1、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译AREECTIVEESSAYINGMODELFORHIGHEREDUCATIONABSTRACTPURPOSETHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOOUTLINEAREECTIVEESSAYINGMODELASAUSEFULWAYOFENCOURAGINGLEARNINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONITAIMSTODENEREECTIVEESSAYINGASTHEFREEANDSERIOUSPLAYOFMINDONANINTERESTINGTOPICINANATTEMPTTOLEARNDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACHREECTIV
2、EESSAYINGISRSTINTRODUCEDASAUNIFYINGCONCEPTINTHEMODELSECOND,THEMODELISINTRODUCEDANDJUSTIEDESPECIALLYINCONNECTIONWITHDEMONTAIGNESINVENTIONOFTHEESSAIASAPROCESSOFTRYINGOUTOPINIONSANDTESTINGRESPONSESTHIRD,THEROLEOFTEACHERSASESSAYINGMENTORSISDISCUSSEDFOURTH,MENTORINGFORESSAYINGISEXAMINEDASALEARNINGTRANSAC
3、TIONWHICHEXEMPLIESDEWEYSTRANSACTIONALTHEORYOFEXPERIENCEANDKNOWINGFINDINGSREECTIVEESSAYINGISPROMOTEDASANIMPORTANTWAYOFLETTINGSTUDENTSTRYTOLEARNREECTIVEMENTORSSHOULDPROMOTESTUDENTLEARNINGTHROUGHREECTIVEESSAYINGWHICHWOULDENCOURAGESTUDENTSTODEVELOPTHEIROWNCRITICALITYPRACTICALIMPLICATIONSTHEPAPERHASIMPLI
4、CATIONSFORBOTHTEACHERSANDSTUDENTSTEACHERSAREURGEDTOBECOMEMORELIKEMENTORSANDLESSLIKEDIDACTICINSTRUCTORSASMENTORSTHEYSHOULDBEENCOURAGINGSTUDENTSTOSEEACADEMICWRITINGASTRYINGOUT,ASESSAYING,ASEXPERIMENTINGWITH,ANDASLEARNINGTHROUGHTHEIDEASANDMATERIALSTHEYREECTUPONORIGINALITY/VALUETHEPAPERISORIGINALINITSAP
5、PROACHINTHATITDRAWSONAWIDERANGEOFHISTORICALANDCONTEMPORARYSOURCESONESSAYINGINORDERTOREEVALUATEANDRESURRECTESSAYINGASANEXPERIMENTALPROCESSOFLEARNINGKEYWORDSTEACHING,MENTORING,HIGHEREDUCATIONPAPERTYPEVIEWPOINTTOBEPLAYFULANDSERIOUSATTHESAMETIMEISPOSSIBLE,ANDITDENESTHEIDEALMENTALCONDITIONABSENCEOFDOGMAT
6、ISMANDPREJUDICE,PRESENCEOFINTELLECTUALCURIOSITYANDEXIBILITY,AREMANIFESTINTHEFREEPLAYOFMINDUPONATOPICDEWEY,1991,P218MYIDEAOFREECTIVEESSAYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONMAYBESUMMARIZEDASTHEFREEANDSERIOUSPLAYOFMINDONANINTERESTINGTOPICINANATTEMPTTOLEARNTHISDENITIONCOMBINESFOURMAJORELEMENTSTHECONCEPTOFACADEMICFREED
7、OMTHEUNIVERSITYASASAFEPLACEFORBEINGFREE,SERIOUSANDPLAYFULTHEUSEOFREECTIVETHINKING“MIND”TOHELPUSSTUDENTSANDTEACHERSANSWERIMPORTANTQUESTIONSANDTHEUSEOFTHEESSAYINGPROCESSASANATTEMPTTOLEARNREECTIVEESSAYINGISALSOINTHISSENSEANATTEMPTATGENUINECONTAGIOUSCOMMUNICATIONDEWEY,1991,P224WHATTHESCHOOLEDUCATORINDEW
8、EYWANTEDWASTHECREATIONOFACOMMUNITYOFTHOUGHTANDPURPOSEBETWEENSTUDENTSANDSOCIETYBUTUNIVERSITYEDUCATORSSHOULDHELPSTUDENTSMOVEBEYONDUNREECTIVESOCIALIZATIONTOWARDSAMORECRITICALLYREECTIVESTAGEOFINDIVIDUATIONINORDERTOBECOMESCEPTICALABOUTTHECURRENTCONSENSUSRORTY,1999ALSO,WHEREDEWEYBELIEVEDTHATA“PUREINTEREST
9、INTRUTHCOINCIDESWITHLOVEOFTHEFREEPLAYOFTHOUGHT”DEWEY,1991,P219,RORTY1999,P117ARGUEDTHAT“IFYOUTAKECAREOFPOLITICAL,ECONOMIC,CULTURALANDACADEMICFREEDOM,THENTRUTHWILLTAKECAREOFITSELF”WHEREDEWEYWANTEDA“COMMUNITYOFTHOUGHTANDPURPOSE”TOPROMOTEA“NARRATIVEOFFREEDOMANDHOPE”RORTY1999PP1223BELIEVEDTHATUNIVERSITI
10、ESSHOULD“REMAINBASTIONSOFACADEMICFREEDOM”ANDWHATBETTERWAYISTHEREINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHANBYOFFERINGSTUDENTSANDACADEMICSTHEFREEDOMTOWRITECRITICALLYREECTIVEESSAYSABOUTTHEISSUESWHICHCONCERNTHECOMMUNITIESANDSOCIETIESINWHICHTHEYLIVEINAFORTHCOMINGESSAYBADLEY,2009AIARGUETHATTHEUNIVERSITYSHOULDBETHEBESTPLACEFOR
11、TEACHERSTOENACTTHEFREEDOMTOSPEAKANDWRITEANDFORSTUDENTSTOLEARNTHEIROWNWAYSOFSPEAKINGANDWRITINGTHEDEMOCRATICUNIVERSITYSHOULDPROVIDEASMUCHFREESPACEASPOSSIBLEFORSTUDENTSANDTEACHERSTOTRYTODEVELOPTHEIROWNSENSEOFWHOTHEYAREANDWHATTHEIRLIVESAREFORINTHERESTOFTHISPAPERIWANT,RST,TOINTRODUCEANDEMPHASIZETHEIDEAOF
12、REECTIVEESSAYINGASAUNIFYINGCONCEPTINTHEOVERALLMODELSECOND,IBRIEYOUTLINEASUGGESTEDMODELOFREECTIVEESSAYINGANDLEARNINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHIRD,ICONSIDERTHEROLEOFUNIVERSITYEDUCATORSASESSAYINGMENTORSANDFOURTH,IDISCUSSMENTORINGFORESSAYINGASANIMPORTANTLEARNINGTRANSACTIONREECTIVEESSAYINGASAUNIFYINGCONCEPTIUSE
13、THETERM“ESSAYING”RATHERTHAN“ESSAYWRITING”TOEMPHASIZETHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEESSAYPROCESSRATHERTHANTHEESSAYFORMITISTHEPROCESSOFESSAYINGATTEMPTINGTOCOMMUNICATEKNOWINGANDUNDERSTANDINGWHICHIPROPOSEASAVALUABLECONTRIBUTIONTOLEARNINGELSEWHEREIWRITEABOUTWHYWESHOULDALSOVALUETHEESSAYFORMSEEBADLEY,2009BINDEEDESSAYSA
14、NDESSAYWRITINGARECLEARLYATTHEHEARTOFEDUCATIONSEE,FOREXAMPLE,WARBURTON,2006FURTHER,WRITINGINGENERALISSOCENTRALTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCRITICALTHINKINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONSEEMOON,2008,P133THATREECTIVEESSAYINGSHOULDBETAKENMORESERIOUSLYESSAYINGSINCEDEMONTAIGNEWHOINVENTEDTHEESSAIASAFORMHASBEENAPROCESSOFTRYINGOUTO
15、PINIONSANDOFTESTINGRESPONSESTODIFFERENTSUBJECTSANDSITUATIONSSEECOHEN,1958DEMONTAIGNENEVERMEANTHISESSAYINGTOBEEXERCISESINESPECIALLYSKILFULCOMPOSITIONANDDEVELOPMENTINSTEADHISIDEASANDJUDGEMENTS“MERELYGROPETHEIRWAYFORWARD,FALTERING,TRIPPING,ANDSTUMBLING”SEEDEMONTAIGNE,1580,PP4750ASTEACHERSWESHOULD,ITHIN
16、K,ALSOENCOURAGESTUDENTSTOTRYOUTANDTESTTHEIRESSAYINGASEXERCISESINGROPINGANDSTUMBLINGSINCETHATISALLANYOFUSCANSERIOUSLYANDPLAYFULLYEXPECTWHILSTTHEESSAYISUSUALLYDENEDASASHORTCOMPOSITIONONANYPARTICULARSUBJECTSHORTEROXFORDDICTIONARY,NDISTRESSESSAYINGASATTEMPTINGORTRYINGOUTANEXPOSITIONONATOPICRATHERTHAN,SA
17、Y,CLAIMINGANAL,DENITIVE,ANALYSISESSAYINGINCLUDESARGUING,DESCRIBING,EXPLAININGANDNARRATINGANDTHEREFOREOVERLAPSWITHTHEPRODUCTIONOFARTICLES,CRITICISM,HISTORY,LETTERS,REVIEWSANDREPORTSKOSTELANETZ,1975BUTITISNOTNECESSARILYTHECASETHATESSAYISTSSIMPLYDOCUMENTWHATTHEYKNOWBEFORETHEYBEGINTOWRITESINCETHEYOFTEND
18、ISCOVERORCONSTRUCTNEWTHOUGHTSINTHECOURSEOFTHEESSAYINGPROCESSINDEEDREECTIVEESSAYINGISOFTENAMATTEROFINTERPRETINGOUREXPERIENCESASWEWRITEWHILSTREEXIVEESSAYINGISWHEREWEINTERPRETOURPREVIOUSREECTIONSINDIFFERENTWAYSBOTHREECTIVITYANDREEXIVITYSTILLRELATETOAREECTIVEESSAYINGMODEL249EXPERIENCEREECTIVEORREEXIVEES
19、SAYISTSHAVETOTRYTOCONVINCEOTHERSTHATTHEIRSERIOUSANDPLAYFULREECTIONSAREATLEASTPLAUSIBLEALSOBECAUSEESSAYISTSTRYTOSAYSOMETHINGUSEFULABOUTATOPICTHEYALSOTRYTOHONOUR“THEIDEALSOFCLARITY,ACCURACY,ANDFORCE”KOSTELANETZ,1975,P2THEYMAYEVENFOLLOWTHECLASSICALFORM,AFTERDEMONTAIGNE,INWHICHASUBJECTORTHESIS,ECHOINGTH
20、EESSAYSTITLE,ISANNOUNCEDINTHEOPENINGPARAGRAPHTHERETHENFOLLOWSASERIESOFPARAGRAPHSWHICHPROVIDESUPPORTINGARGUMENTS,ILLUSTRATIONS,EVENDIGRESSIONSANDANECDOTES,ASWELLASPOSSIBLEOBJECTIONSANDREFUTATIONSFINALLY,THEOPENINGPOINTSAREUSUALLYREITERATEDINTHENALSENTENCESKOSTELANETZ,1975HOWEVER,SINCEDEMONTAIGNE,ANOP
21、ENENDEDAPPROACHTOESSAYINGHASBEENDEVELOPEDWHICHEXPRESSESAMORECONVERSATIONALTONEHERE“THEAUTHORSCONFUSIONSREMAINASEVIDENTASHISCONCLUSIONS,WHILETHEREADERMUSTWORKHARDERTHANUSUALINDRAWINGTHENECESSARYLINKAGESANDDENITIONS”KOSTELANETZ,1975,P4MANYCONTEMPORARYESSAYISTS,PERHAPSREJECTINGTHEACADEMICVALUEOFOBJECTI
22、VITY,“EMPHASIZEAUTHORIALVOICEANDINFORMALTONE”INORDERTOACHIEVE“THELUCID,DIRECT,ORDERLYANDVIVIDOWOFCONVERSATION,WHICHCONVERSATION,ITSELFINTERRUPTEDANDHALFHEARTED,SELDOMATTAINS”KOSTELANETZ,1975,P5FURTHER“WHATDISTINGUISHESTHETRUEESSAYISTFROMTHEACADEMICSCHOLARISTHATTHELATTERISENSLAVEDTOHISCIRCUMSCRIBEDSU
23、BJECT,WHILETHEESSAYISTISINCLINEDTOLETHISMINDROAMFREE,HISREMARKSTYPICALLYTENDINGTOBEMORESUGGESTIVETHANEXHAUSTIVE”KOSTELANETZ,1975,P6THEWORD“ESSAY”IMPLIESNOTONLY“ALIBERALOUTLOOK”BUTALSO“AWILLINGNESSTOEXPERIMENT”ANDMOSTESSAYSAREWRITTENWITHOUTCONSCIOUSNESSOFFORMKOSTELANETZ,1975INDEEDMODERNESSAYINGMAYNOW
24、BEREGARDEDASOFFERINGASMANYALTERNATIVEFORMSOFEXPOSITIONANDPRESENTATIONASMODERNCONCEPTUALARTSEETHENUMEROUSEXAMPLESINKOSTELANETZ,1975FURTHER,“EVENEXACTSCIENTISTSAREWRITINGWITHANEASEANDINTIMACYOFCONVERSATIONALSTYLETHATAGENERATIONAGOWOULDHAVELEDTHEIRSCIENTICBRETHRENTOVIEWTHEMWITHSUSPICION”JOHNSON,1927,P1
25、2MYCHIEFCONCERNHEREISTOREGARDREECTIVEESSAYINGASAUNIFYINGCONCEPTINUNIVERSITYLEARNINGBECAUSEITENCOURAGESWRITERSBOTHNOVICESANDEXPERTSTOINTERPRETTHEIREXPERIENCESASTHEYWRITETHESEESSAYISTSBECOMECRITICALLYREECTIVELEARNERSWHENTHEY“EXPLORETHEIREXPERIENCESINORDERTOLEADTONEWUNDERSTANDINGSANDAPPRECIATIONS”BOUDE
26、TAL,1985,P19INDEEDREECTIONMAYBESUMMARIZEDASAPROCESSOFCONNECTINGANDCOORDINATINGEXISTINGKNOWLEDGEWITHNEWEVIDENCESEEMACLELLAN,2004REECTIVEESSAYINGISCRITICALREECTIONWHENITHELPSUSTRANSFORMWHATWEALREADYTHINKWEKNOWINTONEWKNOWLEDGEREECTIVEESSAYINGALLOWSUS,AFFECTIVELYANDCOGNITIVELY,TOINQUIREINTOOUREXISTINGKN
27、OWLEDGEANDPASTEXPERIENCEINORDERTOGAINNEWINSIGHTSANDUNDERSTANDINGUNFORTUNATELY,INHERSTUDYOFTHEACADEMICESSAY,MACLELLANFOUNDTHAT“ONLYAFEWSCRIPTS”SHOWEDEVIDENCEOFCRITICALREECTIONMACLELLAN,2004,P87REECTIVEESSAYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONASUGGESTEDMODELINORDERTOLEARNTHROUGHWRITINGREECTIVEESSAYSSTUDENTSNEEDTOBEEN
28、COURAGEDTOSEEESSAYINGASASERIESOFINTERCONNECTINGPROCESSESRATHERTHANASASIMPLELINEARSEQUENCESTUDENTSNEEDTOASSEMBLEMATERIALFORTHEIRESSAYSESPECIALLYTHROUGHREADINGBUTTHATREADINGALSOHASTOBEAFORMOFCRITICALREECTIONWHERETHEYENGAGEWITH,DECONSTRUCTANDCRITIQUETHEMATERIALRATHERTHANMERELYACCEPTANDREPRODUCEITCRITIC
29、ALLYREECTIVEREADINGANDDECONSTRUCTINGTHEREBYCONTRIBUTETOREECTIVEET51,4250LEARNINGITISNOTJUSTAREITERATIONOFEXISTINGKNOWLEDGEBUTACRITICALANDINTERPRETIVEANALYSISOFTHATKNOWLEDGEREECTIVELEARNINGTHROUGHREECTIVEESSAYINGMAYTHEREFOREBESEENASTHERESULTOFPROCESSINGTHECOMPLEXISSUESOFTHEMATERIALCONSIDEREDSEEMOON,2
30、008,P128WHILSTSTUDENTS/WRITERSARECRITICALLYSELECTINGANDANALYSINGTHEIRSELECTEDMATERIALTHEYAREALSOEFFECTIVELYBEGINNINGTHEPROCESSOFREECTIVEESSAYINGTHISISWHERETHEYTRYTOCONSTRUCTTHEIRARGUMENTSINORDERTOCONVINCETHEIRACTUALORIMAGINEDAUDIENCEOFTHEUSEFULNESSORVALUEOFTHEIRAPPROACHANDOFTHECASETHEYAREMAKINGSUCHE
31、SSAYINGASCONSTRUCTIONISANOTHEROVERLAPPINGEPISODEOFREECTIVELEARNINGWITHINANDTHENBEYONDTHISEPISODEWRITERS/STUDENTSAREALSOENGAGEDINFURTHERREECTION,RECONSTRUCTIONANDLEARNINGASTHEYREFOCUSONTHEIRORIGINALMATERIALANDONTHEIRDECONSTRUCTEDMATERIALRECONSTRUCTIONISREEXIVEREVISIONWHICHISALSOREEXIVERELEARNINGREECT
32、IVEESSAYISTSALSOATTEMPTTOSHARETHEIRARGUMENTSANDIDEASWITHTHEIRAUDIENCEBYADAPTINGWHATTHEYHAVETOSAYTOWHATTHEYBELIEVEORTHINKISTHEIRAUDIENCESMAININTERESTORCONCERNINTHISSENSEREECTIVEESSAYINGISALSOAFORMOFCOCONSTRUCTINGANDFURTHERRELEARNINGITISALSOANATTEMPTTOOFFERTHEAUDIENCEAMORECOHERENT,MOREINTEGRATED,MOREO
33、RGANISEDANDEVENMORETRANSFORMEDESSAYOFARGUMENTS,IDEASANDSUGGESTIONSTHISPROCESSOFREECTIVEESSAYINGANDLEARNINGMAYBESUMMARIZEDASASERIESOFEMPHASESRATHERTHANASASETOFSTAGESEACHELEMENTINTHEPROCESSISITSELFASETOFINTERNALPROCESSESWITHWHICHSTUDENTWRITERS,OPERATINGEFFECTIVELY,ENGAGEINORDERTOPROGRESSOREVENTRANSFOR
34、MTHEIRLEARNINGTHEMODELASOUTLINEDISNOTALINEARSEQUENCEINSTEADITISINTENDEDTOEMPHASIZEREECTIVEESSAYINGASASERIESOFDYNAMIC,INTERCONNECTEDYETLAYEREDINTERNALPROCESSESOFREECTINGANDLEARNINGTHEMODELISBASEDONADEWEYANVIEWOFLEARNINGFROMEXPERIENCETHEEXPERIENCEOFREADINGANDWRITINGISANATTEMPTTOMAKECONNECTIONS,BACKWAR
35、DSANDFORWARDSHENCETHEARROWSINFIGURE1,BETWEENTHETEXTSREADANDTHEWRITINGPRODUCEDINORDERTOCONSIDERTHEDOUBTS,ISSUES,PROBLEMSANDQUESTIONSRAISEDWRITINGESSAYINGTHENBECOMESAFORMOFLEARNINGBYDOING,LEARNINGBYTRYING,LEARNINGBYEXPERIMENTING,INORDERTOSETDOWNWHATWRITERSTHINKTHEYKNOWANDUNDERSTANDBYTHEQUESTIONSPOSEDS
36、UCHWRITINGHELPSWRITERSCONSTRUCTORMAKE“THECONNECTIONSOFTHINGS”EACHPIECEOFWRITINGBECOMESANESSAY,ANATTEMPT,ATRY,TOSETDOWNAPLAUSIBLEANSWERTOASPECICPROBLEMWRITERSNOVICESOREXPERTSMAYEVENMANAGETOPERSUADEOTHERSTHATTHEIRESSAYISANAUTHENTICINDIVIDUALATTEMPTTOWRITESOMETHINGUSEFULABOUTTHETOPICUNDERDISCUSSIONSEED
37、EWEY,1916BADLEY,2008译文反思模型应用于高等教育摘要目的本文的目的是勾勒出一个反思性文章模型作为一种有用的方式鼓励学习高等教育。它旨在确定反思性注意力集中在一个很有意思的话题。设计/工艺/方法介绍了反思性首先是一种统一概念模型。第二,该模型存在的问题,介绍了正当特别是关于德蒙田的发明的文章作为一个过程反思试用意见和测试的反应。第三,教师的作用是文章导师进行了探讨。第四,为文章进行指导的交易可以作为一个学习例证杜威的交易理论的经验和认识。被发现指出,反思阅读可以让学生努力学习。反思性研究导师应该通过鼓励学生发现自己的困难性促进学生的学习反思能力实际意义阐述了教师和学生的意义。老
38、师被敦促变得更像老师,不像教导老师。作为老师他们应该鼓励学生尝试学术写作,如ESSAYING,试验,可以通过从中的观念和材料进而反省。新型/价值本文是原始的观点,它利用广泛的历史与当代文章资料,以重新复苏散文作为实验学习的过程。关键词教育导师高等教育文章形式发表观点幽默的同时又是严肃是有可能的,它定义了理想的精神条件,缺乏教条主义和偏见,存在对自然界和宇宙的好奇心和灵活性,表达在对心灵的自由发挥的主题上。杜威,1991年,218页。反思的想法在高等教育中可归纳为自由和玩的注意力被集中在一个很有意思的话题上去为了学习。这个定义结合了四个元素学术自由的概念;大学是自由的,严谨又幽默,反思思考可以帮
39、助学生和教师回答一些重要的问题,并且使用说的过程作为尝试去学习,反思也在这个意义上真正蔓延通信。杜威,1991年,224页。在杜威的学校教育中是想在学生和社会中创建一个共同的思想和目的。但是大学教育工作者应该帮助学生从粗心的社会化趋向转移到更为精密的反思阶段为了变得怀疑当前的大多数。罗蒂,1999。而且,杜威相信“纯兴趣的愿望与爱的自由是玩的思想”这个真理杜威,1991年,219页,罗蒂1999,117页认为“如果一个人注重政治、经济、文化、学术自由,然后真理将会照顾他。”在“社群杜威想要的思想方法和目的”推广“叙述自由和希望”19991223页认为大学必须保持学术自由的堡垒。最好的方法就是为
40、更高教育的学生和学者提供写关于反应他们在的团体和社会关注的问题的自由。在即将出版的论文BADLEY,2009A我认为大学应该是最好的地方让教师制定说写的自由,让学生用自己的方式口语和写作。民主的大学应该提供尽可能多的空间让学生和老师发展自己的想法,思考他们自己是谁,为什么而生活。在下面的文章里,我想要介绍并强调反思在VERALL这个模型中的统一概念。其次,我要简要描述反思在高等教育的建议模型,第三,我认为高校教育工作者的作用是反思导师。第四,讨论对反思的指导可以作为重要的收入方式。反思作为统一概念我使用“反思”,而不是“写作”来强调摘要过程的重要性,而不是文章形式。它是一个过程,尝试去传达知识
41、和理解我建议作为一种对学习有价值意义的。我在其他地方有写为什么我们需要重视文章形式(见BADLEY,2009B)。事实上文章和论文写作的核心都有明确的教育例见,WARBURTON,2006。此外,,总的来说,写作对高等教育的批判性思维的发展是那么的重要,(看看月亮。2008年,133页),以及反思应该被予以更多的重视。从徳蒙田开始那个将试验转化为表格,已经成为一种对工艺试验意见,测试不同的主题和反应情况见科恩,1958年8月初版。德蒙田从来没有实践过,特别是在巧妙的组成和发展。而是在他的想法和判断“他们仅仅在摸索前进的方向,犹豫,和阻力,并绊倒对手,“见德蒙田1580,4750页。作为教师的我
42、们应该鼓励学生去尝试出和测试他们的反思作为练习里的摸索和阻力,至今那也是我们热切期望的。虽然这篇文章的小作文通常定义为在任何特定的主题。牛津字典缩写,我强调,反思是试图或展开阐述主题,而不是说断言结果,权威,分析。反思包括争论,描述,解释和叙事,因此需要重复的调查生产的文章、批评、历史、信件、评论和报告KOSTELANETZ,1975年。但它不一定就是简单的文件汇编他们知道的东西在他们开始写之前,因为他们经常在过程反思率和反思度都和经验有联系。反思或反思汇编能做的就是尽力说服别人他们的倒影至少是似是而非的。因为作家们也总尝试说些有用的话题,于是他们会尝试着去“承兑有力的,准确而清晰的理想”。(
43、KOSTELANETZ,1975第2页)。他们可能就直接跟古典形式,和德蒙田一样,一个主题或论文呼应这篇文章的标题,首段消息。然后是有一系列的段落以提供支持的论点,插图,甚至离题的东西奇闻轶事,还可能反对的观点。最后,通常在最后的句子中重申了自己的观点KOSTELANETZ,1975年。然而,由于德蒙田,他促使反思开发出一种更为健谈的表达方式,这样即使作者的思路混乱,他的结论依然明显,而读者也一定比之前更加努力得出必要的联系和定义。(KOSTELANETZ,1975第2页)。许多当代的作家可能拒绝这项学术价值的客观性,强调写作的声音和非正式的语调为了达到“苍翠,直接,有序,生动的对话”其本身就
44、不会三心二意,很少会。(KOSTELANETZ,1975第5页)更多赋有真正意义的拿过学术奖的作家都是严格限制自己的文章主题,而这个随笔作家还是更倾向于让他的思想自由,而他的备注也通常更倾向于比较详尽的。(KOSTELANETZ,1975,第6页)。“文章”一词不只意味着“自由主义观”而且“愿意去试验”,而且更多的文章是没有形式的意识。(KOSTELANETZ,1975)事实上现代散文现在可以被提供尽可能多的选择,例如各种形式的展会和现代观念艺术报告见KOSTELANETZ例子,1975年。此外,“即使严谨的科学家们正在用一种轻松和亲密的表达风格去避免同行们以猜忌的目光审视他们”约翰逊,192
45、7年,第12页。我在这里最关心的问题是在大学教学计划中,把反思文章作为统一概念。因为它鼓励作家包括新手和专家去解释他们的写作经验。当“学习经验给他们带来新的理解和鉴赏时,这些散文家会变得批判性的反省学习者。(苏达权等,1985年,第19页)事实上反思可以被总结为一个连接的过程和协调现有知识的新证据。反思文章告诉我们,旨在进一步探究我们已有的知识和过去的经验,以获得新见解和新理解。不幸的是,在MACLELLAN的学术论文研究中,她发现“只有少数脚本”显示批判性反思(MACLELLAN2004第87页)。高等教育里的反思文章所建议的一个模型为了能从反思性文章学到东西,学生应该被鼓励看到文章中一系列
46、的内部连接过程,而不是一种简单的线性序列。学社个需要组装材料,尤其是在他们阅读的时候,因为读书也要一种批判性的思维在里面,而非仅仅的接受和复制。批判性的反思性阅读和重构造可以帮助反思性的学习。它不只是重复已有的知识,而关键是一种对知识的诠释分析。反思性学习通过反思阅读可能因此被视为处理复杂问题结果的资料。(看看月亮,2008年,第128页)虽然学生、作家需要仔细选择和反洗选择材料,也是反思过程的开始。这就是他们正在试着创建他们的论点为了说服实际或想象的有效性或有价值的案件的方法。这样的反思过程是另一个事件的发生的重叠反思性学习。反思性作家还尝试和他们的观众分享他们的观点和意见通过调整他们要说的
47、话,他们主要的兴趣和关注的地方。这也是一种尝试去提供观众更为连贯的,综合的,更有组织的文章,而且更大程度上改变了文章中的论点思想和建议。这个过程的反思和学习可以归纳成一系列的重点,而不是作为一个完整的阶段,每个元素在这个过程中本身就是一套内置的过程,学生作者通过有效的操作可以改变他们的学习。该模型不是直线序列,相反,他的目的是强调反思性文章可以看成一系列的动态,是反思学习的内部程序过程。这个模型是基于杜威经验学习的一个观点。阅读的经验和写作的能力是为了建立一清二楚的联系,(此图中的箭头)在文本阅读和写作产生的疑惑,从而更全面的考虑问题和提出问题。写文章就变成了一种从写作中学习,尝试中学习,实验中学习,从而了解作家所想的和问题的答案,这样的写作帮助作家建造了“可连接的事件”。每一件写一篇文章,成为一次尝试,制定了可信的答案或者具体问题的方法。作家新手或者专家甚至可能他们设法说服他人的沦为只是真正的为写一些有用的讨论主题的个人尝试。(见杜威1916年BADLEY,2008)