1、1毕业论文外文原文外文题目WATERPOLLUTIONINUKRAINETHESEARCHFORPOSSIBLESOLUTIONS出处AGRICULTURALSCIENCES,IMPERICALCOLLEGEATWYE,KENT,UK作者NIKOLAINAZAROV,HADRIANFCOOKMEP,2002THISPAPERINTENDSTODRAWONMAJORFINDINGSOFRESEARCHFOCUSEDONWATERQUALITYINUKRAINIANRIVERSANDUPONMAJORFACTORSTHATINFLUENCEITTHEMAINOBJECTIVEOFTHERESEAR
2、CHDESCRIBEDISTOIDENTIFYSOURCESOTHERTHENNATIONALENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAUTHORITIESTHATCOULDHELPTOMITIGATETHEPROBLEMOFRIVERANDENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONSUCHANALYSISISRELEVANTTOCONSIDERATIONOFPOLICYIMPORTATIONTOTHEFORMERUSSRSTATES,INCLUDINGCONSIDERATIONOFUKANDEUPOLICIESFORWATERPROTECTION3ANOVERVIEWOFSURFAC
3、EWATERPOLLUTIONBYRIVERBASINSTHEREAREEIGHTMAJORRIVERBASINSINTHECOUNTRYFIGURE1THELARGESTISTHEDNIPRORIVERBASIN,WHICHOCCUPIESABOUT45OFUKRAINIANINLANDTERRITORYTHEBASINSOFTHEPIVDENNYBUGANDTHESMALLRIVERSOFCRIMEAARELOCATEDENTIRELYWITHINUKRAINESTERRITORY,WHILEMANYRIVERSOFOTHERBASINSORIGINATEOUTSIDEUKRAINETHI
4、SPRESENTSFURTHERPROBLEMSFORRIVERBASINMANAGEMENTATTHESTATELEVELTHEPRESSUREOFHUMANACTIVITIESONNATURALECOSYSTEMSWITHINTHEBASINSISSPREADUNEVENLYTHEREAREAREASUNDERURBANANDINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT,MINING,AGRICULTURE,NATURERESERVESANDWILDERNESSTHEREFOREAIRANDWATERPOLLUTIONISHIGHLYFIGURE1SCHEMATICLOCATIONOFRIV
5、ERBASINSINUKRAINESOURCEGRITZENKO1995LOCATIONSPECIFICANDVARIABLEINMAGNITUDETHEREEXISTHEAVILYPOLLUTEDAREASWITHADVERSEECOSYSTEMANDHUMANHEALTHIMPLICATIONS,ALONGSIDEAREASWHERETHENATURALENVIRONMENTHASVIRTUALLYBEENUNALTEREDHIGHLYPOLLUTEDAREASUSUALLYCOINCIDEWITHDENSELYPOPULATEDURBANIZEDAREASWHEREMOSTINFRAST
6、RUCTUREANDINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONPLANTSARELOCATEDAND,THEREFORE,NEEDTOBEGIVENPRIMARYATTENTIONWHENIMPLEMENTINGMEASURESONPREVENTIONOFPOLLUTIONACCORDINGTOINFORMATIONRELEASEDBYTHEUKRAINIANMEP,AVERAGE4CONCENTRATIONSOFCERTAINPOLLUTANTSINRIVERWATERAREOFTENABOVE1MACMAXIMUMADMISSIBLECONCENTRATION,ANDACUTESHORTTE
7、RMCONCENTRATIONSMAYREACH4090MACSANDMOREMEP,1998,2002ATPRESENTTHEREISCHRONICPOLLUTIONOFWATERINALLOFTHEMAJORRIVERBASINSOFUKRAINEACCORDINGTOTHEMEP,INTHELATE1990S,2000AND2001THEREWASNEITHERMAJORIMPROVEMENTNORDETERIORATIONOFRIVERWATERQUALITYMEP,2000,2002THEFINDINGSOFANANALYSISDATINGFROMTHEMID1990STHEREFO
8、REREMAINRELEVANTMORESIGNIFICANTCHANGESTOOKPLACEDURINGEARLYPOSTINDEPENDENCEYEARSTHEPERIOD19921996WASCHARACTERIZEDBYRAPIDCHANGESFROMACENTRALLYPLANNEDTOAFREEFIGURE2DECLINEOFGDPINUKRAINEDURINGTHEPERIOD19891998,USING1989ASTHEBASEYEAR100SOURCEEUROPEANBANKFORRECONSTRUCTIONANDDEVELOPMENT1999MARKETECONOMY,HY
9、PERINFLATION,CLOSUREOFMANYINDUSTRIES,DEVELOPMENTOFSERVICEANDTRADESECTORSANDADETERIORATIONOFLIVINGSTANDARDSHOWEVER,WITHRESPECTTONATIONALGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDP,AFTER1996ECONOMICDECLINESLOWEDDOWNSIGNIFICANTLYFIGURE2IN2000,FORTHEFIRSTTIMEINADECADE,THEREWASANINCREASEINGDPGDPGREWBYANAVERAGEOF7FORALLSTATE
10、SOFTHECOMMONWEALTHOFINDEPENDENTSTATESCIS,INCLUDINGUKRAINETHEGROWTHISPRIMARILYLINKEDTOPROFITABLEEXPORTSOFNATURALRESOURCESBYRUSSIA,WHICHHASCLOSETRADELINKSWITHCISSTATESNATIONALTELEVISIONAGENCYOFRUSSIANTV,2001FROM2000UNTILTHEPRESENTTHEUKRAINIANECONOMYHASCONTINUEDTOGROWIN2001NATIONALGDPINCREASEDBY9,ANDIN
11、2002GDPGREWBY41CENTRALINTELLIGENCEAGENCYCIA,2003OFFICIALDATAISSUEDBYTHEUKRAINIANMEPSHOWTHATDURINGTHEPERIOD19931996CONCENTRATIONSOFARANGEOFPOLLUTINGSUBSTANCESCONSTANTLYEXCEEDED1MACINALLRIVERBASINSTABLE1ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATVALUESOFUKRAINIANMACS5AREUSUALLYLESSSTRICTTHANTHOSEOFEUROPEANUNIONEUMACSHOWEVER,
12、TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHATCONCENTRATIONSOFCERTAINPOLLUTANTSSOMETIMESEXCEED1MACBYMANYTIMES,THESELEVELSOFPOLLUTIONAREHIGHENOUGHTOBEOFTHREATTOHUMANHEALTHANDWATERECOLOGYBARANNIKETAL,1996WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFCRIMEA,ALLBASINSALSOEXPERIENCEDHEAVYPOLLUTIONACCIDENTSHPAINSOMEBASINS,POLLUTIONANDNUMBEROFHPANHPATENDEDTO
13、DECREASEINOTHERSTHEREWASANINCREASE,ORNOCLEARCHANGEINPOLLUTIONORNHPAONSOMEOCCASIONSTHEREWEREHUNDREDSOFHPATABLE2INTHELARGESTRIVERBASIN,THEDNIPRO,THEANNUALAVERAGECONCENTRATIONACOFMOSTPOLLUTANTSWASRATHERVARIABLETABLE3IN1996THEACOFSEVENSELECTEDPOLLUTANTSWASSTILLTOOHIGH1MACORMORETHISISSERIOUSBECAUSETHEDNI
14、PROBASINOCCUPIESALMOSTHALFOFTHEENTIRETERRITORYOFUKRAINEFURTHERMORE,SIXLARGEWATERRESERVOIRSDESIGNEDFORTHEPURPOSESOF6HYDROELECTRICITYANDWATERSUPPLYARELOCATEDWITHINTHEBASINONTHEOTHERHAND,THEBASINISNOTHEAVILYINDUSTRIALIZEDINTERMSOFEXTRACTIVEANDMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESCOMPAREDTO1993,BY2000THEREWASA22REDUC
15、TIONINAVERAGECONCENTRATIONOFTHESELECTEDPOLLUTANTSANDALSOA37DROPINTHEMAGNITUDEOFRECORDEDMAXIMUMCONCENTRATIONSMCOFTHEPOLLUTANTSTABLE4ATTHESAMETIME,HOWEVER,THEDNIPROBASINEXPERIENCEDADRAMATICINCREASEINNHPABETWEEN1993AND1996,FROM10IN1993TO522IN1996MORETHAN5100ACCORDINGTORECENTRELEASESOFDATABYTHEMEP,DURIN
16、GTHEPERIOD19972000POLLUTIONLEVELSINTHEBASINDECLINED,BUTNOTBYMORETHANABOUT2PERANNUMMEP,2000,2002IN2000,NHPAINUKRAINEWASSTILLABOVE500MEP,2002INTHESAMEMANNER,ANANALYSISHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEZAKHIDNYBUG,DANUBE,DNISTR,PIVDENNYBUG,PRIAZOVIE,SEVERSKYDONETZANDCRIMEABASINSSEETABLE4USINGDATAFROMMEPREPORTSONTH
17、ESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTRELEASEDIN1994,1997,1998,2000AND2002SELECTEDASANEXAMPLE,IN1996THEAVERAGEANDMAXIMUMCONCENTRATIONSOFCERTAINPOLLUTANTSINALLRIVERBASINSWERESIGNIFICANTTABLE5DRAMATICVARIATIONSINPOLLUTANTCONCENTRATIONSMIGHTBEDUETOTHEFREQUENTHPA,BUTTHEREISALSOAPOSSIBILITYTHATTHEQUALITYOFREPORTEDDATAIS
18、LOWASARESULTOFPOORANDIRREGULARMONITORINGOFWATERQUALITYORMISREPRESENTATIONOFDATAINMEPREPORTSMANYMAJORRIVERSINUKRAINEORIGINATEOUTSIDEITSBORDERS,ANDSOCANBESUBJECT7TOWATERPOLLUTIONABROADFOREXAMPLE,SOMEPOLLUTANTSINTHERIVERDANUBECOMEFROMWESTERNANDCENTRALEUROPEANCOUNTRIESLOCATEDUPSTREAM,INCLUDINGTHEFORMERY
19、UGOSLAVIA,AREGIONDISRUPTEDBYRECENTMILITARYCONFLICTTHEBASINOFCRIMEA,WITHONLYAFEWINDIVIDUALSMALLRIVERS,ISVERYDIFFERENTFROMOTHERRIVERBASINSINUKRAINEIN1996,RIVERPOLLUTIONINTHECRIMEABASINWASSTILLLOWERTHANTHATINOTHERBASINS,PROBABLYDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFTOURISTRESORTSCRIMEAHASTRADITIONALLYBEENARESORTREGIONWIT
20、HALOWNUMBEROFMANUFACTURINGANDPROCESSINGINDUSTRIESCAPABLEOFCAUSINGSERIOUSPOLLUTIONHOWEVER,DURINGTHEPERIOD19932000POLLUTIONLEVELSINCRIMEANRIVERSWEREONTHEINCREASETHEPOLLUTIONHEREMAYNOTBECOMINGTHROUGHUNCONTROLLEDINDUSTRIALANDMUNICIPALDISCHARGES,BUTFROMOTHERSOURCES,SUCHASIMPROPERLYTREATEDSEWAGE,LEAKINGWA
21、TERMAINSORLANDFILL8SITESMEP,1998,2002SEMCHUK,1997COMPREHENSIVEANALYSISOFTHEINFORMATIONBRIEFLYMENTIONEDEARLIERINTHISSECTIONWOULDSUGGESTTHATCOUNTRYWIDETHEREWASAPPROXIMATELYA20REDUCTIONINAVERAGELEVELSOFRIVERPOLLUTIONANDNEARLY50INCREASEINNHPADURINGTHEPERIOD19932000ACCORDINGTOMEPREPORTS1994,1997,1998,200
22、0,2002,IN2000THEGREATESTPOLLUTIONLOADPERUNITOFBASINAREAFELLONTHERIVERSOFTHEDNISTRBASINTHISWASFOLLOWEDINDESCENDINGORDEROFMAGNITUDEBYTHERIVERSOFTHESEVERSKYDONETZ,PRIAZOVIE,PIVDENNYBUG,ZAKHIDNYBUG,DNIPRO,DANUBEANDCRIMEABASINSRANKINGACCORDINGTOTHENUMBEROFHPAPERUNITOFBASINAREA,HOWEVER,PLACESTHEDNIPROBASI
23、NATTHETOPOFTHELIST,FOLLOWEDBYSEVERSKYDONETZ,ZAKHIDNYBUG,PRIAZOVIE,DANUBE,PIVDENNYBUG,DNISTRAND,FINALLY,CRIMEATHETRENDSOFCHANGEINNHPAANDPOLLUTIONLEVELSDONOTCORRESPONDWELLFORTHEDANUBE,PIVDENNYBUG,DNIPRO,PRIAZOVIEANDCRIMEABASINSTHISISPARTLYBEDUETOBASINSIZEANDWATERRESOURCEDIFFERENCES,THENATUREOFECONOMIC
24、ACTIVITIES,ANDDENSITYANDDISTRIBUTIONOFPOPULATION,BUTCANALSOBEACCOUNTEDFORBYNONHEAVYPOLLUTIONACCIDENTSANDUNRECORDEDHPANONHEAVYPOLLUTIONACCIDENTSARETHOSERELATEDTOSMALLBUTFREQUENTDISCHARGESOFUNDERTREATEDANDUNTREATEDEFFLUENTSTHEACTUALNUMBERSOFUNRECORDEDHEAVYANDNONHEAVYPOLLUTIONACCIDENTSAREOFCOURSEUNKNOW
25、N,ANDTHISISAREALLIMITATIONINTHEENVIRONMENTALINFORMATIONAVAILABLEFORPUBLICACCESSITISNOTSURPRISINGTHATTHEGENERALTRENDINPOLLUTIONCHANGEISNEGATIVE,BECAUSEUKRAINESECONOMYEXPERIENCEDADEEPENINGCRISISTHROUGHOUTTHE1990S,WHICHCAUSEDMANYPLANTSANDENTERPRISESTOREDUCEOREVENCOMPLETELYCEASEACTIVITIESFOREXAMPLE,IN19
26、96,GENERALWATERUSEINTHECOUNTRYWAS1675MILLIONM3OR86LESSTHANTHATIN1995HOWEVER,THETRENDOFDETERIORATINGTREATMENTOFWASTEWATERANDTHEGROWINGNUMBEROFPOLLUTIONACCIDENTSBRINGSABOUTTHEPOSSIBILITYOFCHRONICRIVERPOLLUTIONABOVEADMISSIBLELEVELS,WHICHMAYPERSISTFORMANYYEARS,EVENDECADESSOURCESOFPOLLUTIONMOSTRIVERPOLLU
27、TIONINUKRAINECOMESFROMPOINTSOURCESINTHEINDUSTRIALAND9HOUSEHOLDSECTORS,ASWELLASMININGANDLANDFILLSITESPOLLUTIONFROMAGRICULTUREWASSIGNIFICANTBEFOREUKRAINESINDEPENDENCEIN1991ATPRESENT,DISCHARGESOFAGROCHEMICALANDORGANICCONTAMINANTSFROMFARMSAREINSIGNIFICANT,DUETOALACKOFFUNDSTOINVESTINTOAGRICULTURALPRODUCT
28、IONBARANNIKETAL,1996DUETOTHEPREDOMINANTLYINDUSTRIALCHARACTEROFPOLLUTION,ITISPOSSIBLETOIDENTIFYTHEFOLLOWINGOBLASTSADMINISTRATIVETERRITORIALUNITSZAPOROZHIE,KIROVOGRAD,DNEPROPETROVSK,LUGANSKANDDONETZKFIGURE3THESEAREAREASWHEREALOTOFMININGANDHEAVYMETALLURGYENTERPRISESARELOCATED,TOGETHERWITHALLTHEMAJORCIT
29、IESINTHECOUNTRYTHATARECENTRESOFINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONANDAREPROVIDEDWITHLARGEMUNICIPALWASTEWATERTREATMENTFACILITIESIN1996,ATTHESCALEOFADMINISTRATIVEREGIONS,INNINEOBLASTSRIVERPOLLUTIONTENDEDTOINCREASE,WHILEITREMAINEDSTABLEORDECLINEDIN16OTHERSMEP,1998IN2000,INCREASINGRIVERPOLLUTIONWASNOTEDONLYFORSEVENADM
30、INISTRATIVEUNITSMEP,2002HARDHITBYECONOMICCRISIS,MANYNATIONALINDUSTRIESCOMPLETELYSHUTDOWN,WHILEOTHERSOPERATEDATONLYAFRACTIONOFTHEIRPOTENTIALCAPACITYEXPORTORIENTEDOIL,GAS,METALPROCESSINGANDAGRICULTURALENTERPRISES,HOWEVER,HAVEBEENLESSSEVERELY10AFFECTEDALTHOUGHTHEREHASBEENSOMEECONOMICUPTURNDURINGTHELAST
31、FEWYEARS,ITHASNOTYETBROUGHTABOUTSUBSTANTIALPOSITIVECHANGESTOTHEGENERALSTATEOFUKRAINESINDUSTRIESANDPOPULATIONWELFAREASARESULTOFECONOMICDECLINE,THEWELFAREOFMOSTPEOPLEHASDECREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYSINCE1990FOREXAMPLE,IN1990,WHENTHEREWASVIRTUALLYNOUNEMPLOYMENT,THENATIONALAVERAGEMONTHLYWAGEWASNEARLYUS200ANDTH
32、EPRICEOFBREADWASABOUTUS015IN2000,OFFICIALUNEMPLOYMENTWASABOUT6,THEAVERAGEMONTHLYWAGEWASABOUTUS40,WHILETHEPRICEOFBREADWASUS02NEVERTHELESS,DURINGTHE1990STHEREAPPEAREDASMALLUPTO3OFTHETOTALPOPULATIONBUTVERYRICHANDPOWERFULSTRATUMOFPOPULATIONWITHINCOMESFROMTENSTOMILLIONSOFUSDOLLARSAYEARSOKOLYK,1998TAKINGI
33、NTOACCOUNTTHEECONOMICHARDSHIPSBEINGEXPERIENCEDBYMOSTOFTHENATIONALINDUSTRIESANDTHEPOPULATIONALIKE,ITISNOTSURPRISINGTHATENTERPRISEMANAGERSASWELLASTHEGENERALPUBLICDONOTPAYDUEATTENTIONTOPREVENTIONOFENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONHOWEVER,NOCOMPREHENSIVESTUDYOFHOWTHESOCIOECONOMICSITUATIONINUKRAINEINFLUENCESTHEQUAL
34、ITYOFWATERPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONHASBEENCARRIEDOUTACCORDINGTOANEARLIERASSESSMENT,MAJORPOLLUTANTSINRIVERWATERCOMEFROMINDUSTRIALANDMUNICIPALSOURCESMEP,1994,1997,1998,2000SHARPFLUCTUATIONSINPOLLUTANTCONCENTRATIONANDNHPASUGGESTTHATRIVERPOLLUTIONISOFTENCAUSEDBYSHORTTERMHEAVYDISCHARGESOFACCUMULATEDSEWAGETHESE
35、WAGEISINADEQUATELYTREATEDORNOTTREATEDATALLBYTHEMANYWATERUSERSBYWHOMITISGENERATEDCAUSESOFPOLLUTIONWHILESTATEENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATIONANDPOLICIESEMPHASIZETHENEEDTOPROTECTTHEENVIRONMENT,INDUSTRIESCONSIDERPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONUNECONOMICALGRITZENKO,1995THISISPARTLYBECAUSENOACCOUNTISTAKENOFTHEBENEFITSOFPOLLU
36、TIONABATEMENT,SUCHASIMPROVEDHUMANHEALTH,AMENITY,PRESERVATIONOFBIODIVERSITY,ETCOTHERFACTORSINCLUDEASHORTAGEOFFUNDSINCOMMERCIALENTERPRISES,ANDSTATEANDLOCALBUDGETSALACKOFFOREIGNEXPERTISEANDFINANCIALASSISTANCELIMITEDPUBLICSUPPORTAND,INPARTICULAR,POORENFORCEMENTOFLEGISLATIONPAVLYUK,1997THERE11MAYALSOBETE
37、CHNICALERRORSREGARDINGTHEREPORTINGOFINFORMATIONABOUTMONITOREDLEVELSOFRIVERPOLLUTIONNATIONALENTERPRISESSTRUGGLINGTOOPERATEINDIFFICULTECONOMICCONDITIONSAREPRIMARILYCONCERNEDWITHREDUCINGANDCOVERINGPRODUCTIONCOSTSINORDERTOREMAININBUSINESSBECAUSEOFTHEDECLINEINECONOMICACTIVITY,INCOMETOLOCALANDSTATEBUDGETS
38、FROMTAXESISNOTENOUGHTOADDRESSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSADEQUATELYFOREXAMPLE,IN1996THETOTALSTATEBUDGETFORUKRAINEACOUNTRYOFAPPROXIMATELY50MILLIONPEOPLEWASABOUTUS15BILLION,ANDFORMALEXPENDITUREFORENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONONLYUS40MILLIONMEP,1998INPRACTICE,HOWEVER,EVENTHESEOBLIGATIONSWERENOTMET,NORWERETHEREANYSI
39、GNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONSFROMNONBUDGETENVIRONMENTALFUNDSTABLE6IN2001THESIZEOFTHESTATEBUDGETWASEVENSMALLERUS76BILLIONAGENCEFRANCEPRESSEAFP,2000ANOTHERDIFFICULTYISTHATSTATEFUNDSALLOCATEDFORENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAREUTILIZEDINTHELEASTSATISFACTORYMANNERCOMPAREDTOANYOTHERSECTOROFSTATEEXPENDITUREFOREXAMPLE,O
40、NLY722OFTHEENVIRONMENTALFUNDSALLOCATEDTOENTERPRISESANDINSTITUTIONSIN1995,ANDJUST587IN1996,WEREUTILIZEDASINTENDEDMEP,1997,1998WHILEALOTOFFOREIGNASSISTANCEHASBEENPROVIDEDFORECONOMICLIBERALIZATIONANDPOLITICALDEMOCRATIZATION,HARDLYANYHELPHASBEENGIVENTOABATEENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSFOREIGNEXPERTSDOCOMETOSTUD
41、YENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSINTHECOUNTRY,ANDSUGGESTWAYSOFDEALINGWITHTHEM,BUTTHEEXPERTSARENOTWELLAWAREOFLOCALCULTURE,POLITICSANDRELEVANTSOCIALISSUES,ANDTHEREFORECANONLYGIVEGENERALTECHNICALADVICETONATIONALPROFESSIONALSALSO,IMPLEMENTATIONISCOSTLYFULLCHARGESAREEITHERPAIDDIRECTLYBYTHEGOVERNMENTORFROMINTERNATIO
42、NALLOANS,USUALLYWORLDBANKLOANSWITHPOORAWARENESSOFLOCALSOCIALISSUES,ANDNOFUNDSTOIMPLEMENTSUGGESTEDAMELIORATIVEMEASURES,SUCHFOREIGNEXPERTISEISUNLIKELYTOBEOFMUCHPRACTICALUSE12THEGENERALPUBLICINUKRAINEISCONCERNEDABOUTTHEPOORQUALITYOFWATERINMANYWATERBODIESHOWEVERMOSTPEOPLEARENOTWILLINGTOGIVESUPPORTTOBETT
43、ERPOLLUTIONCONTROLANDPREVENTIONBECAUSEOFTHEIRCONTINUOUSSTRUGGLEFORTHEIROWNANDTHEIRFAMILIESSURVIVALINCONDITIONSOFSOCIOECONOMICCRISISTHEHARSHREALITYOFSUCHSTRUGGLEISREFLECTEDBYTHEFACTTHAT,SINCETHEEARLY1990S,UKRAINESPOPULATIONHASBEENDECLININGDUETOINCREASEDMORTALITY,REDUCEDBIRTHRATESANDOUTMIGRATIONONANAN
44、NUALBASIS,THERATEOFDECLINEHADREACHEDALMOST500000PEOPLE,OR1OFTHETOTALPOPULATION,BY1998EBERGARD,1998HOWEVER,PRESENTPUBLICCONCERNPROVIDESASOUNDBASISFORPUBLICPARTICIPATIONINENVIRONMENTALMATTERSINTHEFUTURE,WHENHOPEFULLYUKRAINESECONOMYWILLRECOVER,ANDSTANDARDSOFLIVINGFORMOSTPEOPLEWILLINCREASEMASSMEDIACANAL
45、READYPLAYASIGNIFICANTROLEINRAISINGPUBLICAWARENESS,EDUCATIONANDCONCERNFORTHEENVIRONMENTENFORCEMENTOFTHEPROVISIONSOFENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATIONISVITALLYIMPORTANT,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEREISMASSNONCOMPLIANCEATPRESENTTHESTAFFOFENVIRONMENTALINSPECTORATESUNDERTHEMEPISNOTSUFFICIENTTOCARRYOUTADEQUATECHECKSOFALLENTER
46、PRISESPOTENTIALPOLLUTERSACCORDINGTOTHEMEP1998,2000,WITHTHISLEVELOFSTAFFINGITISPOSSIBLETOCARRYOUTCHECKSATNOMORETHAN20OFENTERPRISESINTHECOUNTRYTHUS,ITAPPEARSTHATRIVERPOLLUTIONPROBLEMSHAVEDEEPERROOTSTHANASIMPLEINADEQUACYOFPOLLUTIONABATEMENTTECHNIQUES,EXPERTISEORTHENATIONALSYSTEMOF13ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEM
47、ENTTHEPOLLUTIONISANINDIRECTRESULTOFTHECOMPLICATEDANDPROBLEMATICSOCIOECONOMICANDPOLITICALSITUATIONINTHECOUNTRY译文乌克兰的水污染寻求可能的解决办法尼古拉纳扎罗夫，哈德良楼厨师和格雷厄姆伍德盖特英国皇家学院的农业科学出版社摘要在乌克兰，平均及最高浓度的某些污染物在内陆水体中高得令人无法接受，而一些严重污染事故（增加1人的污水排放能够对健康造成危害）正在增加。同时，从中央计划经济向自由市场经济的转型是与严重的经济衰退和显着的工业下降相联系的。然而，在19912003年间却没有有关将水污染和社
48、会经济状况联系起来进行全面分析的课题。在目前的水平，以及在不远的将来，有关水的质量可以很大的提高，都认为是不可能的。一些改进可以通过改变控制污染的系统和公众的态度，以及获得相关的专门知识和来自国外的资金来获得。导言14本文试图通过乌克兰将水污染问题与社会经济状况联系起来。方法包括通过乌克兰有关的官方统计数字以及一定浓度的污染物和污染事故分析地表水水质。然后，考虑有关社会经济问题和在该国家预防污染的效率问题。1993年至1996年，代表了迅速恶化的经济衰退的初期和在1991年从苏联独立出来以后的去工业化时期都强调分析。在1996年至2000年，地表水污染的模式变化不大（部环境保护（MEP），20
49、00年）。自那时以来，该国一直处于推行政治民主化和经济自由化的过程中，这带来了国家政治、国民经济和公共福利的重大变化。乌克兰的经济困难，一直持续到20世纪90年代末，只有到了2000年，乌克兰的经济才开始出现改善的迹象。在19912003年期间，环境污染的模式改变了不少，平均污染物浓度也有减少的倾向。然而，各级河水的污染问题变得更加严重，乌克兰欧洲议会的有关报告中的短期内的最高浓度达到数万标准的最高容许浓度（欧洲会员议会，1998年，2000年，2002年）。有关严重的水体污染问题在工业化和人口稠密地区尤为突出，那里大多数被认为是污染源，包括位于地球表面的地表水，（GRITZENKO，1995年）。目前，在大部分地区，乌克兰的河水质量不是一个令人满意的标准，有关负责保护环境当局也无法处理这个问题，这主要是因为财务和工作人员短缺造成的。无论是河流污染，空气质量差，土壤污染或任何其他的环境问题，都没有被恰当地处理（1996欧洲会员议会，2002年）。本文打算侧重于利用乌克兰河流水质的主要研究结果和各主要影响因素进行研究。本文描述研究的主要目的是确定水污染的原因，而不是可以帮助减轻河流（和环境）污染这一问题的国家环境保护当局。这种分析是和前苏联地区国家的进口审议政策相关的，其中包括考虑了英国和欧盟政策的水资源保护。江河流域地表水污染的综述在乌克
