1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目CONSUMPTIONTHEORIESANDCONSUMERSASSESSMENTSOFSUBJECTIVEWELLBEING出处JOURNALOFCONSUMERAFFAIRSWINTER92,VOL26ISSUE2,P243,19P,3CHARTS作者MACDONALD,MAURICEDOUTHITT,ROBINA原文ABSTRACTPRESENTSAPAPERWHICHEXAMINESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGANDOBJECTIVE,ECONOMICWELLBEINGASMEASUREDUSIN
2、GTHREEDIFFERENTECONOMICTHEORIESOFCONSUMPTIONBEHAVIORLIFECYCLEINCOMEHYPOTHESISRELATIVEINCOMEHYPOTHESISRESOURCEDEFICITHYPOTHESISMETHODSANDDISCUSSIONIINTRODUCTIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISRESEARCHISTOEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGANDOBJECTIVE,ECONOMICWELLBEINGASMEASUREDUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTECO
3、NOMICTHEORIESOFCONSUMPTIONBEHAVIORTHETHEORIESEXAMINEDARETHELIFECYCLEINCOMEHYPOTHESIS,THERELATIVEINCOMEHYPOTHESIS,ANDARESOURCEDEFICITHYPOTHESISTHERESULTSFROMANALYSESOFTHEWISCONSINBASICNEEDSSTUDYDATADEMONSTRATETHEIMPORTANCEOFCAREFULECONOMICVARIABLECONSTRUCTIONANDSUPPORTTHEECONOMICPRESUMPTIONTHATINCOME
4、ANDLIFESATISFACTIONAREPOSITIVELYRELATEDTHERELATIVEINCOMEHYPOTHESISMODELACCOUNTSFORTHEGREATESTEXPLAINEDVARIANCEANDISALSOSUPERIORINTHATITISEASIERTOSPECIFYTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSUBJECTIVEASSESSMENTSOFWELLBEINGANDOBJECTIVEECONOMICVARIABLESTOTESTANDCOMPARETHREEDIFFERENTECONOMICTHEORIESO
5、FCONSUMPTIONBEHAVIORMODIGLIANISLIFECYCLEINCOMEHYPOTHESIS1986DUESENBERRYSRELATIVEINCOMEHYPOTHESIS1949ANDARESOURCEDEFICITHYPOTHESISATTRIBUTEDTOKYRK1953MULTIVARIATEANALYSESWEREDESIGNEDTOISOLATEANDCOMPARETHEINDEPENDENTEFFECTSONSUBJECTIVEWELLBEINGOFOBJECTIVEECONOMICMEASURESREPRESENTINGTHESETHREEHYPOTHESE
6、STHEFOLLOWINGQUOTESPROVIDEANINTRODUCTIONTOTHEMAINIDEASFORTHREEDIFFERENTMODELSOFTHERELATIONSHIPOFCHANGESINCONSUMERRESOURCESTOPERCEPTIONSOF2WELLBEINGTHEHYPOTHESISOFUTILITYMAXIMIZATIONANDPERFECTMARKETSHAS,ALLBYITSELF,ONEVERYPOWERFULIMPLICATIONTHERESOURCESTHATAREPRESENTATIVECONSUMERALLOCATESATANYAGEWILL
7、DEPENDONLYONHISLIFERESOURCESANDNOTATALLONINCOMEACCRUINGCURRENTLYMODIGLIANI1986,299FROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFPREFERENCETHEORYORMARGINALUTILITYTHEORY,HUMANDESIRESAREDESIRESFORSPECIFICGOODSBUTNOTHINGISSAIDABOUTHOWTHESEDESIRESARISEORHOWTHEYARECHANGEDTHAT,HOWEVER,ISTHEESSENCEOFTHECONSUMPTIONPROBLEMWHENPREFERENCE
8、SAREINTERDEPENDENTDUESENBERRY1949,19EVERYONEPROBABLYHAS,MOREORLESSCONSCIOUSLYFORMULATED,ANIDEALSTANDARDOFLIVING,ALEVELTOWARDWHICHHEMOVESASINCOMEANDOTHEROPPORTUNITIESPERMITHEHASALSOASTANDARDTHATHEINSISTSUPONMAINTAININGTOATTAINTHEFIRSTWOULDBEAHIGHLYDESIRABLESTATEOFECONOMICWELLBEING,TOATTAINTHESECONDIS
9、ESSENTIAL,ANDTOFALLBELOWITISINTOLERABLEKYRK1953,374EACHOFTHESESTATEMENTSPOSITSHOWSPECIFICCHANGESINRESOURCESAND/ORPREFERENCESAFFECTWELLBEINGYETALLHAVEBEENIGNOREDINTHERECENTEXPANSIONOFRESEARCHONTHECONSUMERLIFECYCLEATTEMPTSTOUNDERSTANDVARIATIONINFAMILYANDCONSUMERWELLBEINGOVERTHELIFECYCLEHAVEEMPHASIZEDT
10、HESPECIFICATIONOFVARIABLESTOCAPTURETHERELEVANTDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSOFEACHSTAGEINTHELIFECYCLEMURPHYANDSTAPLES1979STAMPFL1978AGROWINGLITERATUREONSUBJECTIVEASSESSMENTSOFWELLBEINGHASBEENMOTIVATEDBYCONCERNFORTHESOURCESOFREDUCEDSATISFACTIONATPARTICULARSTAGESCAMPBELL,CONVERSE,ANDRODGERS1976ANALYSESOFT
11、HEIMPLICATIONSOFCHANGINGECONOMICANDDEMOGRAPHICCONDITIONSFORECONOMICWELLBEINGALSOHAVEEMPHASIZEDLIFECYCLESTAGEASACRITICALVARIABLELEVY1987ALTHOUGHVARIATIONINCONSUMPTIONNEEDSANDRESOURCESTOMEETTHEMHASBEENCONSIDEREDEXTENSIVELY,NOSYSTEMATICEMPIRICALEFFORTHASBEENMADETORELATESUBJECTIVEWELLBEINGASSESSMENTSTOE
12、CONOMICTHEORIESABOUTLIFECYCLECONSUMPTIONBEHAVIORTHISCONCLUSIONISSUPPORTEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHELITERATUREONLIFESATISFACTIONHASRELIEDONASINGLE,SHORTTERMMEASUREOFECONOMICRESOURCES,CURRENTINCOME,INCONJUNCTIONWITHDEMOGRAPHICVARIABLESTOCAPTUREOTHERINFLUENCESOFSTAGEINTHELIFECOURSEEG,ALLARDT1977ANDREWSANDMCKENNE
13、LL1980DOHRENWEND19733FERNANDEZANDKULIK1981GRAYETAL1983HALL1976HARING,STACK,ANDOKUN1984KEITH1985KESSLER1982LINK1982MUTRANANDRELTZES1984THERESEARCHPRESENTEDHEREISPARTOFALARGERPROJECTDEVOTEDTOIMPROVINGTHESPECIFICATIONANDINVESTIGATIONOFRELATIONSHIPSAMONGAMORECOMPREHENSIVEARRAYOFOBJECTIVEECONOMICVARIABLE
14、SANDSUBJECTIVEWELLBEINGINDICATORSTHANHERETOFOREPRIORWORKONSUBJECTIVEWELLBEINGHASTAKENASIMPLICITTHATCURRENTINCOMETRANSLATESDIRECTLYINTORESOURCESFORCONSUMPTIONTHEREHASBEENVERYLITTLERECOGNITIONOFTHEORIESACKNOWLEDGINGTHEDIVERGENCEBETWEENCONSUMPTIONANDINCOMETHATRESULTSFROMTHENEEDTOSAVE,THEABILITYTOBORROW
15、FROMFUTUREINCOME,ORPRESSURESTODISSAVETOMEETPERCEIVEDORACTUALINCREASESINCONSUMPTIONNEEDSHOWEVERECONOMICTHEORIESANDEMPIRICALSTUDIESOFSAVINGSANDTHECONSUMPTIONFUNCTIONHAVEREPEATEDLYDEMONSTRATEDTHATUTILITYMAXIMIZINGCONSUMERSDONOTCONSUMEALLOFTHEIRCURRENTINCOMEMODIGLIANIANDBRUMBERG1954ANDTHATCURRENTINCOMEM
16、AYBEAPOORINDICATOROFCURRENTCONSUMPTIONASWELLFRIEDMAN1957OTHERCOMPONENTSOFFINANCIALSECURITYUNDOUBTEDLYCONTRIBUTETOASENSEOFWELLBEINGFOREXAMPLE,INDIVIDUALSWITHANNUALINCOMESOF30,000AREHIGHLYLIKELYTODIVERGEWITHRESPECTTOOTHERFINANCIALRESOURCESSOMEHAVELOWORNEGATIVENETWORTHIE,ASSETSMINUSLIABILITIES,WHILEOTH
17、ERSHAVERELATIVELYHIGHNETWORTHSOMEHAVERELATIVELYINADEQUATECONTINGENCYASSETSONTHEOTHERHAND,MANYMAYBEEXPERIENCINGRELATIVELYHIGH,WHILEOTHERSRELATIVELYLOW,CURRENTINCOMESWITHRESPECTTOFUTUREINCOMESWHILEAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCURRENTINCOMEANDPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGHASBEENDOCUMENTEDEXTENSIVELY,THEREISALS
18、OEVIDENCEOFIMPORTANTEXCEPTIONSCAMPBELL1976REVIEWEDFIVENATIONALSURVEYS,WHICHALLREVEALEDTHATTHEPROPORTIONOF“VERYHAPPY“PEOPLEINCREASESWITHINCOMELEVELHOWEVER,ALARGEMINORITYOFTHEAFFLUENTDESCRIBETHEMSELVESASLESSTHANVERYHAPPYANDASUBSTANTIALMINORITYOFTHELEASTAFFLUENTCLAIMTHEYAREVERYHAPPYTHUSACCURATELYEVALUA
19、TINGTHEECONOMICRESOURCERELATIONSHIPTOPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGWOULDSEEMTOREQUIRESPECIFICATIONOFADDITIONALOBJECTIVEECONOMICMEASURES,GUIDEDBYAPPROPRIATEECONOMICTHEORIESTHENEXTSECTIONRELIESONTHEINSIGHTSOFMODIGLIANI,DUESENBERRY,ANDKYRKTO4DEVELOPOBJECTIVEECONOMICMEASURESFORLIFECYCLEINCOME,RELATIVEINCOME,AND
20、OFDEFICITSINRESOURCESTOMEETINDIVIDUALCONSUMPTIONASPIRATIONS,RESPECTIVELYAFTEREXPLAININGTHENATUREOFTHEDATASET,SEPARATEREGRESSIONMODELSARESPECIFIEDCONSISTENTWITHEACHOFTHETHEORETICALECONOMICWELLBEINGHYPOTHESESTHENTHEESTIMATEDREGRESSIONRESULTSAREUSEDTOASSESSTHERELATIVEEXPLANATORYPOWEROFEACHMEASUREONRESP
21、ONDENTSSUBJECTIVESENSEOFOVERALLWELLBEINGANDTOOBTAINCONCLUSIONSRELEVANTFORCURRENTRESEARCHONLIFECYCLEEFFECTSTHEORIESOFECONOMICWELLBEINGACCORDINGTODUESENBERRYSTHEORYOFCONSUMERBEHAVIOR,“INTERDEPENDENTPREFERENCES“MEANTHATTHECONSUMERSSATISFACTIONDEPENDSONTHELEVELOFOWNCONSUMPTION,ASPERCEIVEDRELATIVETOOTHER
22、SSPECIFICALLY,“WHENANINDIVIDUALMAKESANUNFAVORABLECOMPARISONOFHISLIVINGSTANDARDTHEINDIVIDUALISDISSATISFIEDWITHHISPOSITION“1949,32FURTHERMORE,THEINTERDEPENDENCEISCONNECTEDTOTHEMOTIVATIONFORSAVINGBECAUSETHEDISSATISFACTION“ARISESFROMTHEREJECTIONOFIMPULSESTOSPEND“1949,32ITFOLLOWSTHATTHOSEWHOAREABLETOCONS
23、UMEATORABOVETHESAMELEVELASTHEIRPEERSSHOULDBEMORESATISFIEDTHANTHOSEWHOCANNOT,PROVIDEDTHATTHEYAREALSOABLETOSAVEENOUGHTOBESATISFIEDWITHTHATPOSITIONTHISIMPORTANTCAVEATREGARDINGSAVINGSEXPLAINSHOWRELATIVECONSUMPTIONCOMPARISONSARELINKEDBOTHTOCURRENTANDFUTUREINCOMELEVELSADDITIONALLY,ITMAKESCLEARTHATTHERELAT
24、IVEINCOMEHYPOTHESISRIHANDMODIGLIANISLIFECYCLETHEORYOFSAVINGLIHARECLOSELYRELATEDALTERNATIVESFOREXPLAININGHOWSATISFACTIONDEPENDSONBOTHCURRENTANDEXPECTEDINCOMESMODIGLIANI1986ACKNOWLEDGEDTHERELATIONSHIPOFHISWORKTODUESENBERRYSBYREFERRINGTOTHE“DUESENBERRYMODIGLIANI“CONSUMPTIONFUNCTIONINHISNOBELADDRESSONEI
25、NTERPRETATIONOFTHERIHTHATRELATESPRESENTTOFUTURECONSUMPTIONISASFOLLOWSTHOSECONSUMERSWHOAREUNABLETO“KEEPUPWITHTHEJONESS“EXPERIENCEDISSATISFACTIONASPRESSURESMOUNTTOINCREASECURRENTCONSUMPTIONABOVETHELEVELWHICHISCONSISTENTWITHTHEIRDESIREDLEVELOFFUTURECONSUMPTIONEMPIRICALLY,THISHYPOTHESISCANBEEXAMINEDBYRE
26、LATINGCURRENTHOUSEHOLDEXPENDITURESTOTHOSEOFOTHERHOUSEHOLDSDURINGTHESAMEPERIOD,HOLDINGINCOMECONSTANTTHUS,RELYINGONCURRENTDATAALONE,ONECANTESTAHYPOTHESISABOUTTHERELATIONSHIPOFCURRENT5VISAVISFUTURERESOURCESASDETERMINANTSOFCURRENTSATISFACTIONALTHOUGHTHISTYPEOFTESTREQUIRESCOMPLETEEXPENDITUREDATA,ITAVOIDS
27、THENOTORIOUSLYDIFFICULTPROBLEMOFOBTAININGRELIABLEDATAONSAVINGSMODIGLIANISLIHFRAMEWORKCONCERNSOPTIMALSAVINGSBEHAVIORTHATDEPENDSONANDDETERMINESDIFFERENCESBETWEENCURRENTINCOMEANDEXPECTEDFUTUREINCOMEINITSSIMPLEST“STRIPPEDDOWN“FORM,THELIHPOSITSLIFECYCLEPATHSFORCONSUMPTION,SAVING,ANDWEALTHTHATDEPENDONTHEL
28、ENGTHOFTHEWORKLIFE,RETIREMENTAGE,ANDEXPECTEDAGEATDEATH,ASWELLASTHEAGEPROFILEOFEARNINGSMODIGLIANI1986BECAUSEUTILITYMAXIMIZATIONREQUIRESCONSUMPTIONSMOOTHINGOVERTIME,THEPATHOFWEALTHHOLDINGISHUMPSHAPEDDURINGTHEEARNINGPHASEOFTHELIFECYCLE,HOUSEHOLDSSAVETOACCUMULATEWEALTHTHATISLATER“SPENTDOWN“INRETIREMENTT
29、HUSTHELIHFORMULATIONHOLDSTHATCURRENTCONSUMPTIONDEPENDSONTHEENTIREINCOMESTREAMACROSSALLAGESEVENWITHOUTTRANSITORYINCOMEVARIATION,1CURRENTINCOMEMAYDIFFERSUBSTANTIALLYFROMTHELEVELEXPECTEDINSUBSEQUENTPERIODSBECAUSEOFONESPARTICULARAGEEARNINGSPROFILETHUSTOEXAMINEMODIGLIANISSPECIFICATION,THEESTIMATIONEQUATI
30、ONINCLUDESBOTHCURRENTANDEXPECTEDINCOMEVARIABLESADDITIONALLY,ANNUITIZEDNETWORTHENTERSTHELIHMODELASASEPARATEPREDICTORVARIABLETOACCOUNTFORTHEINFLUENCEOFEXISTINGWEALTHHOLDINGSONWELLBEINGKYRK1953SUGGESTEDTHATTHEGREATERTHEDISCREPANCYBETWEENONESRESOURCELEVELASPIRATIONANDACTUALEXPERIENCE,THELESSSATISFIEDONE
31、BECOMESINHERVIEW,INDIVIDUALSFORMEXPECTATIONSABOUTTHEIRDESIREDLIVINGSTANDARDBASEDONPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDGOALORIENTATIONS,SUCHTHATTHERELEVANTCOMPARISONSAREBETWEENCURRENTINCOMEANDAHYPOTHETICAL,DESIREDINCOMELEVEL1953ALTHOUGHSALIENTEXPERIENCESFORDEVELOPINGANINCOMEGOALCOULDINCLUDEOBSERVINGPEERSCONSUMPTION
32、DUESENBERRYALSORECOGNIZEDTHATARISINGSTANDARDOFLIVINGISANAMERICANGOAL,THEDISTINCTIVEFEATUREOFKYRKSIDEAISTHATCONSUMERSULTIMATELYSETANDSEEKTOMEETTHEIROWNINCOMESTANDARDSRATHERTHANTHESTANDARDSOFOTHERSTHUS,KYRKSHYPOTHESISISUNIQUEINTHATITACCOUNTSFORVARIATIONINAMBITIONORINDIFFERENCEABOUTMATERIALWELLBEINGTHA
33、TWOULDOPERATEQUITEAPARTFROMWHAT“THEJONESS“DOADULTEQUIVALENTCONSUMPTIONNEEDSINADDITIONTOMEASURESOFECONOMICWELLBEINGANDLIFECYCLESTAGEEFFECTS,IT6WASNECESSARYTOCONTROLFORFAMILYNEEDSINTESTINGTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHELIFECYCLEINCOMEHYPOTHESISANDLIFESATISFACTIONINPREVIOUSSTUDIESOFWELLBEING,OFTENSUCHMEASURE
34、SWEREEITHEROMITTEDORAGROSSINDICATORLIKEFAMILYSIZEWASUSEDFORTHISSTUDY,HOUSEHOLDEQUIVALENCESCALESWERECONSTRUCTEDHHEQUIVALENCETOCONTROLFORSUCHEFFECTSTHEPARTICULARHOUSEHOLDEQUIVALENCEMEASUREUSEDINTHISANALYSISWASDEVELOPEDBYBUSEANDSALATHE1978ANDMODIFIEDBYTEDFORD,CAPPS,ANDHAVLICEKTCH1986THEPRIMARYADVANTAGE
35、OFTHEBUSEANDSALATHEEQUIVALENCESCALECALCULATIONISTHATTHESCALEISEXPRESSEDASACONTINUOUSRATHERTHANDISCRETEFUNCTIONOFAGETCHSCONTRIBUTIONINVOLVEDRESPECIFICATIONOFTHESCALINGFUNCTIONSINAMANNERCONSISTENTWITHTHEHUMANDEVELOPMENTLITERATUREBYAUGMENTINGSTAGESFIRSTIDENTIFIEDBYLEVINSONETAL1978LIKEBUSEANDSALATHE,TCH
36、INCORPORATESCUBICSPLINEFUNCTIONSTOCALCULATETHECONTINUOUSADULTSCALEFUNCTIONSINTOTAL16WEIGHTEDSUMVARIABLESWERECALCULATEDASAFUNCTIONOFHOUSEHOLDAGEANDGENDERCHARACTERISTICSANDREGRESSEDONTOTALMONTHLYEXPENDITURESFORFOODTODERIVETHEHOUSEHOLDEQUIVALENCEMEASUREDETAILSOFTHISPROCEDUREAREAVAILABLEFROMTHEAUTHORSUP
37、ONREQUESTTHEHOUSEHOLDEQUIVALENCEMEASUREWASNOTINCLUDEDASACONTROLINEITHERTHERIHORRDHMODELSITWASNOTINCLUDEDINTHERIHMODELBECAUSEITSCONSTRUCTIONISBASEDONALIFECYCLETHEORYANDTHUSISHIGHLYCORRELATEDWITHTHELIFECYCLESTAGEINDICATORVARIABLESLIFECYCLEVARIABLESINTHERIHMODELCAPTUREBOTHLIFECYCLEANDNEEDEFFECTSINTHERE
38、SOURCEDEFICITMODEL,NOCONTROLFORFAMILYNEEDSWASREQUIRED,ASRESPONDENTSIMPLICITLYMAKESUCHASSESSMENTSINEXPRESSINGWHATLEVELOFINCOMEMAKESTHEMFEELTERRIBLEALLTHREEMODELSWEREESTIMATEDUSINGAWEIGHTEDLEASTSQUARESREGRESSIONANALYSISRESULTSAREPRESENTEDINTABLE3ALLMODELSPECIFICATIONSEXPLAINEDASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFVARIA
39、NCEABOUT12TO15PERCENTINTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLE,OVERALLLIFESATISFACTIONTHEEXPLAINEDVARIANCEOFASIMPLEMODELINCLUDINGONLYCURRENTINCOMEANDFAMILYSIZEWASABOUTSEVENPERCENTDOUTHITT,MACDONALD,ANDMULLIS1991SUMMARY7GENERALLY,ALLTHREEMODELSOFECONOMICWELLBEINGPERFORMFAVORABLYINEXPLAININGCONSUMERUTILITYORPSYCHOLOGICA
40、LWELLBEINGTHERELATIVEINCOMEHYPOTHESISMODELISTHESIMPLESTANDMOSTPOWERFULOFTHETHREETHETHEORETICALSPECIFICATIONOFTHERELATIVEINCOMEMODELADDRESSESTHEQUESTIONOFWHETHERKEEPINGUPWITHTHEJONESSREALLYCONTRIBUTESTOORDETRACTSFROMONESOVERALLLIFESATISFACTIONRESULTSINDICATETHATDEVIATIONFROMAVERAGEPEEREXPENDITUREPATT
41、ERNSISIMPORTANT,BUTTHATSPENDINGLESSTHANAVERAGE,HOLDINGINCOMECONSTANT,IMPROVESPERCEIVEDLIFESATISFACTIONALTHOUGHTHISSEEMSCOUNTERINTUITIVEWHENFOCUSINGONCONSUMPTIONALONE,DUESENBERRYSINSIGHTTHATTENSIONSABOUTTHENEEDTOSAVEAFFECTUTILITYANDBEHAVIORRESOLVESTHEAPPARENTPUZZLEFURTHERMORE,BECAUSESAVINGSBEHAVIOROC
42、CURSOVERMANYPERIODSTHEAPPARENTSUCCESSOFTHERELATIVEINCOMEHYPOTHESISPROVIDESSTRONGEVIDENCETOSUPPORTTHEVIEWTHATSUBJECTIVEWELLBEINGISNOTONLYAFUNCTIONOFCURRENTECONOMICSTATUSBUTOFLONGERTERMRESOURCECONSIDERATIONSASWELLTWOADDITIONALIMPORTANTCONCLUSIONSFROMTHISWORKCANBEDRAWNFIRST,ACAREFULSPECIFICATIONOFECONO
43、MICVARIABLESINMODELSEXPLAININGFAMILYLIFESATISFACTIONHASIMPORTANTPAYOFFSINTERMSOFEXPLAINEDVARIANCEHOWEVER,WHICHECONOMICTHEORYOFUTILITYMAXIMIZATIONISUSEDMAYNOTBEASCRITICALTHEMORECOMPLEXLYSPECIFIEDLIFECYCLEINCOMEHYPOTHESISMODELDOESNOTPERFORMANYBETTERTHANTHEOTHERMODELSWITHVARIABLESTHATAREMUCHEASIERTODER
44、IVEBUTFORDUESENBERRYSHYPOTHESISTHISASSUMESTHATEXPENDITUREDATAAREAVAILABLESECONDLY,WHENECONOMICFACTORSAREINCLUDEDINLIFESATISFACTIONMODELS,THELONGSTANDINGAPRIORIECONOMICPOSTULATETHATINCREASEDRESOURCESLEADTOHIGHERLEVELSOFSATISFACTIONISSUPPORTED译文消费理论和消费者主观幸福评估摘要本文探讨心理健康和目标的关系以及用经济福祉来作为衡量三个不同的消费行为的经济理论。
45、包括生命周期收入假说，相对收入假说，资源赤字假说方法和研究。引言这项研究是研究心理健康和目标之间的关系，经济福祉衡量三个不同的消费8行为的经济理论。理论研究的是生命周期的收入假设，相对收入假设，假设资源不足。从威斯康星基本数据的分析结果表明，经济变量必须认真地巩固和支持经济推定，收入正在积极和生活满意有关。这也容易地说明与相对收入假设模式最大的差异和优势。这份文件审查主观的评价的福祉和客观的经济变量测试之间的关系和比较三种不同消费行为的经济理论莫生命周期的收入假设1986；杜森伯里的相对收入假设1949；和一个资源赤字假设归咎于基尔克1953。客观经济措施代表这三个假设旨在分析孤立和比较独立影
46、响主观幸福。以下介绍的三种不同型号消费观念的主要内容及关系的变化假设效用最大化和完善市场，所有的影响消费者的资源，不是消费者的任何年龄，而只是取决于他的生活资源，不是目前的利息收入莫1986,299。从偏好理论或边际效用理论的观点看，人类的欲望是特定商品的欲望，但没有这些欲望是如何产生或说它们是如何改变的理论，然而，这是消费问题，优惠是相互依存杜森伯里1949,19。每个人都有可能不自觉地制定一个理想的生活水平，这一水平，对于他提出的收入和其他机会具有可能性；他对于这个标准，坚持维护。为了实现第二种经济福祉，实现第一个理想是必不可少的，并且低于第一个是不能容忍基尔克1953,374。每一个发言
47、断定资源如何具体变化影响偏好福祉。然而，所有最近扩大研究的消费生命周期被忽视了。试图了解不同的家庭和消费者福利的生命周期强调规格的变量来捕捉有关人口的特点，在每个阶段的生命周期墨菲和粮食作物1979STAMPFL1978。越来越多的主观评价文学的福祉是出于关心而来，特别是满意减少阶段坎贝尔、CONVERSE,和罗杰斯1976。强调生命周期阶段也是分析影响不断变化的经济和人口的经济福利的一个关键变量LEVY1987。不同的消费需求和资源，满足他们没有系统化经验的不足，主观幸福评估经济理论已被广泛认为对生命周期消费行为作出了努力。这一结论支持的是在生活满意，依靠单一、短期的经济资源，捕捉目前其他影
48、响收入与人口变量的阶段，在生命中例如,阿拉特1977；安德鲁斯1980；多伦温德1973；费尔南德斯和库利克1981；霍尔1976；奥肯1984。这里提出的研究是一个较大的项目，改善专门的规格和调查之间的关系，客观经济变量和主观幸福指标比以往任何时候更周全。以前的工作的主观幸福所采取的暗示，当前的收入直接翻译为资源消费。9有了很少承认理论承认分歧的消费和收入，结果需要节省，从未来借入的收入能力或压力,以满足潜在或实际增加的消费需求。但是储蓄和消费功能的经济理论和经验研究一再表示，最大限度地利用消费者所有的收入莫和布伦伯格1954，目前的消费和收入可能是一个贫穷指标弗里德曼1957。其他部门的金
49、融安全无疑有助于某种意义上的福祉。例如个人年收入30000元，很有可能与其他金融资源偏离方面。一些低或消极净值即资产减负债，而有较高净值，一些应急资产相对不足。另一方面，很多人现有收入对未来收入可能出现较高,而其他人则相对较低,。虽然目前收入和心理健康存在积极的关系已经被广泛证明，但也有例外。坎贝尔1976审查了五个国家调查显示，大部分的人“非常高兴”人民收入水平增加。但是，少数人的描述自己的富裕不到十分高兴和大量少数最不富裕声称他们非常高兴。因此，准确地评估经济资源的关系，心理健康似乎需要以适当的经济理论的额外客观经济措施,。下一条依靠杜森伯里和基尔克发展客观经济措施的生命周期收入，相对收入和资源的赤字的见解，来满足个人消费愿望。不同的回归模式符合规定的每一个理论性的经济福利假设。当时估计回归结果是用来衡量相对解释能力的，每一项措施和获得的有关结论对受访者主观的整体福利在生命周期的影响为目前的研究提供解释。经济福祉理论根据杜森伯里的消费行为理论“相互依存优惠”意味着消费者认为相对其他人，满意程度取决于自己的消费，具体来说“当个人比较不利时，他的个人的立场不满意他的生活标准”1949,32。此外，连带着相互依存的储蓄动机的不满，因为“来自拒绝冲动消费”1949,32。因此，那些能够消耗在以上的水平应同行更满意比那些不能，但他们也能够节省
