1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文原文FOSTERINGECOMMERCEAMONGAUSTRALIANSMESVARIOUSJOURNALS,NEWSPAPERS,ANDGOVERNMENTANDORGANIZATIONREPORTSHAVEPUBLISHEDRESEARCHPAPERSANDPROJECTSABOUTECOMMERCESOMEOFTHISINFORMATIONADDRESSESPURELYTECHNICALISSUES,SOMEDEALSWITHPOLICYISSUES,ANDSOMEDISCUSSESENTERPRISESTRATEGIESLARGEORGANIZATIONSH
2、AVELAUNCHEDMANYSUCCESSFULAPPLICATIONSANDBUILTCOMPLEXINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTOCONDUCTWEBBASEDBUSINESSTRANSACTIONSTHROUGHADVANCEDINFORMATIONSYSTEMS,THESELARGEENTERPRISESSUCCESSFULLYIMPLEMENTEDTHEIRECOMMERCESTRATEGIESANDENHANCEDTHEIRREVENUEGROWTHBECAUSEOFTHESESUCCESSFULCASES,ECOMMERCE,ESPECIALLYINTHELATE199
3、0S,ACTIVATEDTHEMODERNECONOMYNEWBUSINESSMODELSAROSEJGORDIJINANDHAKKERMANS,“DESIGNINGANDEVALUATINGEBUSINESSMODELS,”IEEEINTELLIGENTSYSTEMS,JULYAUG2001,PP1117,ANDTRADITIONALMARKETSWHETHERCOMMERCIAL,GOVERNMENTAL,OREDUCATIONALTRANSITIONEDTOEMARKETSDURINGTHISTRANSITION,LARGEORGANIZATIONSUSEDRESOURCESSUCHAS
4、TECHNOLOGY,PERSONNEL,ANDMONEYTOCONDUCTECOMMERCEPROCUREMENTBUTSMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISESSMESWEREANDREMAINATADISADVANTAGETRADITIONALLY,ITWASLARGEORGANIZATIONSTHATIMPLEMENTEDELECTRONICDATAINTERCHANGEEDIBECAUSESMESCOULDNOTAFFORDTOMAINTAINTHEIROWNEDISYSTEMSDAVIDWHITELEY,ECOMMERCESTRATEGY,TECHNOLOGIESANDAP
5、PLICATIONS,MCGRAWHILL,2000WITHTHEHELPOFINTERNETTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASHTTPHYPERTEXTTRANSPORTPROTOCOLANDXMLEXTENSIBLEMARKUPLANGUAGE,THESESMESCANDEVELOPAPLACEINTHEECOMMERCEENVIRONMENT1ECOMMERCEINAUSTRALIANSMESITISDIFFICULTTOACCURATELYASSESSTHEOVERALLGLOBALMARKETFORSMERELATEDECOMMERCEHOWEVER,WEDOKNOWTHATAUS
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7、DIA_RELEASES/ARCHIVE/2001/SEPT2001/SME_ECOMHTMHELPINGTHESESMESEFFICIENTLYBUILDTHEIRECOMMERCESYSTEMSHASBECOMEAHIGHPRIORITYOFAUSTRALIASGOVERNMENTANDIT/ISRESEARCHERSTOFINDSOLUTIONSTOAUSTRALIANSMESECOMMERCECONCERNS,WECONDUCTEDRESEARCHUSINGCITYSEARCHHTTP/WWWCITYSEARCHCOMAU,ANONLINEBUSINESSDIRECTORY,INEAR
8、LY2002WESELECTED10CITIES/AREASTORESEARCHADELAIDE,BRISBANE,CAIRNS,CANBERRA,GOLDCOAST,MELBOURNE,PERTH,SYDNEY,TASMANIA,ANDTOWNSVILLEANDSTUDIEDINDUSTRYSECTORSTHATINCLUDEMANYSMESTHE14SECTORSWEEXAMINEDWEREBUILDINGCONTRACTORS,CHEMISTSPHARMACEUTICALS,AUTOPARTSRECYCLERS,TAXATIONCONSULTANTS,MOTORMECHANICSANDR
9、EPAIRERS,DRIVINGSCHOOLS,FLORISTSRETAIL,RESTAURANTS,MOTELS,NEWSAGENTS,LIQUORSTORES/RETAILERS,FURNITUREMOVINGANDSTORAGECOMPANIES,REALESTATEAGENTS,ANDDOCTORSMEDICALORCLINICSMANYPEOPLEFEELTHATSMESINLARGEMETROPOLITANAREASUSEECOMMERCEMORETHANTHOSEINREGIONALORREMOTEAREASBECAUSEMETROPOLITANAREASHAVEABETTERT
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22、ESSBUTTHEYCANSTILLFINDAPLACEINTHEECOMMERCEENVIRONMENT2TAKEMEASURESTOPROMOTESMESECOMMERCE21INCREASINGECOMMERCEBENEFITSTOINCREASEECOMMERCEBENEFITSFORSMES,GOVERNMENTSFEDERAL,STATE,ANDLOCALSHOULDIMPLEMENTANOVERALLFRAMEWORKANDSTRATEGICPLANFORONLINEBUSINESSINFRASTRUCTURETHEYSHOULDALSOSPONSORVARIOUSINDEPEN
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26、EARSAGO,BUTONLYINRECENTDECADESHAVEEXPERIENCEDWORLDWIDEUSEALTHOUGHTHEINTERNETSTARTEDASARPANETIN1969,ITONLYBECAMEWIDELYUSEDINTHEMID1990S22ESTABLISHINGASECURITYMECHANISMPLACINGAHIGHPRIORITYONECOMMERCESECURITYLEGISLATIONISANOTHERWAYFORGOVERNMENTTOFOSTERECOMMERCEHELPFULLEGISLATIONCOULDREASSURESMESTHATCON
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29、ITYTECHNOLOGIESENSURESECURETRANSACTIONSTHROUGHTHEINTERNETMOSTOFTHESESECURITYTECHNOLOGIESALREADYUSE128BITSORLARGERENCRYPTIONKEYSATTHISLEVELOFENCRYPTION,ITISEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTOCRACKENCRYPTEDINFORMATIONIFTHEGOVERNMENTWOULDPUBLICIZETHISINFORMATION,ITWOULDPERHAPSALLAYTHESECURITYCONCERNSOFSMES23MANAGINGT
30、HETELECOMMUNICATIONSINFRASTRUCTURETELECOMMUNICATIONSFACILITIESARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTPARTSOFECOMMERCEHENCE,THEEVOLUTIONOFTELECOMMUNICATIONSCANDRIVECHANGESINECOMMERCEWITHANYRAPIDPROGRESSINTELECOMMUNICATIONS,ECOMMERCEUPGRADESINTONEWPHASESINTHEINITIALSTAGEOFECOMMERCE,ENTERPRISESUSEDLIMITEDTELECOMMUNICATION
31、CAPACITYTOCONDUCTBUSINESSTELEPHONEVOICETRANSMISSIONWASADEQUATETOMONITORBUSINESSACTIVITIESFAXINGBECAMEAWAYTOORDERGOODS,ACCELERATINGCERTAINBUSINESSTRANSACTIONSALTHOUGHSEVERALSTANDARDSAROSETOFACILITATEECOMMERCE,NONEWEREEMPLOYEESCOMPLETELYSATISFACTORYFOREXAMPLE,EDIISHISTORICALLYANIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONINE
32、COMMERCEHTTPWWWW3ORG/PROTOCOLS/,BUTMOSTSMESCOULDNOTAFFORDITSCOSTANDTECHNICALCOMPLEXITYTHEREALECOMMERCEREVOLUTIONCAMEFROMDATACOMMUNICATIONS,ESPECIALLYVIATHEINTERNETSINCETHEONLINEFREETRAININGMATERIALSOREARLY1990S,THEINTERNETHASLEDTOCOMMERCIALIZATIONYEARBYYEAR,COMMERCIALTRAFFICOVERTHEINTERNETGROWSEXPON
33、ENTIALLYALTHOUGHTHECURRENTNETWORKINGMARKETFACESSLUGGISHOREVENDECLININGGROWTH,THEINTERNETHASDEFINITELYBECOMEAVITALINFRASTRUCTUREFORTHEFUTUREECONOMYHOWDOENTERPRISESINTERACTWITHTHETELECOMMUNICATIONSINFRASTRUCTURETOBUILDECOMMERCESYSTEMSPHYSICALLYANYECOMMERCESYSTEMCONSISTSOFTWOPARTSINTERNALANDACCESSNETWO
34、RKSTHATMUSTWORKWITHTHEINTERNET231INTERNALNETWORKANINTERNALNETWORKTYPICALLYINCLUDESPCS,SERVERS,ANDALANLOCALAREANETWORKSOMETIMESANINTERNALNETWORKCONSISTSOFJUSTONEORAFEWCOMPUTERSFORALARGECOMPANY,ANINTERNALNETWORKISMORECOMPLEX,INCLUDINGTHOUSANDSOFCOMPUTERSANDMANYLANSANDBACKBONENETWORKSANINTERNALNETWORKS
35、FUNCTIONISTYPICALLYCORETOALLBUSINESSACTIVITYANDRESPONSIBLEFORCOMPANYINTERNALINFORMATIONFLOWANDRESOURCEMANAGEMENTINECOMMERCE,HOWEVER,ANINTERNALNETWORKBECOMESAPRODUCTPROVIDERWHENAWEBSERVER,FOREXAMPLE,PUBLISHESAPRODUCTCATALOGANDSERVICEINFORMATIONWITHTHEHELPOFANACCESSNETWORKDESCRIBEDNEXT,OUTSIDECUSTOMER
36、SCANREACHTHESEPRODUCTS,ASPERMITTEDBYTHEINTERNALNETWORKSOWNSECURITYPOLICY232ACCESSNETWORKANACCESSNETWORKISABRIDGEBETWEENANINTERNALNETWORKANDTHEINTERNET,NORMALLYSUPPLYINGCONNECTIONSERVICESITNEGOTIATESWITHANINTERNALNETWORKTODECIDEHOWANENTERPRISECONNECTSTOTHEINTERNETANDWHATRESOURCESOUTSIDEUSERSCANVIEWSO
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39、FORMATIONVIATVANDNEWSPAPERSTHATINTRODUCESPEOPLETOGENERALKNOWLEDGEABOUTWEBBASEDTECHNOLOGIESANDUSAGEITSALSOPOSSIBLEFORHOSTSTATIONS,WHICHARERESPONSIBLEFORSUPPLYINGONLINEFREETRAININGMATERIALSORCOURSESONBEHALFOFGOVERNMENTSORCOMMUNITIES,TOTRAINSMEEMPLOYEESGOVERNMENTSCANALSOENCOURAGETHISPRACTICETHROUGHSUBS
40、IDIESIFSMESANDPUBLICAGENCIESTAKESUCHACTIONS,THECOMPUTERSKILLSOFSMEEMPLOYEESDONOTNEEDTOHINDERPROGRESSTOWARDECOMMERCEALTHOUGHAUSTRALIANSMESARENOTVERYACTIVEINECOMMERCE,THEYHAVEAPROMISINGFUTUREINTHISAREAANDCOULDBECOMEEXCELLENTPLAYERSINTHEEECONOMY译文促进澳大利亚中小企业中的电子商务各种各样的学报、报纸以及政府和组织报告，出版了关于电子商务的研究论文和项目。这些
41、信息中一些只论及技术问题,一些应付政策问题,还有一些谈论企业战略。大企业为了举办基于互联网的经济业务，进行许多成功的应用和建立了复杂信息系统。通过先进的信息系统,这些大企业成功地实施了他们的电子商务战略和提高了他们的收支成长。由于这些成功的案件,电子商务,特别是在90年代晚期,激活了现代经济。新商业模式出现了,传统市场（无论商务,政府,或教育）都转向对电子市场。在这转折期间,大企业使用资源购买使用了电子商务。但是中小企业仍然未使用。传统上,只有大企业实施电子数据交换，是因为中小企业不能维护他们自己的电子数据交换系统。在互联网技术帮助下，譬如HTTP和XML,这些中小企业可能开发一个电子商务环境
42、的空间。一、澳大利亚中小企业中的电子商务要准确地估计中小企业运用电子商务进入全球性市场很困难。但是,我们知道,澳洲有超过1百万个中小企业，他们对澳洲的经济繁荣非常重要。因而,在2001年9月，政府宣布在二年之内，用65百万主动加速中小企业的电子商务购买，促进对政府的在线存取购买。帮助这些中小企业高效率地建立他们的电子商务系统，成为了澳洲的政府和他们研究员的首要任务。为了解答对澳大利亚中小企业的电子商务关心,我们在2002年的早期，使用城市搜索开展了研究网上企业行名录。我们选择了10个城市或区域的研究和被学习的工业部门，包括许多中小企业。我们审查的14个区段是建筑承包商,化学家配药,汽车零件再循
43、环器,征税顾问,马达机械工和修理匠,征税顾问,马达机械工和修理匠,驾驶学校,卖花人零售,餐馆,汽车旅馆经营人,酒店零售,家具行动和储藏公司,房地产开发商,医生。许多人认为,在大市区的中小企业比那些在地方或偏远地区的中小企业更要使用电子商务，因为市区有一套更好的电信设施。但是,我们发现行业类型比城市的大小在确定中小企业技术上有更重要用途。例如,只有1的建筑承包商在悉尼使用网,当6的建筑承包商在汤斯维尔使用网。这样看来,小城市比大城市有更好的互联网用途。但房地产开发商的18在悉尼使用网络,当房地产开发商的5在汤斯维尔使用网络。这倾向表明,大城市比小城市有更好的互联网用途。因此，互联网用途不一定取决
44、于城市大小。在14个区段中，只有房地产开发商,卖花人零售,家具行动和存贮,汽车旅馆在互联网用途上能到达平均10或更高。这些结果显示,澳大利亚中小企业对于参加电子商务不活跃。证明了我们基于城市查找的结果,我们曾经一个相似的方法分析澳大利亚黄页。这分析显示结果与那些我们从城市查找获得结果相似。（1）对中小型企业的关心为了了解为什么许多中小型企业看上去不参加电子商务,我们进行了一份小电话调查。在这次勘测中,我们任意地从各个区段选择了中小企业。这些中小企业是那些被学习使用城市查找之中的。我们问二个问题“您的公司有为访问互联网的计算容量和设施吗“并且“您最关心电子商务什么“对于第一个问题，每个公司反应“
45、是“。根据2002年4月，由澳大利亚全国办公室为信息经济的研究，这个结果不使我们惊奇，因为大约家庭的67在澳洲或拥有或出租个人计算机,并且澳洲家庭的52有互联网连接。这项研究表示,澳洲的信息基础设施可能确定地支持这些中小型企业在使用网上电子商务。对第二个问题的答复是相当不同的。我们给了勘测应答者五个答复选择这个问题好处,安全,基础设施带宽,雇员知识,还有其他。应答者的45关注好处26,安全15,基础设施12,雇员知识。应答者的2有其它关心。如此根据我们的勘测,中小型企业主要因为他们没看见自己受益于网上申请的执行。更坏的是有些想法认为,线上申请会增加开支,特别关心因为一些中小型企业丢失了钱在上面
46、而崩溃。结果,许多中小型企业在有举办经济业务的网站上丢失了兴趣。而不是促进网上交易,更多中小型企业是对使用网页为顾客和商务伙伴简单地提供信息感兴趣。关于安全,我们与几个中小型企业在安全上的弱点，譬如敏感数据偷窃的担心谈话,网上病毒破坏活动,取消服务等等,在网上那些事务。避免这些弱点,他们选择或延迟或下降在线系统的发展。中小型企业与有关带宽提及了电信设施他们缺乏信心的是，他们的计算机能否通过传统电话线跑网上交易。第四，关心是否中小型企业的现有的雇员有知识做网上生意。这些中小型企业没有想花费金钱训练雇员获取必要的技能。在我们选择的100个中小型企业之中,既没有表达兴趣在网上事务,也没有看待它作为他
47、们的未来规划一部分。（2）中小型企业富挑战性关心的确,这些中小型企业在与更大的公司竞争是不利,特别是在吸收新技术改进事务。但他们仍然能发现在电子商务环境里的地方。二、采取相应措施促进中小企业中的电子商务的发展（1）增加的电子商务好处为了增加电子商务好处，中小型企业,政府应该实施一个整体框架和战略计划为网上企业基础设施。他们应该并且主办各种各样的独立代理帮助中小型企业开发和主持他们自己的网站。例如,政府可能给代理津贴譬如城市搜索和黄页目录。通过这些代理,中小型企业可能获得低廉甚至自由网站。这个想法与被使用在开发互联网那是相似,哪些取决于资金来自美国国防部和美国国家科学基金会,在它成为了充分地商业
48、化之前。在多数中小型企业适合有效的网上之后,政府可能逐渐撤出补贴。那时,由于有许多参加者，网上交易的持续的费用将极大下降。不参加的中小型企业将变成与其它电子商务隔绝，或许变的更加愿意投资在电子商务。另外,中小型企业必须克服由小点击崩溃引起心理障碍。他们必须逐渐意识到,许多重大发明从诞生对普遍用途花许多时间进步。1969年虽然互联网开始作为ARPA网,它只在90年代中期成为了广泛使用。（2）建立安全机制安置重要性在电子商务安全立法上是其它方式使政府促进电子商务。有用的立法能再保险中小型企业,举办的事务在网上像做它传统方式是一样安全的。政府应该并且帮助建立组织负责这些安全问题。例如,组织应该处理密
49、码钥匙。他们应该并且给组织譬如澳大利亚邮局当局出版钥匙和证实那些使用它的钥匙举办经济业务真正的身分。用户已经举办许多基于互联网的交易。所有有关安全漏洞与网上交易不比传统电子商务少,譬如那由EDI驾驶或从卖点的电子基金转让执行使用。各种各样的安全技术保证安全交易通过互联网。大多这些安全技术已经使用128位或更大的密钥。在这个阶层编成密码,它极难破解被编成密码的信息。如果政府会公开这信息,它或许会缓和中小型企业安全问题。（3）管理好电信设施电信设施是电子商务的最重要的部份。因此,电信的演变可能驾驶变化在电子商务上。在电信以任何迅速进展,电子商务升级入新阶段。在电子商务最初的阶段,企业使用了有限的电信容量做生意。电话声音传递是充分的监测经营活动电传成为了定购物品方式,加速的某些经济业务。虽然几个标准出现促进电子商务,不是完全地令人满意的。例如,EDI历史上在电子商务是一种重要应用,但多数中小型企业不能买得起它的费用和技术复杂。真正的电子商务革命来自数据通讯,特别是通过互联网。从90年代初期,互联网导致了商品化。年复一年,商业交通在互联网曾指数地增长。虽然潮流网络市场面孔呈慢吞吞甚至下降的成长,互联网成为了未来经济重要基础设施。企业怎么与电信设施相处融洽建立电子商务系统任一个电子商务系统完全包括内部和访问网络二部份，必需与互联网工作。内部网一个内部网络典
