1、本科毕业论文外文翻译出处GOVERNANCEINGLOBALVALUECHAIN作者HUBERTSCHMITZ,EDWARDELGAR,CHELTENHAMLOCALENTERPRISESINTHEGLOBALECONOMYISSUESOFGOVERNANCEANDUPGRADINGEDHUBERTSCHMITZ,EDWARDELGAR,CHELTENHAM392PP65THECENTRALTHEME,ESPECIALLYRELEVANTTOECONOMICGEOGRAPHERS,ISTHESIGNIFICANCEOFGLOBALBUYERSINWORLDMARKETSANDHOWTHEPRO
2、SPECTSOFLOCALENTERPRISESARESTRUCTUREDBYTHEIRRELATIONSHIPWITHGLOBALVALUECHAINSTOIDENTIFYTHEPROSPECTSFORUPGRADINGTWOFOURFOLDTYPOLOGIESAREIDENTIFIED,ONESPECIFYINGTHENATUREOFRELATIONSBETWEENLOCALANDGLOBALFIRMSARMSLENGTH,NETWORKS,QUASIHIERARCHYANDHIERARCHY,ANDONERELATINGTOFORMSOFUPGRADINGPROCESS,PRODUCT,
3、FUNCTIONALANDINTERSECTORAL,THOUGHFURTHERDISTINCTIONSAREALSODRAWNINORDERTOACCOMMODATESPECIFICCOMPLEXITIESTHISLINKINGOFCLUSTERSWITHTHEVALUECHAINPERSPECTIVEREDRESSESTHEMYOPICTENDENCYINTHEFORMERANDTHECLASSIFICATIONOFDIFFERENTUPGRADINGPOSSIBILITIESPROVIDESAUSEFULWAYOFTHINKINGABOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTPOSSIBILIT
4、IESOFLOCALCLUSTERSTHEREISAPARTICULARFOCUSONRELATIONSBETWEENMOREANDLESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESBUTTHEKEYLINKISTHEROLEOFMAJORGLOBALBUYERSININFLUENCINGTHEPOSSIBILITIESFORLOCALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTFOURKEYPROPOSITIONSAREADVANCEDANDTHENINVESTIGATEDTHROUGHTHECASESTUDIES,PERHAPSTHEMOSTINTERESTINGOFWHICHISTHEIDEATHA
5、TINQUASIHIERARCHICALCHAINSPRODUCERSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREABLETOENGAGEINPRODUCTANDPROCESSUPGRADINGASTHESEBENEFITTHEBUYINGFIRMBUTMAKELITTLEPROGRESSINFUNCTIONALUPGRADINGBECAUSECONVERSELYTHISPROVIDESNODIRECTADVANTAGETOTHEBUYERANDINFACTCOULDCONSTITUTEUNWELCOMEAUTONOMYSUPPORTFORTHISPROPOSITIONCOMESFROMT
6、HESHOEINDUSTRYINBRAZILCH5ANDINTHEPRODUCTIONOFPERSONALCOMPUTERSINTAIWANCH9HOWEVERSUCCESSFULUPGRADINGSTILLREQUIRESTHELOCALFIRMSTOINVESTINPEOPLEANDEQUIPMENT,WHICHTHEBUYERDOESNOTNECESSARILYASSIST,ASWELLASTHEBUYERSTECHNICALANDMARKETINGKNOWLEDGETHUSCONNECTIONSWITHTHECHAINPROVIDEOPPORTUNITIESFORUPGRADINGBU
7、TWHETHERTHISHAPPENSDEPENDSALSOONTHELOCALFIRMSTHEMSELVESANDSOOPENSTHECONNECTIONWITHLOCALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESANDTHEROLEOFLOCALINSTITUTIONSINASSISTINGLOCALUPGRADINGPROCESSESWHILEBUYERSDEVELOPQUASIHIERARCHICALRELATIONSBECAUSEITASSISTSTHEIRQUALITYCONTROLANDRELIABILITYOFSUPPLY,ESPECIALLYINLESSDEV
8、ELOPEDCOUNTRIES,MARKETRELATIONSANDPRICECOMPETITIONARENOTSUSPENDEDSOTHESEHARMONIOUSRELATIONSHIPSCANBETRANSITORY,SOMETHINGJOHNHUMPHREYANDHUBERTSCHMITZCH,13RECOGNISEBUTPERHAPSUNDERSTATEWHENTHEYARGUETHATTHEREISANEMERGINGCONSENSUSTHATINSERTIONINTOQUASIHIERARCHICALCHAINSPROVIDESAFASTTRACKTOPROCESSANDPRODU
9、CTUPGRADINGANDGIVENTHEPROBLEMSTHATLOCALPRODUCERSFINDINFUNCTIONALUPGRADINGWORKINGFORFOREIGNBUYERSANDACCEPTINGQUASIHIERARCHYISATEMPTINGSOLUTIONEVENIFITMEANSLOWPROFITMARGINSP360ROBERTARABELLOTTISEVIDENCEFROMBRENTACH6FALSIFIESTHESECONDPROPOSITION,NAMELYTHATLOCALPRODUCERSINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESDONOTENGAGEIN
10、QUASIHIERARCHICALCHAINSSHEFOUNDTHATSOMEOFTHEPREVIOUSLYINDEPENDENTHIGHQUALITYPRODUCERSWERENOWWORKINGTOTHESPECIFICATIONSOFMAJORBRANDLABELSINBOTHSHOESANDOTHERLEATHERGOODS,MAINLYBECAUSEITWASMOREPROFITABLETHANPRODUCINGTHEIROWNDESIGNS,EVENTHOUGHINTHELONGERTERMTHEYRUNTHERISKOFBEINGDISPLACEDBYLOWERCOSTSUPPL
11、IERSTHEREMAININGHYPOTHESESRELATETOHOWNETWORKBASEDCHAINSPOTENTIALLYALLOWALLFORMSOFUPGRADINGBUTRARELYINVOLVEPRODUCERSINLESSDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,ANDTHATTHEREARENOSPECIFICIMPLICATIONSFORUPGRADINGINMARKETBASEDCHAINSTHEQUESTIONOFPROFITABILITYANDDIFFERENTKINDSOFUPGRADINGISALSORAISEDBYJRGMEYERSTAMERINCHAPTER1
12、2WHOSUGGESTSSOMEOFTHETYPOLOGIESHAVEIMPLICITLYBEENBUILTUPONTHEEXPERIENCEOFSOUTHEASTASIAINTHE1980SANDYETBOTHTHECONTEMPORARYSTRUCTUREOFORGANISATIONSANDTHEGLOBALCONTEXTHAVECHANGEDSIGNIFICANTLYSINCETHENMEYERSTAMERIDENTIFIESANUMBEROFSTRATEGIESFORCOMPETITIVENESS,ONLYONEOFWHICHISUPGRADINGINTHEUSUALSCHMITZHU
13、MPHREYSENSEOFDEVELOPINGBETTERQUALITYPRODUCTSUSINGHIGHERSKILLEDLABOURANDTECHNOLOGYHEARGUESTHATFIRMSCANALSOADVANCETHROUGHPOLARIZATION,NAMELYEXPANDINGOUTPUTATBOTHENDSOFTHEMARKETSIMULTANEOUSLY,BYPRODUCINGHIGHQUALITYDESIGNERGOODSONTHEONEHANDANDFORBUYERSOWNLABELPRODUCTSONTHEOTHERFURTHERMOREFIRMSALSOENGAGE
14、INLATERALDIFFERENTIATIONTHATISBYFREQUENTLYCHANGINGTHEPRODUCTWITHSTOCKRENEWALONATWOWEEKCYCLE,THEPRACTICEFOLLOWEDBYINDITEX/ZARAORHENNESMAURITZTOMEETYOUNGPEOPLESDEMANDFORLOWPRICEDHIGHLYDIFFERENTIATEDGARMENTSTHESELATTERSTRATEGIESALLOWFIRMSTOINCREASETHESCALEOFTHEIROPERATIONS,REDUCETHEAMORTIZATIONTIMEONEQ
15、UIPMENTANDSORETAINPRODUCTIVITYANDCOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHFREQUENTRETOOLINGLIKEWISESCHMITZ1999EARLIERWORKONTHESINOSVALLEYINBRAZILPOINTSOUTHOWFIRMSINTEGRATEDINTOVALUECHAINSLINKEDFORTHEQUALITYMARKETWEREINADISADVANTAGEOUSSITUATIONWHENTHEBUYERSTURNEDTOCHEAPERPRODUCERSFROMELSEWHERETHEFIRMSTHATHADRETAINEDANI
16、NTERESTINTHELOWERQUALITYDOMESTICMARKETHADALSOUPGRADEDINADIFFERENTWAYBYWIDENINGTHEIRFUNCTIONSTOINCLUDEMARKETINGANDDESIGNANDWEREINABETTERPOSITIONTOREORIENTATEANDEXPANDFURTHERINTOTHEDOMESTICMARKETTHUSTHEREISAHUGERANGEOFPOSSIBILITIES,WHICHVARYSIGNIFICANTLYBETWEENDIFFERENTSECTORS,DIFFERENT,MARKETSANDINRE
17、LATIONTOWIDERCHANGESOFTHEWORLDMARKET,SOWHILETHECONCEPTOFUPGRADINGANDTHETYPOLOGIESAREUSEFUL,THEWIDERANGEOFCONTINGENTFACTORSMAKESITDIFFICULTTOFORMULATECLEARSTRATEGIESFIRMSCANALSOADVANCETHROUGHPOLARIZATION,NAMELYEXPANDINGOUTPUTATBOTHENDSOFTHEMARKETSIMULTANEOUSLY,BYPRODUCINGHIGHQUALITYDESIGNERGOODSONTHE
18、ONEHANDANDFORBUYERSOWNLABELPRODUCTSONTHEOTHERFURTHERMOREFIRMSALSOENGAGEINLATERALDIFFERENTIATIONTHATISBYFREQUENTLYCHANGINGTHEPRODUCTWITHSTOCKRENEWALONATWOWEEKCYCLE,THEPRACTICEFOLLOWEDBYINDITEX/ZARAORHENNESMAURITZTOMEETYOUNGPEOPLESDEMANDFORLOWPRICEDHIGHLYDIFFERENTIATEDGARMENTSTHESELATTERSTRATEGIESALLO
19、WFIRMSTOINCREASETHESCALEOFTHEIROPERATIONS,REDUCETHEAMORTIZATIONTIMEONEQUIPMENTANDSORETAINPRODUCTIVITYANDCOMPETITIVENESSTHROUGHFREQUENTRETOOLINGLIKEWISESCHMITZ1999EARLIERWORKONTHESINOSVALLEYINBRAZILPOINTSOUTHOWFIRMSINTEGRATEDINTOVALUECHAINSLINKEDFORTHEQUALITYMARKETWEREINADISADVANTAGEOUSSITUATIONWHENT
20、HEBUYERSTURNEDTOCHEAPERPRODUCERSFROMELSEWHERETHEFIRMSTHATHADRETAINEDANINTERESTINTHELOWERQUALITYDOMESTICMARKETHADALSOUPGRADEDINADIFFERENTWAYBYWIDENINGTHEIRFUNCTIONSTOINCLUDEMARKETINGANDDESIGNANDWEREINABETTERPOSITIONTOREORIENTATEANDEXPANDFURTHERINTOTHEDOMESTICMARKETTHUSTHEREISAHUGERANGEOFPOSSIBILITIES
21、,WHICHVARYSIGNIFICANTLYBETWEENDIFFERENTSECTORS,DIFFERENT,MARKETSANDINRELATIONTOWIDERCHANGESOFTHEWORLDMARKET,SOWHILETHECONCEPTOFUPGRADINGANDTHETYPOLOGIESAREUSEFUL,THEWIDERANGEOFCONTINGENTFACTORSMAKESITDIFFICULTTOFORMULATECLEARSTRATEGIESASPOINTEDOUTINTHEINTRODUCTORYCHAPTERBYSCHMITZ,THECONTRIBUTIONSTOT
22、HISVOLUMECENTREONTHEQUESTIONOFHOWDIFFERENTFORMSOFUPGRADINGPRODUCT,PROCESS,FUNCTIONAL,ANDINTERSECTORALOFLOCALSMESCANBEACHIEVEDINANENVIRONMENTTHATISCHARACTERIZEDBYAVARIETYOFGLOBALGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSINPARTICULAR,THEIMPORTANCEOFGLOBALLEADFIRMSANDTHEIRPOWERTOINFLUENCEWHOLEVALUECHAINS,THEROLEOFGLOBALSTAN
23、DARDSSETBYTHESELEADFIRMSANDOTHERNONFIRMACTORSALIKE,ANDTHEUNDERLYINGGLOBALFINANCIALANDSOCIALARCHITECTUREARESEENASBEINGCRUCIALFORREGIONALDEVELOPMENTANDCLUSTERPOLICIESDIRKMESSNER,INHISCONCEPTUALCHAPTER,INTEGRATESTHESEASPECTSINTOWHATHECALLSTHEWORLDECONOMICTRIANGLEOFLOCALCLUSTERS,GLOBALFIRMS,ANDGLOBALSTA
24、NDARDSETTINGPOLICIES,STRESSINGTHEDIFFERENTSCALESOFGOVERNANCETHATULTIMATELYINFLUENCEUPGRADINGPROSPECTSOFLOCALFIRMSTHEFOLLOWINGTHEORETICALCONTRIBUTIONSELABORATEINMOREDETAILONTHEIMPORTANCEOFSTANDARDSNADVIANDWLTRINGANDTHENATUREOFGOVERNANCEINGLOBALVALUECHAINSHUMPHREYANDSCHMITZBASEDONTHISFRAMEWORK,ASERIES
25、OFCASESTUDIESFROMDIFFERENTGEOGRAPHICALCONTEXTSFORMTHEMAINEMPIRICALPARTOFTHEBOOK,INCLUDINGEXAMPLESFROMDEVELOPEDECONOMIESASWELLASDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINEUROPE,LATINAMERICAANDASIATHESEEMPIRICALCHAPTERSREFLECTONPARTICULARISSUESRAISEDWITHINTHECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK,LIKETHEROLEOFSTANDARDS,THEDIFFERENTFORMSOFUP
26、GRADING,ANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFAVALUECHAINSGOVERNANCESTRUCTUREFORLOCALUPGRADINGPOSSIBILITIESTHELATTERISHIGHLIGHTED,FORINSTANCE,INBAZANANDNAVASALEMNSCHAPTERONTHEFOOTWEARINDUSTRYINTHEBRAZILIANSINOSVALLEYCLUSTERTHEIRFINDINGSSUGGESTTHATINHIERARCHICALANDSTRONGQUASIHIERARCHICALCHAINS,ASFOUNDINUSDRIVENPRODUCTIO
27、NNETWORKS,THECHANCEFORUPGRADINGLOCALCOMPANIESISSMALLERTHANINTHECASEOFEUBUYERS,WHICHADOPTASOFTER,QUASIHIERARCHICALSTYLEOFCHAINGOVERNANCETHATLEAVESMOREROOMFORFUNCTIONALUPGRADINGHOWEVER,THEMOREMARKETBASEDTRANSACTIONSINTHELATINAMERICANVALUECHAINSSEEMTOBETHEMOSTEFFECTIVEFORFUNCTIONALUPGRADINGANOTHERCASEO
28、FSUCCESSFULFUNCTIONALUPGRADINGISTHETAIWANESECOMPUTERINDUSTRYINHISCHAPTER,KISHIMOTOSHOWSHOWTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTAIWANESEFIRMSFROMORIGINALEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERSTOOWNBRANDMANUFACTURERSHASBEENINFLUENCEDBYTHEFIRMSINTEGRATIONINTOGLOBALVALUECHAINSANDTHESUBSEQUENTESTABLISHMENTOFALOCAL,CLUSTERBASEDKNOWLEDGESYSTE
29、MTHATENABLEDPARTSOFTAIWANSPCINDUSTRYTOREACHTHEOWNBRANDMANUFACTURINGSTAGEANDREAPTHEBENEFITSFROMHIGHERVALUEADDEDACTIVITIESHOWEVER,INTEGRATIONINTOGLOBALVALUECHAINSISNOTAUTOMATICALLYANDALWAYSTHEHIGHROADTOUPGRADINGFORLOCALENTERPRISES,ASRABELOTTIINHERCONTRIBUTIONMAKESCLEARANALYSINGTHESHOEINDUSTRYINTHEITAL
30、IANDISTRICTOFBRENTA,SHEDEMONSTRATESHOWFIRMSINTHISDISTRICTHAVEEXPERIENCEDFUNCTIONALDOWNGRADINGGIVINGUPBACKENDANDFRONTENDACTIVITIESLIKEDESIGNANDSALESINORDERTOBEPARTOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCHAINSFORTHECLUSTER,LEADBYLUXURYBRANDSANDGERMANLARGESCALEBUYERSASACONSEQUENCE,VERTICALANDHORIZONTALLINKAGESWITHINTHEBREN
31、TACLUSTERHAVEWEAKENEDANDTHUSTHEFUTUREOFTHISFOOTWEARDISTRICTISFARFROMCERTAINTHISLEADSTOTHEQUESTIONOFHOWLOCATIONALPOLITICSMIGHTCOPEWITHTHECONTINUINGGLOBALIZATIONOFREGIONALDEVELOPMENTCOEETAL,2003JRGMEYERSTAHMER,INHISCONTRIBUTION,DISCUSSESTHREETYPESOFLOCATIONALPOLICYGENERIC,REFLEXIVEANDSTRATEGICANDTHEIR
32、RESPECTIVERELEVANCEANDPOTENTIALEFFECTIVENESSFROMTHISANALYSIS,ITBECOMESCLEARTHATTHERECANNOTBEAONESIZEFITSALLSTRATEGYTOWARDSREGIONALDEVELOPMENTORONESIMPLEREMEDYFORUPGRADINGLOCALENTERPRISESTHISVIEWISSUPPORTEDBYTHECOMPARATIVEANALYSISOFTHETILEINDUSTRYINITALY,SPAINANDBRAZIL,INTHECHAPTERBYMEYERSTAHMER,MAGG
33、IANDSEIBELITALSOSHOWSTHATTHESTRUCTUREOFVALUECHAINSISNOTNECESSARILYDOMINATEDBYTHELEADINGMANUFACTURERSORLARGEBUYERSINTHECASEOFTHETILEINDUSTRY,INNOVATIONANDDESIGNCAPABILITIESOFTENLIEWITHSUPPLIERSANDMACHINERYPRODUCERSHOWCRUCIALITISTOMAINTAINTHEABILITYTODEVELOPKNOWLEDGEANDPRODUCTSINEVERSHORTERINNOVATIONC
34、YCLESISALSODEMONSTRATEDBYHALDERSCONTRIBUTIONONTHESURGICALINSTRUMENTSINDUSTRYINTHEGERMANCLUSTEROFTUTTLINGEN,WHICHISFACINGINCREASINGCOMPETITIONFROMPRODUCERSINCOUNTRIESLIKEPAKISTANANOTHERISSUEISRAISEDINTHECHAPTERSBYQUADROSONTHEBRAZILIANCARCOMPONENTSINDUSTRYANDNADVIONTHESIALKOTCLUSTEROFSURGICALINSTRUMEN
35、TSFIRMSINPAKISTANTOWHATEXTENTDOGLOBALSTANDARDSAFFECTTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFUPGRADINGFORLOCALENTERPRISESASTHEBRAZILIANCASEILLUSTRATES,GLOBALSTANDARDSHAVEDONELITTLETOHELPTHELOCALSUPPLIERSINFUNCTIONALUPGRADING,BUTMUCHMOREINPRODUCTANDPROCESSUPGRADINGTOMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFGLOBALBUYERSASIMILARPICTUREEMERGESFR
36、OMTHEPAKISTANCASESTUDYEFFECTIVELYTHEBOOKISDEALINGWITHMIDDLERANGETHEORYANDTHEPLETHORAOFTYPOLOGIESINTRODUCEDBYDIFFERENTWRITERSREFLECTSAWAVERINGBETWEENTHEDESIRETOACCURATELYREFLECTTHECOMPLEXITYOFCONTEMPORARYINDUSTRIALDYNAMICSWHILESIMULTANEOUSLYIDENTIFYINGSTRATEGIESFORLOCALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTMIRRORINGINT
37、URNTHEMERGINGBETWEENACADEMIAANDCONSULTANCY,INDEEDMANYOFTHERESEARCHERSHAVETHISHYBRIDIDENTITYMAPPINGTHEDIFFERENTQUALITYANDLABOURCODESHOWEVERKHALIDNADVIANDFRANKWLTINGCH3BRINGSCLARITYTOTHEWIDERANGEOFSTANDARDSAFURTHERCONCERNISTHAT,SIMILARTOMUCHOFTHEWRITINGINTHISVEIN,LOCALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTISLARGELYRESTR
38、ICTEDTOOREQUATEDWITHTHESUCCESSOFFIRMSANDCONNECTIONSWITHINDIVIDUALANDSOCIALWELLBEINGCORRESPONDINGLYSIDELINEDTHISVOLUMEMAKESANEXCEPTIONBYREFERRINGTOLABOURCODESBUTEVENTHESEARELARGELYVIEWEDFROMTHEIMPACTONFIRMSRATHERTHANPEOPLEWORKINGWITHINTHEMDESPITETHESELIMITATIONSHOWEVERTHEBOOKPROVIDESANEXTREMELYVALUAB
39、LEROLEINMAKINGTHEFINDINGSOFRECENTRESEARCHACROSSANUMBEROFCONTINENTSAVAILABLETOAWIDEAUDIENCEANDCERTAINLYBRINGSAWELCOMEDEGREEOFANALYTICALPRECISIONANDGLOBALAWARENESSTOTHECLUSTERDEBATES译文在治理和升级的全球经济问题的本土企业特别是有关经济地理学家，中心主题是在世界市场的全球买家的意义，以及本地企业的前景是如何由他们与全球价值链的关系结构决定。为了验证两个四倍类型学升级的前景被确定，一个指定的本地及全球性公司之间关系的性质
40、手臂长，网络，准层次结构和层次结构，以及一个涉及升级的形式，过程，产品，功能和跨部门，虽然还提请进一步的区分，以满足特定的复杂性。这与价值链的角度集群连接一笔勾销在前近视倾向和不同的升级可能性分类提供了大量有关本地集群发展的可能性思维的有效途径。之间有一个更加和欠发达国家，但关键环节是重大的全球买家在影响地方经济发展的作用关系的可能性，特别是重点。四个关键命题是先进的，然后通过个案研究调查，也许是最有趣的想法，这是准层次发展生产链的国家能够从事产品和工艺升级，因为这些好处，但并没有多少企业购买在功能升级的进展，因为这反过来利用没有直接提供给买方，事实上可能构成不受欢迎的自主权。支持这项建议的是
41、来自于鞋业的巴西（CH5）和生产个人计算机的台湾（CH9）的。但是成功升级仍需要投资人和买方的设备的帮助，以及买方的技术和市场营销知识的本地公司。虽然链连接提供了升级的机会，但是否发生这种情况还取决于自己的本地公司，这样才能够打开地方经济发展战略和本地机构在协助本地升级过程中的作用连接。虽然买家发展准的层次结构关系，因为它有助于提高其质量和可靠性的供应特别是欠发达的国家市场关系和价格竞争不暂停，这些和谐关系可以是短暂的约翰汉弗莱的东西和休伯特施米茨（CH13）承认，但也许低估时他们辩称有一个共识插入准等级制链提供过程和产品升级和特定问题的快速本地生产商在找到功能升级工作的外国买家和接受准等级制
42、是一个诱人的解决方案即使它意味着低利润（P360）。同样来自ROBERTARABELLOTTID的伪造证据，第二个的主张即，发达国家的本地生产商不搞准等级制链。她发现一些以前独立的高质量生产者现在正在努力，鞋子和其他皮革主要品牌标签规格主要是因为这是比生产自己的设计更有利可图，即使在较长远来说，他们运行正在流离失所的供应商成本较低的风险。其余的假设是有关如何基于网络链可能允许所有形式的升级，但很少涉及生产者在欠发达的国家中，有没有具体的影响，并且并未基于市场的链中升级中。盈利能力和不同种类的升级问题也引发的JRG梅耶STAMER（在第12章）提出一些该类型的隐式生成经验的东南亚国家在八十年代，
43、当代的组织结构和全球范围内尚未显著改变的人从那时起。梅耶STAMER标识了一些只有其中之一升级施米茨汉弗莱通常意义上的发展更好质量的产品，使用较高的熟练工人和技术的竞争力的战略。他辩称公司可以也提前通过两极分化即扩大输出两端市场的同时，一方面生产高质量的设计器产品和买方的标签产品上。此外公司还参与横向分化这就是通过经常更改股票重建产品进行的两个星期循环INDITEX/泽或HENNES毛里茨以满足年轻人的需求的低价格高分化服装的做法。这些后者策略允许企业提高其业务规模、减少设备上的摊销时间并因此保留的生产力和竞争力，通过简单的频繁换装。同样施米茨1999巴西指出如何集成到价值链的企业链接质量市场
44、诺斯流域早期工作在不利的情况时买家从别处转向更便宜的生产者。保留了较低的质量国内市场有兴趣的公司也有升级中以不同的方式扩大其职能，包括市场营销和设计和更好地雄风和扩大在进一步进入国内市场。因此有一个巨大的显著之间各界不同，不同的市场和对国际市场的WIDERCHANGES等同时升级和该类型的概念是有用的可能性、范围广泛的特遣队因素使得很难制定明确的战略。公司还可以通过两极分化推进即扩大输出两端市场的同时，一方面生产高质量的设计器产品和买方的标签产品上。此外公司还参与横向分化这就是通过经常更改股票重建产品进行的两个星期循环INDITEX/泽或HENNES毛里茨以满足年轻人的需求的低价格高分化服装的
45、做法。这些后者策略允许企业提高其业务规模、减少设备上的摊销时间并因此保留的生产力和竞争力，通过简单的频繁换装。同样施米茨1999巴西指出如何集成到价值链的企业链接质量市场诺斯流域早期工作在不利的情况时买家从别处转向更便宜的生产者。保留了较低的质量国内市场有兴趣的公司也有升级中以不同的方式扩大其职能，包括市场营销和设计和更好地雄风和扩大在进一步进入国内市场。因此有一个巨大的显著之间各界不同，不同的市场和对国际市场的WIDERCHANGES等同时升级和该类型的概念是有用的可能性、范围广泛的特遣队因素使得很难制定明确的战略。正如施米茨的指出在导言一章，此卷的捐款中心如何不同形式的升级（过程、功能，和
46、跨界别的产品）的问题上本地中小型企业可以获得一种环境的特点是，在各种全球治理机制。尤其是全球领先的公司的重要性和他们的权力影响整个价值链的全球标准，通过这些设置作用导致公司和其他非公司的行动者的情况下，和基础全球金融和社会结构被视为是区域发展的关键和群集的政策。德克梅斯纳他概念的章节中将这些方面集成到他所谓的世界经济三角形的本地群集、全球的公司和全球的标准制定政策强调不同尺度的治理，最终影响的当地企业升级前景。以下的理论贡献制定的标准（NADVI和WLTRING）的重要性和治理的全球价值链（汉弗莱和施米茨）的性质的更多详细信息。基于这一框架，一系列的案例研究，从不同的地理环境，主要实证的一部分
47、包括来自发达经济体，以及发展中国家的例子，在欧洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲的这本书。这些经验章反映本地升级可能性的价值链的公司治理结构的重要性等标准、不同形式的升级，角色的概念框架内提出的特别问题。后者将突出显示，例如在巴西诺斯谷群集中鞋业巴桑和纳瓦斯莱曼章。他们的研究结果表明，在层次结构中，强大的准等级制链驱动美国生产的网络中都可以找到升级本地公司的机会是小于，采取更多的余地功能升级的链治理的柔软、准等级制样式的欧盟买家的情况下。但是，在拉丁美洲价值链中的更多是基于市场的交易似乎是最有效的功能升级。另一宗案件的成功功能升级是台湾计算机的行业。在他的章岸本显示如何从原始设备制造商，自己的品牌厂商台商的发
48、展受到了公司的融入全球价值链和随后的本地的、基于群集的知识系统的启用部分达到制造阶段的自有品牌和高增值的活动获益的个人计算机工业的建立。但是，融入全球价值链自动并不总是清楚高路RABELOTTI在她的贡献为提升本地的企业。她分析在同样意大利区的鞋业，演示如何在该地区的公司有经验丰富功能降低放弃后端和前端的活动，如设计、销售要为群集最重要链的一部分导致的奢侈品品牌和德国的大型买家。作为一个结果削弱了同样群集内的纵向和横向联系和因此这个鞋类地区的未来是远一些。这会导致如何区位政治问题可能应付不断全球化的区域发展COEETAL,2003JRGMEYERSTAHMER,在他的贡献中讨论了三种类型的区位
49、政策一般，反身和战略和他们各自的关联性和潜在的有效性。从这一分析它变得明显不能有一项一刀切战略区域发展或一个简单的补救办法提升本地企业。此视图被支持在意大利、西班牙和巴西，瓷砖行业，迈耶STAHMER、马吉和分支的一章中的比较分析。它还显示价值链的结构不一定由领先制造商或大买家。瓷砖行业的情况下，创新和设计能力往往在于与供应商和机械生产商。HALDER的贡献，正面临日益激烈的竞争，从巴基斯坦等国家的生产商的TUTTLINGEN的德国群集中的手术器械行业也体现保持知识和产品开发周期越来越短的创新能力是如何重要。另一个问题提出各章中的QUADROSNADVI与巴西汽车零件业的手术器械公司在巴基斯坦锡亚尔科特群集上在什么程度上做全球标准影响升级为本地企业的可能性正如表明的巴西的情况下的全球标准没有多大帮助功能升级，但更多的产品和流程升级本地供应商满足全球买家的要求。一个类似的风貌从巴基斯坦案例研究。这本书有效处理中间范围理论和类型不同作家提出的大量反映一以准确地反映当代产业动态的复杂性，同时确定反过来镜像学术界与顾问公司合并的地方经济发展的战略愿望之间摇摆不定，事实上很多研究人员具有此混合标识。映射不同质量和不过劳工代码KHALIDNADVIANDFRANKWLTINGCH3为范围广泛的标准带来清晰。进一步的关注是，类
