续,对可持续发展的文学已经能够凝聚可持续发展三大目标保护
26、环境,社会和代际公平,与经济发展。我们以此为基础的概念,并给这些目标转化为其他研究工作的意义进一步调查。文学回答了第二和第三个问题(伯克和康罗伊,2000年),之前我们讨论了“我们做得怎么样”由地方土地使用来自美国各地的全面计划,我们是可持续发展原则的手段来衡量计划的进展。政策推动的理念人与自然,宜居环境建设,地方和谐是基于经济,公平,污染者付费和负责任的地区主义。通过编码方案,我们测量了与该两组土地出人附着物使用计划转发这些力量。概念成作为该计划的首要主题计划的声明,虽然无显着差异,两组之间的能力,衡量以及规划政策促进可持续发展提供了有用的工具进行分析。但是,几乎没有什么可以在实践中做批判性
27、评价,这将有助于促进双方在美国和国际集与可持续发展倚重。本研究的目的是要确定是否尺寸的规划进程和国家计划的任务是与促进概念,董事会审议关于计划的可持续性得分规划过程的影响,我们讨论了两个主要问题1是否支持规划过程的尺寸和持续集成,作为一个组织概念能够发展计划带来更大的支持地方规划原则。2难道一个国家计划任务的牵头存在,以更大的支持地方规划原则,可持续发展回答这些问题纳入规划提供重要的因素的洞察力规划的过程中可能会影响计划的政策,以促进可持续发展。我们首先对文献和可持续发展计划检讨质量得出的程度上影响到该公司计划可能促进这些原则。下一步我们将讨论该计划的评估,调查所使用的方法,与回归分析。后来我
28、们提出了我们的调查结果摘要分析。我们为与讨论建议实践基础上的结果。在多大程度上影响到该公司计划促进可持续发展。这一过程,开始接受在文学的关注。鉴于生长在利益上的潜在影响程度,促进计划可持续发展,更加注意已给予维分析。更多的关注,也给了作为对他们的分析能力,影响了地方计划的组织框架促进可持续发展以及国家计划任务设计的作用。坎贝尔(1996)认为令人信服的程序路径,可持续未来是充满矛盾。冲突是内在的,既是一个必要方面因为规划为追求可持续发展和均衡。三个主要目标的包膜保护,社会公平和经济发展,这个论点是由鼓风机的支持者在1993年指出,可持续发展是一个复杂的决策环境的思考要实现这些目标同时进行。联合
29、国关于可持续发展的研究人员在他们的论点,最好的办法解决这些冲突是通过以社区为基础的合作规划的过程合作规划者和鼓风机,坎贝尔,在一个理想的合作方式,有一个真正的交流需求、想法、责任,并在规划过程控制,尽管这个理想在实践中可能是一个挑战。但合作的方式是十分重要的可持续发展的典范和联系在一起推动公平感和授权。协同规划过程中承认该规划环境复杂,并期待以减少破坏性争端方面所取得到的问题和关切讨论议程决议。参与研究提供了充足的证据表明,当人们在决策过程中涉及,它们更可能是其支持制定和实施。毫不奇怪,政府机构也注意到少敌意,从公民和伙伴关系更好的政策。在规划过程中的参与是认为是一个典范的重要组成部分转变为可
30、持续发展不是冲突更为广泛的理由对规划分辨率。在瑞典的研究更多地参与和支持地方相关。21世纪议程(LA21)的行动计划,通过扩大利益相关者的辨识进程在一个地方的可持续发展的追求参与。此外,赫斯特指出,“当地的参与是最适合帮助改革个人日常的日常不可持续的行为,因为它代表了全球和本地部分思维署理本地”。此外,在规划中的公共环境是提倡,因为规划者不能犯的情况下创建可持续发展的社区,从社区居民方式的转变,他们的土地上生活,他们的对此问题的态度。规划过程提供了一个论坛实现的一种手段参与民主的理想话语。规划过程研究审查还作为一种资源的承诺衡量当地能力建设,在社区规划存在。地方能力中起着成功引进,采用的重要作用,心理状态的许多规划方面的努力,如生长管理,危害、资源,如从规划者的技术技能和资金来源,提供必要的信息和专业知识计划。