1、文献翻译原文UNDERSTANDINGWESTGERMANECONOMICGROWTHINTHE1950SBARRYEICHENGREENALBRECHTRITSCHLABSTRACTWEEVALUATEEXPLANATIONSFORWHYGERMANYGREWSOQUICKLYINTHE1950STHERECENTLITERATUREHASEMPHASIZEDCONVERGENCE,STRUCTURALCHANGEANDINSTITUTIONALSHAKEUPWHILEMINIMIZINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHEPOSTWARSHOCKWESHOWTHATTHISSHOCKAND
2、ITSCONSEQUENCESWEREMOREIMPORTANTTHANNEOCLASSICALCONVERGENCEANDSTRUCTURALCHANGEINEXPLAININGTHERAPIDGROWTHOFTHEWESTGERMANECONOMYINTHE1950SWENDLITTLESUPPORTFORTHEHYPOTHESISOFINSTITUTIONALSHAKEUPTHISSUGGESTSADIFFERENTINTERPRETATIONOFPOSTWORLDWARIIGERMANECONOMICGROWTHTHANFEATURESINMUCHOFTHELITERATUREKEYW
3、ORDSECONOMICGROWTHPRODUCTIVITYGERMANY1INTRODUCTIONTHEREISNOSHORTAGEOFATTEMPTSTOEXPLAINWESTGERMANYSECONOMICGROWTHINTHE1950SWITHGOODREASONBETWEEN1950AND1959,GDPROSEBYNEARLY8PERANNUM,FASTERTHANANYWHEREELSEINEUROPEANDINSTARKCONTRASTTOEXPERIENCEFOLLOWINGWORLDWARIAMONGEUROPEANCOUNTRIES,ONLYAUSTRIA,WHICHSH
4、AREDMANYCIRCUMSTANCESWITHGERMANY,CAMECLOSETOMATCHINGTHISPERFORMANCEGERMANYSRAPIDGROWTHDOUBLEDLIVINGSTANDARDSINADECADEBYTHEEARLY1960SITHADRESTOREDGERMANYSSTATUSASTHELARGESTANDPOTENTIALLYMOSTINUENTIALECONOMICANDNANCIALPOWERINEUROPESOURCESOUTPUTPERCAPITACALCULATEDFROMMADDISON1991,2003,FEINSTEIN1972CAPI
5、TAL/LABORRATIOHOFFMANN1965AGRICULTURALEMPLOYMENTANDINCOMESHARESGERMANYCALCULATEDFROMSTATISTISCHESJAHRBUCHFUERDASDEUTSCHEREICH,VARIOUSISSUESDEUTSCHEBUNDESBANK1976BRITAINCALCULATEDFROMMADDISON1991,FEINSTEIN1972EXPLANATIONSFORTHISEXPERIENCEAREOFTHREETYPESSEEEICHENGREEN1996FORANEARLIERREVIEWARSTSCHOOLOF
6、THOUGHTSEESWESTGERMANYSFASTPOSTWARGROWTHINTHECONTEXTOFPRODUCTIVITYCATCHINGUPANDCONVERGENCETHEWESTGERMANECONOMYGREWRAPIDLYAFTERWORLDWARII,INTHISVIEW,BECAUSEITNALLYSHEDTHESHACKLESHOLDINGBACKSTRUCTURALCHANGEANDPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHASTABLE1INDICATES,GERMANGDPPERMANHOURWASNEVERASMUCHAS75OFBRITISHGDPPERMANHO
7、URATANYPOINTBEFORE1950BUTCONVERGEDTOBRITISHLEVELSINTHE1960SLOWEROUTPUTPERWORKERINTHERSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYREECTEDALOWERECONOMYWIDECAPITALLABORRATIO,WHICHINTURNREECTEDTHEDISRUPTIONSOFWORLDWARI,THEINATIONARY1920SANDTHESLUMPOFTHEEARLY1930SINADDITION,GERMANYSSLOWEXITFROMPEASANTAGRICULTUREKEPTHEREC
8、ONOMYAWAYFROMTHEEFCIENTFRONTIER,EVENIFINSOMESECTORSOFMANUFACTURING,GERMANYSURPASSEDBRITISHPRODUCTIVITYALREADYBEFOREWORLDWARIBUTTHEREWASNOINTRINSICREASONWHYTHESEDIFFERENTIALSSHOULDPERSISTGERMANYCOULDRAISELABORPRODUCTIVITYBYRAISINGITSCAPITALLABORRATIOINEFCIENTLABORCOULDMOVEFROMAGRICULTURETOINDUSTRY,WH
9、EREITSMARGINALPRODUCTWASHIGHER,ANDECONOMYWIDELABORPRODUCTIVITYCOULDBERAISEDTOLEVELSLIKETHOSEPREVAILINGINBRITAINWESTGERMANYSECONOMICGROWTHCOULDOUTPACEBRITAINSFORTHEDURATIONOFTHISCONVERGENCEPROCESSTEMPLE2001ANDTEMIN2002ADVANCETHISINTERPRETATIONFORPOSTWARWESTERNEUROPEGENERALLYTEMINNDSTHATTHELARGERACOUN
10、TRYSSHAREOFEMPLOYMENTINAGRICULTUREHISPROXYFORDELAYEDSTRUCTURALCHANGETHEFASTERITSGROWTHWESTGERMANYISSIMPLYACASEINPOINTASECOND,RELATEDSCHOOLOFTHOUGHTEMPHASIZESINSTITUTIONALREASONSFORGERMANYSGROWTHSPURTAFTERWORLDWARIIITPOSITSSHARPCHANGESINSOCIOECONOMICINSTITUTIONSFOLLOWINGWORLDWARIIINDIRECTIONSCONDUCIV
11、ETOFASTERGROWTHANDTOTHEABSENCEOFCOMPARABLECHANGESINSLOWERGROWINGCOUNTRIESLIKEBRITAINSWEEPINGPROMARKETREFORMSUNDERUSAEGIS,THEARGUMENTGOES,ABOLISHEDCARTELS,REDUCEDSTATEINTERVENTIONANDPLANNING,ANDPUTTHEWESTGERMANECONOMYONAPATHTOWARDEUROPEANANDWORLDMARKETINTEGRATIONTHEFRAMEWORKFORTHISANALYSISISMANCUROLS
12、ONS1982MODELOFTHECAPTUREOFPOLICYBYDISTRIBUTIONALCOALITIONSITARGUESTHATLONGSTANDINGDISTRIBUTIONALCOALITIONSWEREDISSOLVEDBYTHEWARANDOCCUPATION,FREEINGGERMANYTOENJOYASUSTAINEDACCELERATIONINTOTALFACTORPRODUCTIVITYTFPGROWTH,BOTHABSOLUTELYANDRELATIVETOCOUNTRIESLIKEBRITAINTHATDIDNOTEXPERIENCESUCHRAPIDINSTI
13、TUTIONALCHANGEMEMBERSOFATHIRDSCHOOL,INCONTRAST,FOCUSONTHENEGATIVEOUTPUTSHOCKINTHENALPHASESOFTHEWARANDIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGITGDPINTHETHREEZONESOFALLIEDOCCUPATIONTHATBECAMETHEFEDERALREPUBLICWASONLY64OF1938LEVELSIN1948INTHEUK,INCONTRAST,OUTPUTTWASALREADY13HIGHERIN1948THANINTHELASTPREWORLDWARIIYEARGERMAN
14、YCOULDGROWQUICKLY,ITFOLLOWS,BECAUSEITHADBEENPUSHEDOFFITSLONGTERMGROWTHPATH,BUTONLYTEMPORARILYJANOSSY1969,ABELSHAUSER1981,ANDDUMKE1990ARGUETHISPOINTFOREUROPEGENERALLYTHATTHELARGERTHEDROPINOUTPUTTHATACOUNTRYSUFFEREDBETWEEN1938AND1950,THEFASTERITGREWSUBSEQUENTLYMANZ1968,ABELSHAUSER1975ANDBORCHARDT1976M
15、AKETHEARGUMENTSPECICALLYFORGERMANYTHATTHESETHREEVIEWSALLHAVESOLIDPEDIGREESSUGGESTSTHATTHEREISPROBABLYATLEASTAGRAINOFTRUTHINEACHTHERESURGENCEOFNEOCLASSICALGROWTHTHEORYHASPROVIDEDNEWIMPETUSTOTHECATCHINGUPHYPOTHESISTEMIN2002HASPROVIDEDAPOWERFULRESTATEMENTOFTHEDELAYEDSTRUCTURALCHANGEVIEWRECENTWORKONTHEE
16、CONOMICSOFINSTITUTIONSHASMADEITALMOSTOBLIGATORYTOEMPHASIZESOCIOECONOMICARRANGEMENTSASDETERMINANTSOFECONOMICGROWTHINCONTRAST,ARGUMENTSEMPHASIZINGTHEPOSTWARSHOCKHAVEFALLENBYTHEWAYSIDEINTHISPAPERWEARGUETHATTHISTENDENCYTODEEMPHASIZETHEPOSTWARSHOCKASADETERMINANTOFGERMANECONOMICPERFORMANCEINTHE1950SHASGON
17、ETOOFARRECENTANALYSESHAVEUNDERSTATEDHOWDRAMATICALLYGERMANYWASPUSHEDOFFOFITSGROWTHPATHIN19441946ANDTHESCOPETHISSHOCKOPENEDFORTFPGROWTHOURANALYSISSUGGESTSTHATTHISSHOCKTOTFP,TOGETHERWITHITSSUBSEQUENTRECOVERY,WASVASTLYMOREIMPORTANTTHANNEOCLASSICALCONVERGENCEANDSTRUCTURALCHANGEINEXPLAININGDIFFERENCESBETW
18、EENGERMANANDBRITISHGROWTHINTHE1950SIFAKEYEXPLANATIONFORTHEACCELERATIONINGERMANECONOMICGROWTHINTHE1950SWASTHECOUNTRYSABILITYTORECOVERFROMTHESHARPNEGATIVESHOCKATTHEENDOFWORLDWARII,THEQUESTIONTHENISWHYGERMANYWASSOSUCCESSFULINRECOVERINGINCONTRASTTOEXPERIENCEAFTERWORLDWARIONEPOSSIBILITYISCHANGESINTHEINST
19、ITUTIONALCONSTELLATIONASSUGGESTEDBYOLSONBUTWESHOWTHATTHEDISCONTINUITIESINGERMANYSREGULATORYFRAMEWORKACROSSWORLDWARIIHAVEBEENOVERSTATEDBYTODAYSSTANDARDS,WESTGERMANYINTHE1950SWASSTILLATIGHTLYREGULATEDECONOMYWITHANIMPRESSIVEDEGREEOFINSTITUTIONALCONTINUITYWESTGERMANYSPROMARKETREFORMSOF1948WERENOTARADICA
20、LDEPARTUREFROMTHEPASTNORDOWEDETECTANINSTITUTIONALSHAKEUPTHATDESTROYEDEXISTINGDISTRIBUTIONALCOALITIONSCOLLECTIVEBARGAININGANDWORKPLACECODETERMINATION,THEPRINCIPALMECHANISMSTHROUGHWHICHDISTRIBUTIONALCOALITIONSHADASSERTEDTHEMSELVESINTHEWEIMARREPUBLIC,WEREQUICKLYREINSTATEDASERIESOFACTSPASSEDSTARTINGINTH
21、EEARLY1950SCEMENTEDGERMANYSSYSTEMOFINDUSTRIALCORPORATISM,DRAWINGHEAVILYONLEGISLATIONFROMTHETHIRDREICHINTHISRESHAPEDFORM,THEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKOFTHE1930SSURVIVEDUNSCATHEDTHROUGHTHETHIRDQUARTEROFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYANDBEYONDCONTRARYTOTHEOLSONSTORY,ITWASTHISVERYSTABILITYOFINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSTHATFA
22、CILITATEDTHERAPIDPOSTWARRECOVERYANDGROWTHOFTHEGERMANECONOMYHOWCANWEREACHSUCHDIFFERENTCONCLUSIONSFROMPREVIOUSINVESTIGATORSFORFOURREASONSBASEDONMADDISONS1991,1995ESTIMATESOFGERMANWARTIMEGDP,WEGENERATENEWDATAONTHESOURCESOFECONOMICGROWTHDURINGWORLDWARIIWECONSIDERPERFORMANCEDURINGTHEWARRATHERTHANSIMPLYCO
23、MPARINGTHELASTPREWARANDRSTPOSTWARYEARSANDTREATINGTHEWARECONOMYASABLACKBOXTHISENABLESUSTOMOREPRECISELYIDENTIFYTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEPOSTWARSHOCKWECOMPARETHESEDATAWITHTHEPREDICTIONSOFNEOCLASSICALGROWTHTHEORY,PINPOINTINGTHEOBSERVABLEIMPLICATIONSOFALTERNATIVEHYPOTHESESWEPLACETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEECONOMIESWITHW
24、HICHWEARECONCERNEDINLONGERTERMPERSPECTIVEWEDONOTIMAGINETHATHISTORYSTARTSIN1950OR1938BUTGOBACKFURTHERINTIMEASAWAYOFHELPINGTOIDENTIFYTHEECONOMYSGROWTHPOTENTIALFINALLY,WEMAKEDETAILEDUSEOFTHEANGLOGERMANCOMPARISONTHISALLOWSUSTOEXPLORETHEROLESOFINSTITUTIONSANDPOLICIES,USINGTHEEXPERIENCEOFEUROPESHISTORICAL
25、PRODUCTIVITYLEADERANDPOSTWORLDWARIIGROWTHLAGGARDASABENCHMARK2COMPARATIVEEVIDENCEONLABORPRODUCTIVITYANDGROWTHACCOUNTSTHEANGLOGERMANDIFFERENTIALPERSISTEDTHROUGHTHERSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYTABLE1SHOWSTHATGERMANOUTPUTPERCAPITAANDTHECOUNTRYSCAPITAL/LABORRATIOREMAINEDFARBEHINDTHOSEOFBRITAINATTHEENDOFTH
26、E1940SGERMANYCOULDGROWFASTER,ITFOLLOWS,BECAUSESHEINHERITEDALOWERCAPITAL/LABORRATIO,IMPLYINGLOWEROUTPUTPERWORKERINTHISVIEW,FASTGROWTHINTHE1950SREECTEDCONVERGENCETOTHEPRODUCTIVITYFRONTIER,APROCESSDURINGWHICHINVESTMENTANDGROWTHWEREHIGHERTHANNORMALUNTILSTEADYSTATELEVELSOFOUTPUTPERWORKERANDCAPITALPERWORK
27、ERWEREACHIEVEDSOURCESCALCULATEDFROMMADDISON1991,1995,RITSCHLANDSPOERER1997METHODSAPPROXIMATETFPGROWTHGTFPIGY/L1/3GK/LGTFPIIGY/L2/3GK/LTHERATEOFGROWTHOFWESTGERMANYSCAPITALSTOCKWASINDEEDHIGHERTHANINBRITAIN6VERSUS4PERANNUMSEETABLE2THISISCONSISTENTWITHTHEIDEATHATCONVERGENCEHELPSTOEXPLAINWHYGERMANYWASNOW
28、THEFASTERGROWINGECONOMYBUTTHISDIFFERENTIALCAPITALSTOCKGROWTHWASTOOSMALLTOEXPLAINDIFFERENCESINTHETWOCOUNTRIESGROWTHPERFORMANCETABLE2REPORTSTWOMEASURESOFTHECONTRIBUTIONOFCAPITALSTOCKGROWTHTOTOTALGNPGROWTHANDUSESTHEMTODERIVEESTIMATESOFTHEGROWTHOFTFPTHERST,TFPI,ISCALCULATEDFROMACOBBDOUGLASPRODUCTIONFUNC
29、TIONUNDERSTANDARDASSUMPTIONSTHEELASTICITYOFOUTPUTWITHRESPECTTOCAPITALISSETTOONETHIRD,CAPITALSSHAREINNATIONALINCOMEUNDERNEOCLASSICALCONVERGENCE,THEGAPBETWEENACTUALANDSTEADYSTATEOUTPUTISEXPLAINEDBYTHEGAPBETWEENACTUALANDSTEADYSTATECAPITAL/LABORRATIOSALONGTHECONVERGENCEPATHTHEGROWTHRATEOFLABORPRODUCTIVI
30、TYY/LEQUALSTHEGROWTHRATEOFTHECAPITAL/LABORRATIOK/LTIMESTHECONTRIBUTIONOFCAPITALTOOUTPUTUNDERTHESEASSUMPTIONS,K/LSHOULDRETURNTOITSSTEADYSTATETHREETIMESASFASTASY/LTHIS,CLEARLY,WASNOTTHECASEIN1950SGERMANYCAPITALGREWMORESLOWLYTHANOUTPUT,NOTTHREETIMESFASTEREVIDENTLY,OTHERFACTORSRESULTINGINFURTHERINCREASE
31、SINTHERATEOFTFPGROWTHMUSTHAVEALSOCONTRIBUTEDTOTHEWIRTSCHAFTSWUNDERWECONSTRUCTANALTERNATIVEMEASURE,TFPII,BYDOUBLINGTHEELASTICITYOFOUTPUTWITHRESPECTTOCAPITALTOTWOTHIRDSASINMANKIWETAL1992THISCANBETHOUGHTOFASCAPTURINGTHEEXTERNALEFFECTSOFCAPITALSTOCKGROWTHSUGGESTEDBYNEWGROWTHTHEORIESALTHOUGHTHISSECONDVAR
32、IANTASSIGNSALARGERROLETOINVESTMENT,ITISSTILLTHECASETHATK/LSHOULDBEGROWINGFASTERTHANY/L,WHICHISCOUNTERFACTUALMORETHANHALFTHEECONOMYSGROWTHINTHE1950SREMAINSTOBEEXPLAINEDTHECONCLUSIONISREINFORCEDBYTHECOMPARISONOFGERMANYANDBRITAINTHEDIFFERENCEINAGGREGATEGROWTHRATESBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIESISLARGERTHANTHEDI
33、FFERENCEINTHEIRCAPITALSTOCKGROWTHRATESEVENEXTREMEVERSIONSOFNEWGROWTHTHEORY,SUCHASROMER1987,WHICHASSUMESTRONGPOSITIVEEXTERNALITIESFROMCAPITALACCUMULATION,DONOTPOSITANELASTICITYOFOUTPUTWITHRESPECTTOCAPITALOFGREATERTHANONEASAMATTEROFARITHMETIC,THEN,DIFFERENCESINTHERATEOFCAPITALACCUMULATIONBETWEENGERMAN
34、YANDBRITAINCANONLYEXPLAINPARTOFOBSERVEDDIFFERENCESINTHEIRGROWTHPERFORMANCESOWHY,THEN,DIDTFPGROWSOFASTINPOSTWARGERMANYANDSOMUCHFASTERTHANINBRITAINONEPOSSIBILITYISTHATTFPLEVELSHADRECEIVEDASHARPNEGATIVESHOCKFROMWHICHITBOUNCEDBACKSUBSEQUENTLYTHISRELATIVELYSTRAIGHTFORWARDEXPLANATIONFORGERMANYSRAPIDGROWTH
35、HASNOTRECEIVEDMUCHATTENTIONINTHISLITERATURETOEXPLAINWHY,WESHOWTHATPREVIOUSINVESTIGATORSHAVETENDEDTOUNDERESTIMATETHEMAGNITUDEOFTHISSHOCKBYCOMPARING1938WITH1948IN1938THEGERMANECONOMYWASSTILLSIGNICANTLYBELOWITSSTEADYSTATEGROWTHPATHASARESULTOFSHARPNEGATIVESHOCKSDURINGWORLDWARI,THETURBULENTPOSTWWIPERIOD,
36、ANDTHESLUMPOFTHEEARLY1930STHEECONOMYTHENEXPANDEDSTRONGLYTHROUGH1944,BRINGINGITCLOSERTOITSHISTORICALSTEADYSTATEGROWTHPATHTHISMAYSEEMSURPRISINGGIVENWARTIMEALLIEDEFFORTSTODESTROYTHEPRODUCTIVECAPACITYOFTHEGERMANECONOMYYET,ASTABLE3SHOWS,THECAPITALSTOCKINGERMANINFACTMANUFACTURINGGREWSUBSTANTIALLYDURINGTHE
37、WARTHEAVAILABLEESTIMATESPUTWESTGERMANINDUSTRIALCAPACITYAROUNDMID1944ATMORETHANONETHIRDABOVE1936LEVELSIN1948,SURVIVINGINDUSTRIALCAPACITYWAS13HIGHERTHANIN1936DATAFORAGGREGATECAPITALSTOCKIN1950SUGGESTASLIGHTDECLINEBELOWPREWARLEVELS,CAUSEDMAINLYBYTHEDESTRUCTIONOFURBANHOUSINGTHEDATALOOKEVENBETTERFOREQUIP
38、MENTANDSUGGESTTHAT,ATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEWIRTSCHAFTSWUNDER,PRODUCTIVECAPACITYINWESTGERMANYWASASHIGHASBEFORETHEWARINCOMPARISONTOBRITAINSCAPITALSTOCK,GERMANYSPOSITIONAROUND1950LOOKEDWORSE,BUTNOTDRAMATICALLYSOCERTAINLY,DIFFERENCESINCAPITALSTOCKGROWTHANDSURVIVINGCAPITALENDOWMENTCANNOTACCOUNTFORTHEDRAMATICA
39、LLYDIFFERENTGROWTHPERFORMANCEINTHE1950STABLE3GROSSCAPITALSTOCKANDCOALOUTPUTINGERMANYANDBRITAINACROSSWORLDWARII1936100IWESTGERMANYANDWESTBERLIN,KRENGEL1958II,XMITCHELL2003,ABELSHAUSER1975IIIEASTGERMANYANDEASTBERLIN,MELZER1980IVVIWESTGERMANY,GEHRIG1961VIIFEINSTEIN1972,TABLE43VIIICALCULATEDFROMFEINSTEI
40、N1972,TABLE40IXLINEARINTERPOLATIONOFVIIBYVIIIANDIFTHEWARDIDSURPRISINGLYLITTLETOREDUCETHECAPITALSTOCK,ITACTUALLYINCREASEDWESTGERMANYSPOPULATIONANDLABORFORCERETURNINGSOLDIERSANDREFUGEESFROMTHEPROVINCESLOSTTOPOLANDANDRUSSIA,ASWELLASFROMEASTERNEUROPE,SWELLEDTHEPOPULATIONBYALMOST20OVERTHE1939CENSUSATTHES
41、AMETIME,MORETHAN8MILLIONSURVIVINGSLAVELABORERSWEREREPATRIATEDOREMIGRATEDOVERALL,WESTGERMANYSPOPULATIONINCREASEDBY9FROM1946TO1950原文了解生长在20世纪50年代西德经济作者巴里艾肯格林阿尔布雷希里奇尔摘要我们解释了为什么德国在1950年评估增长如此地迅速。最近的文献强调衔接,结构改革和体制换血的重要性,同时尽量减少战后的冲击。我们表明,这个冲击及其后果均大于新古典收敛性和解释了西方在20世纪50年代德国经济快速增长的结构性变化的重要。我们找到了支持机构改组假说。这表明文
42、学二战德国经济增长比许多功能不同的演绎后。关键词经济增长生产力德国1简介不存在短缺的试图解释西德在20世纪50年代经济增长的不足。有很好的理由1950年至1959年,国内生产总值增长近8每年左右,速度快于欧洲其他任何地方形成在第一次世界大战之后经验的鲜明对比。在欧洲国家中,只有奥地利与德国共享许多经济环境,走近匹配演出。德国在十年内快速增长一倍生活标准。由早期的20世纪60年代恢复了作为世界上最大和最有影响力的潜在经济和金融在欧洲的大国德国的地位。表1比较生产力水平和农业就业比例,1870年至1973年资料来源人均产出从麦迪逊(1991年,2003年),范斯坦(1972)计算资本/劳动比率霍夫
43、曼(1965)德国农业从STATISTISCHESJAHRBUCH附耳德意志帝国格计算,就业和各种问题德意志联邦银行(1976),收入份额英国从麦迪逊(1991年),范斯坦(1972)计算。对于这方面的经验有三种类型的说明(见较早审查艾肯格林1996年)。一个思想的第一所学校看到,西德快速在战后生产力方面的增长赶上和收敛性。西德经济迅速增长第二次世界大战后,在这个观点,因为它终于摆脱束缚和阻碍生产力增长的结构性变化。如表1所示,在1950年前德国国内生产总值为每人每小时从来没有多达英国国内生产总值每人小时的75,但是汇聚到20世纪60年代英国的水平。较低的人均产出在二十世纪上半叶反映了较低的整
44、个经济的资本劳动比率,这反过来又反映第一次世界大战,20世纪20年代的通货膨胀和不景气的30年代初的混乱。此外,德国的农民从农业经济的缓慢退出使其远离有效边界,即使在制造业的一些部门,德国已超过第一次世界大战前英国的生产力。但是没有内在的原因,为什么必须坚持这些差距。德国能够提高其劳动生产率通过提高其劳动资本率。低效率的劳动力能够从农业转向工业,它的边际产品较高,整个经济的劳动生产率可提高到英国的现行水平一样。西德的经济增长可能超过英国一般持续时间为这种融合过程。TEMPLE2001ANDTEMIN2002推进这一解释为战后西欧普遍。泰明认为,规模较大的一个国家分享农业就业他的代理延迟结构变化
45、较快的增长。西德就是一个例子。第二,强调思想相关的学校的体制原因,第二次世界大战后,世界ERMANY式的井喷式增长。它假定在急剧变化的社会经济体制下的国家,比如英国二战后的发展方向有利于更快的增长速度增长,在对类似的变化的情况下。根据美国主持下的改革有利于市场的观点认为,取消垄断,减少国家干预和规划,并走向把与世界市场一体化的西欧德国经济的道路上。曼瑟尔奥尔森的(1982)联盟的分配模型的捕捉政策的研究的框架分析。该报告认为,长期的分配联盟因战争和联盟解散,解放德国来享受一个要素生产率持续加速共(TFP)的增长,无论是绝对和相对英国这样的国家没有经历过如此迅速的制度变迁。相反,学校的三分之一,
46、着眼于在紧随其后的最后战争阶段的负面输出冲击。三盟军占领区在成为联邦共和国的1948年的GDP只有1938年的64水平。在英国,与此相反,产量超出1948年的13在最后的前二战时期。德国能够快速成长,它遵循的,因为它已被推迟了其长期增长的道路,但只是暂时。司法机构政务长NOSSY(1969),ABELSHAUSER(1981),ANDDUMKE(1990)赞同这一观点对于普遍的欧洲,一个国家在1938年至1950年之间较大的产量下降,后来它的增长速度越快。曼茨(1968),ABELSHAUSER(1975)和博查特(1976)对德国做出具体的说法。这三个观点都具有坚实的谱系表明,在每个有可能至
47、少有一定的道理。该理论的新古典经济增长的复苏赶超了假说,提供了新的动力。泰明(2002)提供了一个强大的重述推迟结构性变化的观点。近期在经济机构方面的工作已经几乎强制性强调经济增长的决定因素,作为社会经济的安排。与此相反,强调论点战后震荡衰败。在本论文中我们认为,这种倾向不再强调战后休克作为一个决定因素德国在20世纪50年代的经济表现已走得太远。最近的分析已经了解德国在19441946年被迫离开其成长路径是如何大幅度增长推销,全要素生产率冲击的范围本打开。我们的分析表明,这个震惊全要素生产率(TFP),连同其随后的恢复,远远重要于新古典收敛和解释结构变化造成20世纪50年代的德国和英国经济增长
48、差异。如果20世纪50年代重点的说明了在经济增长加速在德国是该国恢复能力的尖锐二战负面冲击世界在结束,接下来的问题是,在对比第一次世界大战后的经验为什么德国在恢复非常成功。一种可能性是奥尔森提出的体制星座。但是我们证明德国的在第二次世界大战时的规章制度的不连续性被夸大。按照今天的标准来看,西德在20世纪五十年代仍然受到令人印象深刻的体制连续性程度的严格的经济调控。1948年西德的支持市场改革并没有从过去的彻底背弃。我们也检测不到现有的体制改组摧毁分配联盟。集体谈判和工作场所的共同决定,通过主要机制,该分配联盟一直声称自己在魏玛共和国,很快恢复。通过在19世纪50年代初通过一系列的行为巩固德国的
49、社团系统从第三帝国重画立法。在这种改造形式,20世纪30年代的规管架构生还安然无恙通过对二十世纪及以后的第三季度。相反,奥尔森的故事,正是这种制度安排的稳定,促进了迅速的恢复和战后德国经济的增长。怎样才能达到这种不同以往的调查结论理由有四根据麦迪森(1991,1995)估计德国战时的GDP,我们产生新的在二战时期对经济增长的源泉的数据。我们认为,在战争中的表现,而不是简单地比较,最后战前和战后的第一年,将战争经济作为一个黑匣子。这使我们能够更准确地确定了战后冲击幅度。我们比较这些新古典增长理论的预测数据,针对假设的观察替代的影响。我们定位经济的表现那些我们关注的长期透视。我们无法想象历史在1950年或1938年开始,但是进一步回去及时作为帮助方式来辨认经济增长的潜力。最后,我们做详细的解释作为英德比较。这允许我们探索机关和政策的角色,使用欧洲的历史生产力经验领导(且二次世界大战后发展滞后)作为基准。2比较在劳动生产力和成长帐户的证据英德差别坚持通过20世纪中。表1显示德国人均和国家资金的产出/劳动率保持在远远落后于英国19世纪40年代的的水平。德国能够增长更快,因此,因为德国继承了一个更低的资金/劳动比率,暗示降低工人人均的产出。在这个看法,快速增长在19世纪50年代反映对生产力