1、本科毕业论文外文翻译出处INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFTECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENTANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTVOLUME作者SVENKATARAMANAIAHASARESULTOFTHEPOLICY,THEFOCALPOINTOFDEVELOPMENTFORSMALLSCALESECTORWASMOVEDTOTHEDISTRICTHEADQUARTERSANDTHEDISTRICTINDUSTRIESCENTREDICWASSETUPTODEALWITHALLREQUIREMENTSOFSMALLANDVILLAGEINDUSTRIESANDT
2、HEPOLICYALLOWEDSPECIALARRANGEMENTSFORMARKETINGOFTHEPRODUCTSOFSMALLSCALESECTORTOBEMADEBYPROVIDINGSERVICESSUCHASPRODUCTSTANDARDISATION,QUALITYCONTROL,MARKETINGSURVEYS,ETCTHROUGHDICSTHEINDUSTRIALPOLICYOF1985FOCUSEDONSMALLSCALEANDANCILLARYINDUSTRIESWITHTHEVIEWTOENHANCINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRURALANDBACKWARDA
3、REASITMADEINCREMENTALCHANGESLIKEINVESTMENTCEILINGS,WHICHWASRAISEDTORS35MILLIONFORSMALLSCALEINDUSTRIESSSI,ANDTORS45MILLIONFORANCILLARIESTHEINDUSTRIALPOLICYOF1991REPRESENTSACONSCIOUSSHIFTFROMTHETRADITIONALPOLICYOFCONTROLANDREGULATIONTOAPOLICYPARADIGMFOSTERINGLIBERALISATIONTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFLIBERALISA
4、TIONPOLICYMEANTTHATMOSTOFTHEMEDIUMANDLARGEINDUSTRIALUNITSWOULDNOLONGERNEEDLICENSESFULLFOREIGNOWNERSHIPWOULDHENCEFORTHBEPOSSIBLEINEXPORTORIENTEDENTERPRISESCAPITALGOODSWOULDBEIMPORTEDFREEFROMRESTRICTIONSFOREIGNEQUITYPARTICIPATIONWASALSOENCOURAGEDTHEOPENNESSTHATCAMEALONGWITHTHEEXPERIENCEOFECONOMICREFOR
5、MSINCE1991HASBROUGHTINITSTRAINAWHOLERAFTOFCHANGESTHATHAVEESTABLISHEDINDIAASAKEYPLAYERINTHEGLOBALECONOMYSMESWERE,HOWEVER,HARDHITBYTHEGOVERNMENTSRECOURSETOLIBERALISATIONPOLICYTOTHEEXTENTTHATTHEYWOULDHARDLYSURVIVETHECOMPETITIVEPRESSUREUNLEASHEDBYLIBERALISATIONWITHOUTPROVISIONOFSUPPORTTHUS,FORINSTANCE,T
6、HE2006BUDGETOFTHEINDIANGOVERNMENTINTRODUCEDASPECIALPROVISIONFORIMPROVINGCREDITFLOWFORSMESTHERESERVEBANKOFINDIARBIALSOHASHADTOREVISETHEDEFINITIONOFSMESINORDERTOENABLEDEBTRESTRUCTURINGBENEFITTHUSENTERPRISESWITHCAPITALUPTORS10MILLIONWERETREATEDASSMALLSCALEINDUSTRIESSSIS,ANDTHOSEWITHCAPITALOVERRS10MILLI
7、ONANDUPTO100MILLIONASMEDIUMENTERPRISESGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGESFACINGINDIANSMESINDIANINDUSTRYISUNDERGOINGAMAJORCHANGEDUETOTHELIBERALISATION,PRIVATISATIONANDGLOBALISATIONLPGOFTHEECONOMYACCORDINGTOARECENTSURVEYBYMCKINSEYANDTHECONFEDERATIONOFINDIANINDUSTRYCII,MANYINVESTORSANDCORPORATEORGANISATIO
8、NSFROMDEVELOPEDECONOMIESARELOOKINGATINDIAASONEOFTHEBESTLOCATIONSFORTHEIRGLOBALOPERATIONSTHEROLEOFSMESISBECOMINGINCREASINGLYCRUCIALFORMEETINGTHEGROWINGDEMANDOFBOTHDOMESTICANDOVERSEASFIRMSOPERATINGININDIAINTRANSITIONECONOMIESLIKEINDIAANDCHINA,SMESPROVIDETHEBESTILLUSTRATIONOFTHECHANGESINOWNERSHIPSTRUCT
9、URES,BUSINESSCULTUREANDENTREPRENEURIALBEHAVIOURININDIA,SMESFORMTHEBACKBONEOFINDUSTRYTHEREARETODATEMORETHAN1234MILLIONSMEUNITSCONTRIBUTING6PERCENTTOTHEGDPOFINDIASRIDHARAN2006THESMESECTORISGROWINGDESPITEALLODDSTHEGROWTHRATEOFINDIANSMESINRECENTYEARSISSHOWNINTABLE1BETWEEN2002AND2006,PRODUCTIONINCREASEDB
10、YMORETHAN50PERCENTEXPORTSBYABOUT45PERCENTANDEMPLOYMENTBYABOUT13PERCENTTHENUMBEROFREGISTEREDSMESGREWBYABOUT18PERCENT,ANDTHATOFTHEUNREGISTEREDBYABOUT12PERCENTYEARNOOFUNITSMILLIONPRODUCTIONRSMILLIONCURRENTPRICESEMPLOYMENTMILLIONEXPORTSRSMILLIONREGISTEREDUNREGISTEREDTOTAL200203159193581094931,19,9302602
11、18,60,130200304169796981139535,77,330271429,76,440200405175310106118541,82,63028257912,44,1702005061871104711234247,62,01029491NAGROWTH176011891272526313344465SOURCEPARTHASARATHI2007TABLE1STATISTICSONINDIANSMEGROWTHRATESMESGLOBALISATIONCOMPETITIONDATAINTEGRATIONSAFETYREGULATIONSCONSOLIDATIONTIMETOMA
12、RKETCOSTCONTROLFIGURE1CHALLENGESFACINGSMESBANKCATEGORY200420052006AVERAGEFOREIGNBANKS10110296997PSUBANKS1040945811932PVTBANKS735442563OVERALLAVG927835730SOURCEREPORTOFTHETRENDANDPROGRESSOFBANKINGININDIA200506TABLE2ASSISTANCETOSMALLSCALESECTORBYFOREIGN,PUBLICSECTORUNITBANKSANDPRIVATEBANKSNBCTHESMESTH
13、ATSURVIVEDTHEDOWNTURNIN1990SHAVEEMERGEDASCOMPETITIVEGLOBALPLAYERSINDIANAUTOCOMPONENTMANUFACTURERSHAVEBEENSUCCESSFULLYSUPPLYINGCOMPONENTSTOMANYDOMESTICCUSTOMERSASWELLASOEMSORIGINALEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERSSUCHASFORD,GENERALMOTORSGM,DAIMLERCHRYSLERANDFIATAUTOCOMPONENTMANUFACTURERSACMSSUCHASDELPHI,VISTEON
14、,CATERPILLARANDCUMMINSHAVESTARTEDPROCURINGCOMPONENTSFROMMANYSMESININDIA,WHICHTHEYFINDCAPABLEOFMEETINGHIGHQUALITYSTANDARDSATCOMPETITIVEPRICESMANYSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEORGANISATIONSAREONTHEWAYTOBECOMINGMEDIUMANDLARGERONESMANYSMESAREALSOTRYINGTHEINITIALPUBLICOFFERIPOCHANNELTORAISEFUNDS,BUTTHECAPITALMARKETI
15、SSTILLNOTSMEFRIENDLYTHEINHERENTSTRENGTHOFSMESANDTHEIRPOTENTIALFORGROWTHHAVENONETHELESSSTARTEDWINNINGTHEMTHESYMPATHYOFMANYBANKS,FINANCIALINSTITUTIONSFIS,STATEFINANCIALCORPORATIONSSFCSANDOTHERSUPPORTAGENCIESBUSINESSWORLD2007THEFACT,HOWEVER,REMAINSTHAT,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1,SMESAREFACINGCHALLENGESTHATHINDER
16、THEIRGROWTHANDCOMPETITIVENESSPARTHASARATHI2007FINANCINGISANACUTEPROBLEMPARTICULARLYFORTHESSISECTORTABLE2SHOWSTHEFUNDINGTOTHESSISECTORBYFOREIGN,PUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORBANKSDURING2004AND2006ITISWORTHNOTINGTHATINSPITEOFTHEGROWTHINTHEBANKINGSECTOR,THEASSISTANCEOFFEREDTOTHESSISECTORISOBSERVEDDECREASINGSHA
17、RPLYTHELOWESTASSISTANCETOSSISDERIVESFROMPRIVATEBANKSVARIOUSSCHEMESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTFROMTIMETOTIMEINORDERTOHELPTHESMESECTORTOACHIEVECOMPETITIVENESSANDSUSTAINABILITYONEOFTHERECENTDEVELOPMENTSISTHISRESPECTISTHEREVISIONOFTHESMEACTASTHEMICRO,SMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESMSMEDEVELOPMENTACT2006,W
18、HICHWASPUTINTOFORCEONOCTOBER2,2006FIRMSHAVEBEENCATEGORISEDBYTHISACTASMICRO,SMALLANDMEDIUM,ASSHOWNINTABLE3TYPEOFENTERPRISEENGAGEDINMANUFACTUREORPRODUCTIONOFGOODSENGAGEDINPROVIDINGORRENDINGOFSERVICESINVESTMENTINPLANTANDINVESTMENTINEQUIPMENTMACHINERYMICROENTERPRISEDOESNOTEXCEEDRS25MILLIONDOESNOTEXCEEDR
19、S1MILLIONSMALLENTERPRISEMORETHANRS25MILLION,BUTDOESNOTEXCEEDRS50MILLIONMORETHANRS1MILLIONBUTDOESNOTEXCEED20MILLIONMEDIUMENTERPRISEMORETHANRS50MILLIONBUTDOESNOTEXCEEDRS100MILLIONMORETHANRS20MILLIONBUTDOESNOTEXCEEDRS50MILLIONSOURCERODRIGUEZ2007TABLE3DEFINITIONOFMSMENTERPRISESTHEFACTORSTHATACCOUNTFORTH
20、ESTRENGTHSANDOPPORTUNITIESOFINDIANSMESINCLUDETHEIRHIGHCONTRIBUTIONTODOMESTICPRODUCTIONTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEIREXPORTEARNINGSTHELOWTHRESHOLDINTHEIRINVESTMENTREQUIREMENTSTHEIROPERATIONALFLEXIBILITYANDLOCATIONNONSPECIFICITYTHEIRLOWIMPORTCONTENTTHEIRABILITYTODEVELOPANDUSEAPPROPRIATEINDIGENOUSTECHNOLOGIESA
21、NDTHEIRCONTRIBUTIONTOIMPORTSUBSTITUTIONASPARTOFTHEPOLICYDRIVETOSUPPORTSMES,THEGOVERNMENTISCURRENTLYTRYINGTOLEGISLATETHATPUBLICSECTORUNITSBUYAMINIMUMOF20PERCENTOFTHEIRREQUIREMENTSFROMSMES,ANDPARTICULARLYFROMSMESRUNBYWOMENASENTREPRENEURSASWOTANALYSISWITHRESPECTTOINDIANSMESISPROVIDEDINTABLE4ITISAPPAREN
22、TFROMTHISANALYSISTHATINDIANSMESAREHAVINGREASONABLYGOODOPPORTUNITIESTOGROWFASTANDBECOMESUSTAINABLEHOWEVER,THEREAREFEWWEAKNESSESANDTHREATSTHATWOULDNEEDTOBEADDRESSEDIMMEDIATELYINARECENTSTUDYOFSMES,SRIDHARAN2006NOTEDTHATTHETOP20PERCENTOFTHEREGISTEREDSMESCOULDBECOMFORTABLYPLUGGEDINTOTHESUPPLYCHAINSYSTEMS
23、OFLARGEORGANISATIONSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEFUTUREOFTHEBOTTOM20PERCENTOFTHEREGISTEREDSMESISUNCERTAINDUETOTHEEROSIONOFTHEIRMARKETSHARE,ANDTHEMIDDLE60PERCENTARENOTABLEALIGNTHEMSELVESWITHTHESUPPLYCHAINSYSTEMS,THOUGHTHEREISSTRONGDEMANDFROMCUSTOMERSTHETOP20PERCENTOFSMESAREMAINLYFROMAUTO,PHARMA,ENGINEERING,POWE
24、RANDAPPARELINDUSTRIES,ANDTHESEAREFACINGDIFFERENTPROBLEMSSUCHASFUNDING,PRODUCTQUALITYANDLABOURPROBLEMSAMAJORDIFFICULTYOFTHESMESECTORISTHATITISHIGHLYDIFFERENTIATEDWITHSLENDERLOCALPOWERBASESMESHAVETOSTRUGGLETOACHIEVEECONOMIESOFSCALE,TOSPECIALISEANDTOACCESSCREDIT,INFORMATION,TECHNOLOGYANDMARKETSSTRENGTH
25、SWEAKNESSESSELFRELIANCEHIGHLYFRAGMENTEDMANUFACTURINGFLEXIBILITYHIGHCOSTOFINPUTMATERIALABUNDANCEOFRAWMATERIALPRODUCTIONLOWERPRODUCTIVITYDESIGNEXPERTISEDECLININGSEGMENTAVAILABILITYOFCHEAPLABOURTECHNOLOGICALOBSOLESCENCEGROWINGECONOMYANDDOMESTICMARKETNONPARTICIPANTSINTRADEAGREEMENTSPROGRESSIVEREFORMSOPP
26、ORTUNITIESTHREATSENDOFQUOTAREGIMESTIFFCOMPETITIONFROMDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESESPECIALLYCHINASHIFTINDOMESTICMARKETPRICINGPRESSUREINCREASEDDISPOSABLEINCOMELOCATIONALDISADVANTAGEEMERGINGECONOMYANDEXPANSIONINTERNATIONALLABOURANDENVIRONMENTALLAWSTABLE4ASWOTANALYSISOFINDIANSMESTHEYHAVETOCONTENDWITHSHORTAGESINT
27、HESUPPLYOFSKILLEDTECHNICALMANPOWER,FINANCIALANDMARKETCHALLENGES,TECHNOLOGICALOBSOLESCENCEANDOPERATIONALANDGROWTHPROBLEMSINBOTHINDUSTRIALISEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHEREISINCREASINGAWARENESSTHATISOLATIONISONEOFTHEKEYOBSTACLESINTHEWAYOFSMESCOMPETITIVENESSROSENFIELD1997PORTER1998NADVIANDSCHMITZ1999HENRY
28、,BROWNANDDEFILLIPPI2000SIVALINGAMANDBHASKARAN2004ACCORDINGTOACMA2007REPORTS,INDIAOCCUPIESSECONDPOSITIONINTWOWHEELERMANUFACTURINGINTHEWORLDWITH652MILLIONUNITS,FOURTHPLACEINPASSENGERCARSEGMENTINASIAWITH1,209,654UNITS,THELARGESTTHREEWHEELERMANUFACTURERINTHEWORLDWITH374,414UNITS,THEFIFTHLARGESTCOMMERCIA
29、LVEHICLEMANUFACTURERINTHEWORLDWITH350,033UNITSANDTHESECONDLARGESTTRACTORMANUFACTURERINTHEWORLDWITH248,976UNITSNEXTTOCHINATHEAUTOMOTIVEMARKETININDIAISDOMINATEDBYTWOWHEELERSANDPASSENGERCARS,WHICHTOGETHERPRODUCENEARLY8MILLIONVEHICLESANDACCOUNTFOROVER90PERCENTOFTHETOTALAUTOMOTIVEMARKETTHE18PERCENTAVERAG
30、EANNUALGROWTHRATEISAMONGTHEHIGHESTINTHEWORLDSECONDONLYTOCHINAPASSENGERCARSALESAREEXPECTEDTOREACH4MILLIONBY2015TWOWHEELERSALESAREEXPECTEDTOEXCEEDTHE10MILLIONMARKINTHENEXTFEWYEARSACMAANNUALREPORT2007THEWORLDMAJOROEMSSUCHASGM,FORDANDTOYOTAHAVEIDENTIFIEDINDIAASONEOFTHEEIGHTLOWCOSTCOUNTRIESLCCSTOSOURCEAU
31、TOCOMPONENTSWORTHUS375BILLIONTHUSINDIASSHARE,INTHEORY,TRANSLATESTOUS47BILLIONINPRACTICALTERMSMCKINSEYANDACMAAUTOMOTIVECOMPONENTMANUFACTURESASSOCIATIONOFINDIAHAVEPREDICTEDTHATINDIASAUTOCOMPONENTEXPORTSWILLREACHUS20BILLIONBY2015THEPROJECTEDCAGRFORPASSENGERCAR,MUVSANDOVERALLIS10PERCENT,4PERCENTAND9PERC
32、ENT,RESPECTIVELY,WHEREASPROJECTEDCAGRFORTWOWHEELERSEGMENTISAROUND16PERCENTAUTOCOMPONENTCAGRWASAROUND20PERCENTDURING200005,ANDTHEPROJECTEDCAGRFOR200514IS17PERCENTININDIA,THEREAREMANYJAPANESEANDDOMESTICENTERPRISESANDMNCSMANUFACTURINGFORBOTHDOMESTICANDOVERSEASMARKETS,ASSHOWNINTABLE5SEGMENTJAPANESENONJA
33、PANESETWOWHEELERSHONDA,KAWASAKIBAJAJ,YAMAHA,SUZUKITVSINDIA,KINETICINDIA,LMLINDIA,ENFIELDINDIAPASSENGERCARSTEXTILE11PERCENTANDCHEMICALINDUSTRY10PERCENTINTERMSOFREGIONALSPREADOFCLUSTERS,THEHIGHESTCONCENTRATIONISINWESTERNINDIA42PERCENT,FOLLOWEDBYNORTHERNINDIA38PERCENT,SOUTHERNINDIA11PERCENTANDEASTERNIN
34、DIA9PERCENTTHECONCENTRATIONOFCLUSTERSINWESTERNANDNORTHERNINDIACANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEFACTTHATTHESEAREASARERICHINENTREPRENEURIALTALENTANDAREINDUSTRIALLYWELLDEVELOPEDMOREOVER,THEYAREAGRICULTURALLYDEVELOPEDANDTHEYPROVIDEARICHMARKETBASEFORTHECONSUMPTIONOFGOODSPRODUCEDINTHESSISECTORSLNOCLUSTERREGIONOEMSSMES
35、TURNOVERRSCR,EMPLOYMENTNOS1GURGAON/DELHINORTHHONDA,YAMAHA,SUZUKI,EICHER,SWARAJ,LML20LARGEAND500SMES3,50075,0002CHENNAISOUTHHYUNDAI,FORD,VOLVO,BMW,TOYOTA,ENFIELD,ASHOKLEYLAND,HINDUSTANMOTORS,TVS,MITSUBISHI,TAFE15LARGEAND340SMES3,30048,0003CALCUTTAEASTTATAMOTORS,HINDUSTANMOTORS5LARGEAND10050020,000SME
36、S4PUNEWESTGM,FIAT,SKODA,MAHINDRA,FORCE,BAJAJ,TATA,MAN,EICHER,KINETIC,RENAULT,DAIMLERCHRYSLER15LARGEAND350SMES3,00045,0005PITHAMPURCENTRALHINDUSTANMOTORS,EICHER,L45,000SOURCESFEEDBACKCONSULTANTS2005VENKATANDPARASHAR2006TABLE6REGIONWISECLUSTERSANDPRESENCEOFOEMSANDSMESLOCATIONWISEDISTRIBUTIONOFCLUSTERS
37、PRODUCESFOURCATEGORIESMETROPOLITANCITYBASEDCLUSTERSCITYBASEDCLUSTERSTOWNBASEDCLUSTERSANDSMALLTOWN/RURALAREABASEDCLUSTERSITISFOUNDTHAT80PERCENTOFTHECLUSTERSARELOCATEDEITHERINCITIESORTOWNSONLY94PERCENTOR13OUTOFTHE138CLUSTERSAREBASEDINRURALORSMALLTOWNSSMESANDSSISAREMOREDOMINANTAROUNDTHESEAREASTHANINOTH
38、ERAREASTHEDETAILSOFOEMSINTHESEAREASARESHOWNINTABLE6ITISALSOIMPORTANTTONOTETHATTHESEREGIONSNOTONLYHAVEGOODSUPPORTFROMOEMSANDOTHERLARGESMES,BUTTHEYALSOHAVEGOODSUPPORTFROMLOCALINSTITUTESANDRKHARBANDA2002ROCHAANDSTERNBERG2005APARTFROMTHESE,THEREISALSOANITCLUSTER,WHICHISSUPPORTEDBYTHEINDIANGOVERNMENTANDL
39、ARGEITCOMPANIESWITHTHEAIMTOPROMOTESMALLPLAYERSINBANGALORE,INDIAMEINEANDVAN2003FIGURE2ANDTABLE6BELOWSHOWTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFAUTOCLUSTERSININDIAGOVERNMENTINITIATIVESFORENHANCINGMANUFACTURINGCOMPETITIVENESSOFSMESUNIDOHASARICHEXPERIENCEINASSISTINGSMECLUSTERSBYIDENTIFYINGANDPROVIDINGRELEVANTSERVICESTODATE,T
40、HEREAREABOUT350SMECLUSTERSININDIA,WHICHCONTRIBUTETOABOUT60PERCENTOFINDIASEXPORTSTHEINDIANGOVERNMENTHASTAKENSEVERALINITIATIVESTOENHANCETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFSMESINJANUARY2004,IMPORTDUTYONRAWMATERIALSOFSPECIFIEDAUTOCOMPONENTSWASREDUCEDFROM30PERCENTTO10PERCENTTHENATIONALMANUFACTURINGCOMPETITIVENESSCOUNCI
41、LNMCCWASFORMEDFORPROVIDINGTHEINFRASTRUCTURETHATWOULDFACILITATEIMPLEMENTATIONOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSTHEDEPARTMENTOFINDUSTRIALPOLICYANDPROMOTIONHASFINALISEDASCHEMEOFINFRASTRUCTUREBACKUPFORSMESINTHECLUSTERS,SOTHATTHESECLUSTERSFUNCTIONASALARGESINGLEUNITSIDBI1996FIGURE2CLUSTERSANDTHEIRPRESENCEININDIATHECREA
42、TIONOFSPECIALECONOMICZONESSEZS,EXPORTPROCESSINGZONES/CLUSTERINITIATIVESFOREXPORTERSANDSPECIALCONCESSIONS,FACILITIESLIKEOFFSHOREBANKINGUNITS,ENABLESEXPORTERSTOMINIMISETHEIRTRANSACTIONCOSTSANDTOWORKINAHASSLEFREEENVIRONMENTDUTYCONCESSIONS,ASINTHECASEOFTHEREDUCTIONOFIMPORTTARIFF35PERCENTIN2001TO125PERCE
43、NTIN2006ANDVATIMPLEMENTATIONACROSSALLTHESTATESOFINDIA,HAVEHADTHEEFFECTOFMAKINGTHECOSTOFIMPORTOFCAPITALGOODSCHEAPERTHEAUTOSECTORTHRIVEDONFDISWITHNOLOCALCONTENTREGULATIONINTHEINDUSTRYEXIMPOLICYHASFACILITATEDTHEIMPORTOFSECONDHANDCAPITALGOODSTHATARETHEMAINVEHICLESOFINVESTMENTININDIAUNDERTHENEWINDUSTRIAL
44、INFRASTRUCTUREUPGRADATIONSCHEMEOFTHEDEPARTMENTOFINDUSTRIALPOLICYANDPROMOTION,ATOTALAMOUNTOFRS6,750MILLIONHASBEENALLOCATEDACROSS19SMECLUSTERSTHEINDIANGOVERNMENTHASSIGNEDAMEMORANDUMOFUNDERSTANDINGMOUWITHJAPANFORSUPPLYINGVARIOUSTYPESOFAUTOANDALLIEDPRODUCTSANDSERVICESSOMEOFTHEJAPANESECOMPANIESSUCHASHOND
45、A,TOYOTA,NISSAN,MITSUBISHIHAVEFORMEDACLUSTERINHARYANAWITHLOCALSMESTOSUPPLYTHEREQUIREDPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTOJAPANESEFIRMSOPERATINGININDIAANDELSEWHEREAPARTFROMJAPANESECOMPANIES,MANYOTHERCOMPANIESFROMMALAYSIA,GERMANY,KOREA,THEUNITEDKINGDOMANDTHEUNITEDSTATESHAVEESTABLISHEDFACILITIESININDIAANDMAKINGUSEOFM
46、ANYINDIANSMESFORTHEIRSERVICESBOTHININDIAANDINOVERSEASPLANTSTHEINDIANGOVERNMENTHASREDUCEDEXCISEDUTIESONSMALLCARSBYONETHIRDTO16PERCENTWITHTHEAIMTOENCOURAGELOCALMANUFACTURINGFORBOTHINDIANANDEXPORTMARKETS二、翻译文章通过印度的经验提高中小企业的产业集群竞争力印度的产业政策和经济自由化在1948年，印度从国家的企业家和监督管理机构双方的角色出发，第一次制定了工业发展的产业政策。中央集权的规划实践控制被广
47、泛采用在私人贸易、投资、土地所有权和外汇等方面。1956年，印度政府宣布第二次工业政策，清楚地指出选择股权作为小型产业发展的指导原则。1977年，在印度的小型产业发展的演变过程中，工业政策意味着高水平的发展有以下原因它采取了特别法律，就像给予家庭产业的个体经营者应有的重视和足够的保护；由于政策,小规模的部门的发展重点为被搬到区域的总部地区产业中心DIC有限公司成立,旨在处理小型和村庄行业的所有要求；这一政策允许小规模部门的产品销售特别安排，通过DICS提供服务譬如产品标准化、质量控制、市场调查等。1985年关注小规模和附属产业的产业政策，以提高农村和欠发达地区的工业发展。它使得例如投资天花板的
48、量增加，小规模工业SSI提高到350万卢比，附属产业提高到450万卢比。1991年的产业政策代表着一个有意识的从传统政策的管理控制到培育自由化政策范式。实施自由化政策意味着大多数的中型和大型工业单位将不再需要许可证。自此以后出口导向型企业由全外资所有。资本货物将取消限制。同时也鼓励外资参股。开放陪伴着经济体制改革的经验，自1991年以来已经带来其整个培养大量的变化，确定了印度在全球经济中的关键角色。然而，政府依靠自由化政策使得中小企业受到猛烈打击，在某种程度上,在没有政府支持的自由化的竞争压力下他们几乎不可能生存下来。因此，例如2006年印度政府预算的特别规定提高中小企业的信用流程。印度储备银
49、行RBI也不得不好的修改中小企业的定义，为了使债务重组能够得到效益。因此，企业达到资本1000万卢比被视为小规模工业SSIS，而资本在1000万卢比至1亿卢比为中型企业。印度中小企业面临的各种挑战增长机会印度产业由于经济自由化，私有化及全球化正进行重大变革。依照最近对印度工业联盟的麦肯锡和十三州邦联的一项调查，许多来自发达国家的投资者和法人组织认为全球业务最好的地点在印度。在印度国内外需求增加的时候，中小企业显得越来越重要。像印度和中国在转轨经济时，中小企业对所有权结构的变化,商业文化和企业家行为提供最好的解释。在印度，中小企业成为骨干的企业。至今印度超过1234万中小企业占单位国民生产总值的百分之六SRIDHARAN2006。SME部门增长尽管几率不大。近年来印度中小企业的增长率显示在表1。2002年至2006年,产量增加了50以上，出口大约占了45，就业约13。中小企业注册的数量增长了约18,而未注册的仍占了12。表1统计印度中小企业的增长率年份单位号码万目前生产价格万卢比就业人数万出口万卢比注册未注册合计200203159193581094931,19,930260218,60,130200304169796981139535,77,330271429,76,4402004051753101061185941,82,6302825712,44,170200
