1、本科毕业论文外文翻译出处INTERNATIONALECONOMICSANDECONOMICPOLICY作者BERNHARDDACHSBERNDEBERSBERGER原文DOESFOREIGNOWNERSHIPMATTERFORTHEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESOFENTERPRISESABSTRACTTHISPAPERTESTSIFFOREIGNOWNERSHIPINFLUENCESTHEINNOVATIVEBEHAVIOURANDPERFORMANCEOFENTERPRISESTHEANALYSISUSESDATAFROMTHECOMMUNITYINNOVATIONSURVEYC
2、IS3FORAUSTRIAWEEMPLOYAKERNELBASEDMATCHINGAPPROACHASANONPARAMETRICTESTAFTERCONTROLLINGFORSIZE,SECTORALAFFILIATION,EXPORTINTENSITYANDOTHERVARIABLESTHATINFLUENCEINNOVATIVEBEHAVIOURWEFOUNDTHATTHEIMPACTOFFOREIGNOWNERSHIPONINNOVATIONINPUTANDOUTCOMEISNOTSIGNIFICANTINMOSTVARIABLESMEMBERSHIPINAMULTINATIONALE
3、NTERPRISEGROUP,HOWEVER,SIGNIFICANTLYHELPSTOOVERCOMEDIFFERENTOBSTACLESINTHEINNOVATIONPROCESS,SUCHASTHELACKOFFINANCIALRESOURCES,THELACKOFTECHNOLOGICALANDMARKETINFORMATIONORORGANISATIONALPROBLEMSTHENATIONALITYOFTHEPARENTENTERPRISEDOESNOTMATTERFORINNOVATIVEBEHAVIOURANDPERFORMANCEEXCEPTINTHECASEOFANGLOSA
4、XONOWNEDENTERPRISESKEYWORDSINNOVATIONRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTKERNELBASEDMATCHINGAUSTRIA1INTRODUCTIONANIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICOFTHEONGOINGINTEGRATIONOFTHEWORLDECONOMYISTHEINTENSIFIEDDIVISIONOFLABOURBETWEENCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSINTHEGENERATIONOFSCIENTIFICANDTEC
5、HNOLOGICALKNOWLEDGETHISINTERNATIONALISATIONOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISNOTANEWPHENOMENONTHEPROCESS,HOWEVER,HASGAINEDMOMENTUMINRECENTYEARSRESEARCHERSOBSERVEAHIGHERNUMBEROFTRANSBORDERTECHNOLOGICALALLIANCES,ARISINGSHAREOFSCIENTIFICPUBLICATIONSINVOLVINGAUTHORSFROMDIFFERENTCOUNTRIES,ANINCREASINGINTERNATIONAL
6、MOBILITYOFRESEARCHERS,ORHIGHERTRANSBORDERFINANCIALFLOWSRELATEDTOSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYVEUGELERSETAL2005ACONSIDERABLEPARTOFTHISACCELERATIONCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEACTIVITIESOFMULTINATIONALENTERPRISESMNESMNESINCREASINGLYLOCATERESEARCH,DEVELOPMENTROECD2006B,CHAPTER4THISPAPERWANTSTOEXAMINEWHETHERTHESEFEARSARE
7、JUSTIFIEDORNOTDIFFERENCESBETWEENFOREIGNOWNEDANDDOMESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESINWAGES,STAFFSKILLS,GROWTHRATESORPRODUCTIVITYAREWELLDOCUMENTEDINTHELITERATURELIPSEY2002BARBANAVARETTI2004BELLAK2004EMPIRICALEVIDENCEWITHRESPECTTOINNOVATIONANDTHECREATIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGIES,HOWEVER,HASBEENINCONCLUSIVESOFARBELLAK
8、2004,P500,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFSOMEVERYRECENTRESULTSSADOWSKIANDSADOWSKIRASTERS2006FRENZANDIETTOGILLIES2007WEANALYZETHEINNOVATIVEBEHAVIOUROFFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESFORTHECASEOFAUSTRIA,ACOUNTRYWHICHHASBENEFITEDCONSIDERABLYFROMINFLOWSOFMNERMARKUSEN1995BARBANAVARETTIANDVENABLES2004MNESEXISTBECAUSETHEYPOSSES
9、SFIRMSPECIFICINTANGIBLEASSETSSUCHASSUPERIORTECHNOLOGICALKNOWLEDGE,WELLKNOWNPRODUCTSANDBRANDS,DESIGNORMANAGEMENTCAPABILITIESTHEYEXPLOITTHESEASSETSBYINTERNATIONALPRODUCTIONINNOVATIVEACTIVITIESOFTHESUBSIDIARIESSUPPORTTHEEXPLOITATIONBYADAPTINGTECHNOLOGIES,PRODUCTSANDPROCESSESTOLOCALNEEDS,CONSUMERTASTES,
10、REGULATIONETCENGINEERINGANDDESIGNACTIVITIESARETHEREFORELOCATEDINPROXIMITYTOTHECUSTOMERSANDPRODUCTIONFACILITIESABROADTOSUPPORTOVERSEASPRODUCTIONANDSALESACTIVITIESTHEINTENSITYANDDEGREEOFNOVELTYOFTHESEOVERSEASINNOVATIVEACTIVITIES,HOWEVER,WILLREMAINBELOWTHEHOMECOUNTRYWHERETHEASSETSOFTHEMNEAREMOSTLYDEVEL
11、OPEDASSETEXPLOITINGSTRATEGIESHAVEANUMBEROFADVANTAGESFORMNESACONCENTRATIONOFLONGTERM,STRATEGICINNOVATIVEACTIVITIESINTHEHOMECOUNTRYALLOWSANINTENSIFIEDSPECIALISATIONANDDIVISIONOFLABOURININNOVATIONANDTHEUTILISATIONOFSCALEECONOMIES,AVOIDSADDITIONALCOSTOFTRANSMITTINGKNOWLEDGE,HELPSAVOIDINVOLUNTARYSPILLOVE
12、RSVONZEDTWITZANDGASSMANN2002SANNARANDACCIOANDVEUGELERS2003GERSBACHANDSCHMUTZLER2006MOREOVER,THESESTRATEGIESALSORESULTFROMTHEHIGHDEGREEOFINTERRELATEDNESSBETWEENTHETECHNOLOGICALCOMPETENCESOFMULTINATIONALENTERPRISESANDTHEINSTITUTIONALSETTINGANDACTORSOFTHEIRHOMEINNOVATIONSYSTEMSPATELANDPAVITT1999NARULA2
13、003THEASSETEXPLOITINGPERSPECTIVEHASBEENCHALLENGEDINRECENTYEARSBYTHEOBSERVATIONTHATMULTINATIONALENTERPRISESINCREASINGLYDEVELOPNEWPRODUCTSANDPROCESSESOUTSIDEOFTHEIRHOMECOUNTRIES,INSTEADOFJUSTEXPLOITINGFIRMSPECIFICASSETSABROADSUCHASTRATEGYHASBEENDESCRIBEDAS“ASSETSEEKING”DUNNINGANDNARULA1995,“HOMEBASEAU
14、GMENTING”KUEMMERLE1999,“COMPETENCECREATING”CANTWELLANDMUDAMBI2005OR“TECHNOLOGYDRIVEN”VONZEDTWITZANDGASSMANN2002ASSETSEEKINGSTRATEGIESAREDRIVENBYTECHNOLOGICALSUPPLYSIDEFACTORS,SUCHASTHEAVAILABILITYOFSKILLEDRESEARCHERS,THENEEDTOMONITORTHETECHNOLOGICALACTIVITIESOFCOMPETITORS,CLIENTS,UNIVERSITIESANDOTHE
15、RRESEARCHORGANISATIONS,ORTHEWISHTOASSIMILATELOCALKNOWLEDGEINTHEHOSTCOUNTRIESBIRKINSHAWETAL1998ALMEIDA1999FROST2001CASTELLANIANDZANFEI2002ALMEIDAANDPHENE2004ITISDIFFICULTTOMAINTAINSUCHLEARNINGPROCESSESOVERDISTANCEDUETOTHE“STICKY”ANDOFTENTACITNATUREOFKNOWLEDGEJAFFEETAL1993VONHIPPEL1994COWANETAL2000BRE
16、SCHIANDLISSONI2001THEREFORE,KNOWLEDGEABSORPTIONHASTOTAKEPLACEWHERESUCHKNOWLEDGEISLOCALIZEDASSETSEEKINGSTRATEGIESALSOREFLECTTHECHANGINGNATUREOFINNOVATIVEPROCESSESTHATFORCESFIRMSTOWIDENANDADAPTTHEIRSEARCHSTRATEGIESTOACCOUNTFORTHERISINGIMPORTANCEOFEXTERNALACTORSANDSOURCESCHESBROUGH2003LAURSENANDSALTER2
17、0063RESEARCHHYPOTHESESEMPIRICALRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATASSETEXPLOITINGINTERNATIONALISATIONSTRATEGIESAREMOREFREQUENTLYTHANASSETSEEKINGBEHAVIOURPATELANDVEGA1999LEBASANDSIERRA2002VONZEDTWITZANDGASSMANN2002IFASSETEXPLOITINGSTRATEGIESALSOPREVAILINTHECASEOFFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESINAUSTRIA,THEROLEOFTHESESUBSID
18、IARIESBASICALLYBOILSDOWNTOASUPPORTOFPRODUCTIONANDMARKETINGBYADAPTINGTECHNOLOGIESANDPRODUCTSTOTHECONDITIONSOFTHEHOSTMARKETFOREIGNOWNEDSUBSIDIARIESTHATPURSUESUCHASTRATEGYMAYTHEREFOREEXHIBITALOWERLEVELOFPERMANENTRHOWEVER,WECANEXPECTTHATASSETEXPLOITINGBEHAVIOURRESULTSINALOWERSHAREOFPRODUCTSNEWTOTHEMARKE
19、TCOMPAREDTODOMESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESBECAUSETHEMAINTASKSOFFOREIGNOWNEDSUBSIDIARIESAREREDESIGN,PRODUCTCUSTOMIZATIONANDADJUSTMENTSHYPOTHESIS1ASSUMINGASSETEXPLOITINGSTRATEGIES,WEEXPECTTHATFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESEXHIBITALOWERLEVELOFINNOVATIVEINPUTCOMPAREDTODOMESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESBECAUSEFIRMSPECIF
20、ICASSETSAREMAINLYCREATEDBYTHEPARENTENTERPRISEPERFORMANCEDIFFERENCESDUETODIFFERENTSTRATEGIESWILLALSOMANIFESTININNOVATIVEOUTPUTHYPOTHESIS2ASSUMINGASSETEXPLOITINGSTRATEGIES,WEEXPECTTHATFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESEXHIBITALOWERLEVELOFNOVELTYININNOVATIVEOUTPUT,FOREXAMPLEFEWERPRODUCTSNEWTOTHEMARKETCOMPAREDTODO
21、MESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESTHISISBECAUSETHEMAINTASKSOFMNESUBSIDIARIESAREREDESIGN,PRODUCTCUSTOMIZATIONANDADJUSTMENTSOFEXISTINGPRODUCTSANDNOTRADICALINNOVATIONINNOVATIVEOUTPUTOFPRODUCTSNEWTOTHEFIRM,HOWEVERSHOULDBEUNAFFECTEDBYOWNERSHIPFACTORSTHATHAMPERINNOVATION,SUCHASALACKOFFINANCIALRESOURCESORALACKOFTE
22、CHNOLOGICALEXPERTISE,SHOULDBELESSRELEVANTFORFOREIGNOWNEDSUBSIDIARIESWHICHCANDRAWONTHEFINANCIALRESOURCESANDMANAGERIALEXPERTISEOFTHEIRENTERPRISEGROUPMOREOVER,MEMBERSOFAMNEGROUPMAYALSOLEARNFROMTHEEXPERIENCESMADEBYTHEMNEINOTHERGEOGRAPHICALMARKETSANDUSECONCEPTSANDTECHNOLOGIESTHATHAVEPROVENTOBESUCCESSFULI
23、NOTHERCOUNTRIESTHISSHOULDGIVEFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESANADVANTAGEOVERDOMESTICALLYOWNEDNONGROUPENTERPRISESTHEIRADVANTAGE,HOWEVER,SHOULDDIMINISHIFWECOMPAREFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESTODOMESTICALLYOWNEDGROUPENTERPRISES,BECAUSEADVANTAGESOFGROUPMEMBERSHIPAREALSOSHAREDBYENTERPRISESAFFILIATEDTODOMESTICALLYOWNEDM
24、ULTINATIONALSFRENZANDIETTOGILLIES2007HYPOTHESIS3FOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESFACEFEWEROBSTACLESINTHEINNOVATIONPROCESSTHANDOMESTICALLYOWNEDNONGROUPENTERPRISESDUETOACCESSTODIVERSESETSOFSUPERIORRESOURCESINTHEMULTINATIONALENTERPRISEGROUPTHISADVANTAGE,HOWEVER,SHOULDDIMINISHIFWECOMPAREFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISESTOD
25、OMESTICALLYOWNEDGROUPENTERPRISESDIFFERENCESBETWEENFOREIGNOWNEDANDDOMESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESMAYALSOVARYWITHRESPECTTOTHEHOMECOUNTRYOFTHEFOREIGNOWNEDENTERPRISEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESHOWSTHATACOMMONLANGUAGEANDGEOGRAPHICALPROXIMITYISSIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTINGTHEGENERATIONOFCROSSBORDERPATENTSGUELLECANDVANPOTTELS
26、BERGHEDELAPOTTERIE2001ONEEXPLANATIONFORTHISPHENOMENONISCULTURALSIMILARITYBETWEENCOUNTRIESCULTURALPROXIMITYHELPSTOOVERCOMESOCIALANDCOGNITIVEACCESSBARRIERSKNOWNASTHELIABILITYOFFOREIGNNESSZAHEER1995SOFKA2006ANDMAKESCOOPERATIONANDACCESSTOKNOWLEDGEINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYEASIERGEOGRAPHICALANDCULTURALPROXIMITYBET
27、WEENPARENTENTERPRISEANDSUBSIDIARYMAYALSOHELPTOTRANSFERSUCCESSFULBUSINESSPRACTICESFROMTHEMNEHOMECOUNTRYTOHOSTCOUNTRY,MINIMIZEMONITORINGCOSTANDOVERCOMEAGENCYPROBLEMSANOTHEREXPLANATIONAREDIFFERENTCORPORATEGOVERNANCEREGIMESBUCKLEY2000HALLANDSOSKICE2001WEINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFCULTURALPROXIMITYBYDISTINGU
28、ISHINGBETWEENENTERPRISESFROMCOUNTRIESWHICHHAVEACOMMONBORDERWITHAUSTRIAANDSHARETHESAMELANGUAGEGERMANY/LIECHTENSTEIN/SWITZERLANDGLS,THERESTOFEUROPEANDANGLOSAXONCOUNTRIESHYPOTHESIS4DIFFERENCESBETWEENGERMAN/LIECHTENSTEIN/SWISSOWNEDANDDOMESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISESMAYBESMALLERTHANBETWEENENTERPRISESFROMANGL
29、OSAXONCOUNTRIESOROTHEREUROPEANSTATESANDDOMESTICALLYOWNEDENTERPRISES4DATA41COMMUNITYINNOVATIONSURVEYTHEANALYSISDRAWSONDATAFROMTHETHIRDWAVEOFTHECOMMUNITYINNOVATIONSURVEYCIS3FORAUSTRIACIS3ISASURVEYBASEDONAQUESTIONNAIREADMINISTEREDBYEUROSTATANDNATIONALSTATISTICALOFFICESANDAIMSATASSESSINGVARIOUSASPECTSOF
30、THEINNOVATIVEBEHAVIOURANDPERFORMANCEOFENTERPRISESSTATISTIKAUSTRIA2002EUROSTAT2004THEDATASETCOVERSTHEPERIOD1998200042VARIABLESINTHEANALYSISTHECHOICEBETWEENINNOVATIONACTIVITYINDICATORSISANONTRIVIALONE,ASKLEINKNECHTETAL2002HAVEPOINTEDOUTINNOVATIVEBEHAVIOURCANHARDLYBEREPRESENTEDBYONEINDICATORALONETHEREF
31、ORE,WEANALYSEABROADSPECTRUMOFLEFTHANDVARIABLESRANGINGFROMINNOVATIONINPUTTOINNOVATIONOUTPUTANDINDICATORSOFINNOVATIONHAMPERINGFACTORSTABLE1421INNOVATIVEACTIVITYANDINNOVATIVEINPUTTHEDUMMYVARIABLEINNOVINDICATESINNOVATIVEACTIVITYOFTHEENTERPRISEREGARDLESSOFITSSUCCESSITINCLUDESBOTH,PRODUCTANDPROCESSINNOVAT
32、IONSTHECOMMITMENTTOWARDSRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTISCAPTUREDBYTHEDUMMYVARIABLERDENGINDICATINGPERMANENTRDACTIVITIESANOTHERINPUTINDICATORISTHENUMBEROFEMPLOYEESWITHTERTIARYEDUCATIONASAFRACTIONOFTOTALEMPLOYMENTEMPHITHEFINANCIALMEANSDEVOTEDTOINNOVATIONACTIVITIESAREMEASUREDBYTOTALINNOVATIONEXPENDITUREASAFRACT
33、IONOFSALESINNOVEXPADDITIONALLY,WEINCLUDEAMEASUREFORTHEINTENSITYOFRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTEFFORTSRDYRS,WHICHINDICATESTHEMANYEARSPEREMPLOYEESPENTONRD422INNOVATIVEOUTPUTTHEFIRSTINDICATOROFINNOVATIVEOUTPUTISTHEDUMMYVARIABLEINMARWHICHMARKSENTERPRISESTHATHAVELAUNCHEDAPRODUCTINNOVATIONWHICHISNEWTOTHEMARKETTU
34、RNMARDENOTESTHESHAREOFSALESGENERATEDBYPRODUCTSNEWTOTHEMARKETTHEQUESTIONNAIREDOESNOTTELLTHEMARKETNATIONAL,EUROPEAN,WORLDWHERETHENOVELTYWASINTRODUCEDHOWEVER,WEKNOWFROMANOTHERQUESTIONOFTHESURVEYTHATMOSTENTERPRISESREGARDTHEEUROPEANORTHEWORLDMARKETASTHEIRMAINTARGETMARKETS,WHICHINDICATESTHATMARKETNOVELTIE
35、SREFERTOAMARKETLARGERTHANAUSTRIABESIDESMARKETNOVELTIES,WEALSOCHECKTHEEFFECTSOFFOREIGNOWNERSHIPONTHESHAREOFSALESGENERATEDBYPRODUCTSNEWORSIGNIFICANTLYMODIFIEDTOTHEENTERPRISETURNINANDONINNOVATIONPRODUCTIVITYMEASUREDBYINNOVATIVERETURNSPEREMPLOYEEINNOPRODWECOMPUTEINNOVATIONPRODUCTIVITYASSUGGESTEDBYJANZET
36、AL2003ANDLFANDHESHMATI2003423HAMPERINGFACTORSENTERPRISESHAVETOOVERCOMEDIFFERENTOBSTACLESWHENINTRODUCINGNEWPRODUCTSORPROCESSESTHEVARIABLEHAMPECOSUMMARIZESTHEENTERPRISESASSESSMENTOFECONOMICFACTORSHAMPERINGTHEINNOVATIONPROCESSTHESEFACTORSINCLUDETOOHIGHECONOMICRISKS,TOOHIGHINNOVATIONCOST,ANDALACKOFFINAN
37、CIALRESOURCESTHEVARIABLEHAMPINTREFERSTOTHEASSESSMENTOFINTERNALHAMPERINGFACTORS,WHICHCOMPREHENDSORGANISATIONALPROBLEMSRELATEDTOINNOVATION,ALACKOFSKILLEDPERSONNEL,ALACKOFTECHNOLOGICALINFORMATIONAND/ORALACKOFMARKETINFORMATION本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目DOESFOREIGNOWNERSHIPMATTERFORTHEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESOFENTERPRISE
38、S出处INTERNATIONALECONOMICSANDECONOMICPOLICY作者BERNHARDDACHS,BERNDEBERSBERGER译文外商独资是否会影响企业的创新行为摘要本文考察外商独资是否影响企业的创新行为和绩效。结合数据分析,我们对奥地利的社会创新进行调查。我们采用内核的地形匹配算法,作为一种非参数检验。在对控制大小、部门的联系、出口强度和其他可变量对创新行为的影响的调查中,我们发现外国资产对创新输入和输出的影响,在大多数变量上并不显著。跨国企业集团的会员将在很大程度上,有助于克服很多不同的创新流程,如缺乏经费来源、缺少技术和市场信息或组织的问题。除了在ANGLOSAXO
39、N企业的案例中,调查发现中国有些企业,并不重视创新行为和绩效。关键词创新;研究和发展;外资企业,外商直接投资;内核标记为主的匹配;奥地利1前言当前世界一个重要特征是在全球经济中劳动分工趋向一体化,这个特征加快了国家和地区之间产生科学技术知识的速度。但这个“国际化”的科学技术不是一种新现象。在近几年这种现象已获得很好的发展。研究人员观察了一个跨国界的技术联盟正在崛起的一个科学刊物,这个刊物的发行遍布很多国家,使得许多国家的作者与越来越多研究国际流动的学者,参与进来,希望取得更高的跨国界的资金流动与科学技术VEUGELERS等人2005。相当一部分这样的迅速发展的现象可以归因于跨国企业MNES的活
40、动,跨国企业把越来越多的研究开发RD和创新活动放在国外。2003年,在许多国家,包括葡萄牙、德国、加拿大、意大利、西班牙、瑞典和英国在内的跨国公司子公司占总额的25以上用于制造和研发费用。在爱尔兰和比利时甚至超过50经合作组织,2006B,表格29。在近几年,外商独资子公司开展了很多的创新活动,因此许多国家在经济政策上对此进行了高度关注。政治家一方面知道吸引跨国公司在国内设立分支机构可能在很短的时间内增加一个国家的技术能力和综合研发投入。但在另一方面,担心太依赖外商直接投资以及外商独资子公司研发会有不好的影响。这些担心的一个原因是跨国公司的观测战略研究与发展活动集中在本国,还有就是集中在追求创
41、新和技术改进的国外地区联合国贸易和发展会议2005年,P122;经合组织2006B,第4章。本文主要是检验这些恐惧是否合理。区别国内外资企业与国有企业的工资、员工技能、增长率或生产力等的不同LIPSEY2002;BARBANAVARETTI2004;BELLAK2004。实证研究就创新和新的技术做了研究,但是到目前为止除了一些最近的结果SADOWSKI和SADOWSKIRASTERS2006;FRENZ和IETTOGILLIES2007外还没有定论(BELLAK2004年,P500。我们分析了奥地利一个外资企业的创新行为,这个企业近几年来受惠于跨国企业研发基金的投入。奥地利从国外收到超过20的
42、研发资金,这在经济合作与发展组织中是一个很高的水平经合组织2005年,P19。奥地利大约40的专利发明的合伙人中至少有一个是外国人经合组织2006A,P33。我们在样本中采用内核地形匹配算法创造了一个与事实相反的对照组与许多控制变量的外资企业相比,国内独资企业与外资具有相似的价值观。2概念背景本文的主要工作是探讨国有企业和外资企业在奥地利的不同的创新行为。这些差别可能与两组企业特征之间的差异如大小、企业部门联系、出口强度,或人力资本禀赋有关,这些差异形成了国有与外资不同的创新行为的特征。另一方面,外资企业也可能有不同的创新的努力和产量,因为与国内的独资企业相比他们追求不同的创新策略。本文讨论了
43、跨国企业组织的跨国创新活动的基本策略见NARULA和ZANFEI2005年的一项调查这个策略被称为“资产利用”策略DUNNING和NARULA1995,“家庭基地开发”策略KUEMMERLE1999,“能力开发”策略CANTWELL和MUDAMBI2005,或“寻找市场”策略VONZEDTWITZ和GASSMANN2002。资产利用策略观点认为跨国企业以特定资产为手段,在国外市场进行投资(DUNNING1973;MARKUSEN1995年;BARBANAVARETTI和VENABLES2004。跨国公司的存在是因为他们有优良的工艺等无形资产如知识、著名的产品和品牌、设计或管理能力。他们利用这些
44、资产在国际上进行投资并生产。支持创新活动的下属公司调整开发技术、产品的生产过程,以此来适应当地的需求与消费者的口味、法规等。因此,工程和设计活动在国外进行,远离客户和生产设施,支持海外的生产和销售活动。但这些海外创新活动的强度和程度仍然低于本国的资产,但是跨国公司大多仍然是发展的。资产利用策略对跨国公司来说有着许多优点集中资本进行长期的创新活动,在其本国允许劳动分工的加强和专业化的创新,利用规模经济避免支出额外的费用,这有助于避免非自愿的花费(VONZEDTWITZ和GASSMANN2002;SANNARANDACCIO和VEUGELERS2003;GERSBACH和SCHMUTZLER200
45、6。此外,这些策略也引起跨国企业之间技术能力和机构设置的高度一体化,也影响企业主要的创新体系(PATEL和PAVITT1999;NARULA2003)。近年来国外对越来越多的跨国企业开发新产品和工艺进行观测,这一消息使资产利用策略受到挑战,并不仅仅是在国外开发特定资产。这种技术被称作是“资产寻求”DUNNING和NARULA1996,“家庭基础充实”KUEMMERLE1999,“能力创造”CANTWELL和MUDAMBI2005或“技术驱动的”VONZEDTWITZ和GASSMANN2002。资产寻求策略技术供应方面的因素,如所能获得的技术人员,需要监控的竞争者、客户、大学以及其他一些研究机构
46、的技术活动,或想在主办国家吸收地方性的知识BIRKINSHAW等人1998;ALMEIDA1999;FROST2001;CASTELLANI和ZANFEI2002;ALMEIDA和PHENE2004。由于知识吸引的本质决定了很难在这种学习过程中保持距离JAFFE等人1993;VONHIPPEL1994;COWAN等人2000;BRESCHI和LISSONI2001。因此,知识吸收应该在本地化的地方。资本寻求策略也反映了创新过程的改变,这使得公司扩大和改变他们的搜索策略,并不断增强外部的资金来源CHESBROUGH2003;LAURSEN布罗索尔特2006。3研究假设实证研究表明,资本寻求国际化
47、战略比资本寻求行为要频繁(PATEL和VEGA1999;LEBAS和SIERRA2002;VONZEDTWITZ和GASSMANN2002。如果资本寻求战略在奥地利的国有企业战胜外资企业,那么这些子公司的主要作用可归结为对生产、销售的支持和为产品进入市场创造良好的环境。外商独资子公司,追求这种策略可能会形成低水平的研发活动和低水平的创新投入,因为特定资产主要是由母企业提供的。这一事实是基于现存的技术创新,这一创新并不会影响产量和创新的先进性建设等;然而我们可以期待资产利用行为结果会在较低的市场分享新产品,独资企业在国内的新市场主要任务是产品设计的定制和调整。假设1假设资产利用策略,我们希望外资
48、企业创新输入比国内独资企业低,主要是因为特定资产主要是由母企业提供的。因为不同的执行效能的差别策略也将表现在创新输出上。假设2假设资产利用策略,我们期望外资企业在创新的输出是在一个较低的水平上,例如在新市场上比国内独资企业产品更少。这是因为最主要的任务是跨国公司附属公司对现有产品进行设计定制和调整,而不是激进的创新。新公司创新产品的产量不应受所有权的限制。创新缺乏经费来源和缺乏工艺水平的时候应该减少相关的外商独资子公司的建立,因为他们可以依靠他们在金融资源和管理经验的企业集团的支持。此外,跨国公司集团的成员同时还可以学到跨国公司市场的经验,并将在其他地理概念和技术上证明这些经验是非常成功的。这
49、将给外资企业在国内拥有非团体企业提供帮组。如果外资企业与国有企业比较的话,他们的优点会减少,因为非团体会员企业在资金上隶属于跨国公司FRENZ和IETTOGILLIES2007。假设3外资企业面临的障碍比它在国内创新过程中要少,因为非团体企业在跨国企业集团拥有访问不同层次的优势资源。然而,这种优势,会减少外资企业在国内拥有的子公司数量。区别国内外资企业与所在地国家的独资企业。实证研究结果表明共同的语言和地理接近将产生严重的跨境专利GUELLEC和VANPOTTELSBERGHEDELAPOTTERIE2001。对这种现象的一种解释是国家文化之间比较相似,能帮助克服这种文化情节与社会认知准入的障碍,这被称为“责任的外来成分”ZAHEER1995;SOFKA2006,它使得与东道国知识的合作更容易。地理、文化情节使跨国企业与子公司亲子间还可能有助于成功转移跨国公司举办的国家商业实践活动,减少监测成本和解决代理的问题。另一种解释是不同的公司治理方法也有很大的不同BUCKLEY2000;HALL和SOSKICE2001。我们通过区分与奥地利有共同边界和共同语言的国家GERMANY/LIECHTENSTEIN/SWITZERLANDGLS,进而研究影响企业的文化情节,如欧洲其他国家及ANGLOSAXON国家。假设4GERMAN/LIECHTENSTEIN/SWISS的企业与