1、Towards a Focus on Small Urban Areas关注小城区Nils LarssonExecutive Director, iiSBE,iiSBE 执行董事 the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment国际可持续发展建筑环境组织and contributions byAndrea Moro and Giulia Barbano, iiSBE Italia and CLUEMarkus Bercholtd, NENA Network and Hannes Mahlknecht, Eurac
2、ResearchJiri Skopek, 2030 Districts (Toronto)及Andrea Moro Giulia Barbano Markus Bercholtd Jiri Skopek March 20152015年3月,2,There is much current interest in assessment and potential performance gains at the level of neighbourhoods or even smaller urban zones or building clusters;目前人们对社区、小城区或建筑群的评估和潜在
3、性能表现出日渐浓厚的兴趣；It is useful to evaluate the issues and experience to date.反思评估过程中出现的问题并吸取经验是非常有用的。,Context背景介绍,3,Start with issues of significance at the building level从建筑层面具有重要意义的问题开始,traditional issues: 传统问题：Functional suitability 功能适用性Functional efficiency 功能效率Comfort 舒适性Capital Cost 建设成本Operating
4、cost 运作成本Style / appearance 风格/外观Market appeal 市场吸引力to these we have added in recent years: 近几年新增的问题：Indoor environmental quality 室内环境质量Environmental performance 环保性Social factors 社会因素Economic factors 经济因素Building management 建筑管理,4,A full set of building performance parameters for sustainability ass
5、essment is extensive (only the top two levels of SBTool shown here).,S1 to S3: High-level criteria for Site assessmentsS1-S3： 现场评估的高级标准,A1 to G1: High-level criteria for Project assessmentsA1 to G1：项目评估的高级标准,对建筑可持续发展的评估有着一整套的性能参数，内容非常全面（左图中仅列出两个最重要级别的评估工具）,5,A1 to G1: High-level criteria for Project
6、 assessmentsA1 to G1：项目评估的高级标准,A full set of building performance parameters for sustainability assessment from SBTool,6,A problem with most assessment systems绝大多数评估系统存在的问题,Most developers of assessment methods focus on creating a suitable set of indicators and related calculations;大部分开发商的评估方法专注于建立一
7、套合适的指标和相关的计算；This ignores the issue of how to aggregate the scores of various categories of indicators;这样忽略了如何实现合计出不同类别指标的得分As we place more emphasis on multi-factor assessment, this limits the credibility of results;过多强调评估多种影响因素，将影响结果的可行度,7,A problem with most assessment systems绝大多数评估系统存在的问题,For ex
8、ample, the CABEE Cluster tool provides a maximum point distribution as follows:例如, CABEE群评估工具提供以下最高得分点Process Quality 过程质量 100 points 100点Environmental Quality 环境质量400 points 400点Social Quality 社会质量400 points 400点Economic Quality 经济质量100 points 100点This assumes that, for example, Social Quality is 4
9、 times as important as Economic Quality;这意味着，如假定社会质量的重要性是经济质量的4倍；Why not 2 times or 6 times or equal?为何不是2倍或6倍或一样？This problem does not exist in systems that set performance targets, such as 2030 Districts, rather than try to assess actual or predicted performance.然而基于性能表现为目标的评估系统不会试图评估实际或预估的性能，因而就不
10、存在上述问题，如2030 地区项目就采用基于性能表现为目标的评估方法,8,A problem with most assessment systems绝大多数评估系统存在的问题,There is a better approach, through the use of algorithms that take into account the following factors;通过运算考虑以下因素，可以得出一个更好的评估方法：Predicted intensity of impact;预测影响的强度Predicted duration of impact;预测影响的持续时间Predicte
11、d extent of impact;预测影响的范围There is obviously a need to add a local adjustment factor;显然需要增加当地的调整因素This is not a perfect system, and it does need work to develop the intensity, duration and extent factors, but it does provide a more consistent basis for assigning points.这并不是完美的评估系统，需要对影响强度、持续时间和范围因素进
12、行开发，然而这却为分值分配提供一个更可靠一致的评估基础,SB method weightingSB加权法,9,Weights for each parameter is based on degrees of probable duration and intensity of effect, combined with links to key impact indicators.每一项参数是基于影响的持续时间和强度，同时结合其与其他关键影响因素的关联性进行衡量Regional authorities can modify the weighting values shown and the
13、y may also increase or reduce the resulting weights to a maximum of 10% +/-. 地方政府有权调整表中所示的加权值，对于加权结果可以最高提高或减少10% +/-,Adjustable 可调整,Pre-set values 预设值,10,In most cases, neighborhoods are existing entities under continuing development and re-development, with existing structures, uses and population;
14、大部分情况下，社区是在现有的建筑结构、使用功能和人口规模下开发和二次开发起来的；Local roads, pedestrian ways and public green spaces;地方道路、人行道和公共绿化区域Local transportation, both public and private;公共和私人区域内的交通A mix of public and private infrastructure;公共和私人基础设施A variety of physical building types (different sizes and heights);多样化的物理建筑类型（不同规模和
15、高度）,Issues that emerge at the neighborhood scale社区层面出现的问题,11,In most cases, a variety of occupancy types;通常情况下入住群体多种多样Inter-building issues, such as land-use efficiency, densities, solar shading and synergy of energy systems;建筑物之间的问题包括土地利用效率、建筑密度、建筑遮阳和能源系统的协调等Social and economic issues, such as popu
16、lation density, economic and social diversity and property ownership;社会和经济问题，例如入住密度，经济水平和社会属性多样性以及财产所有权The importance of of governance, local public opinion and political decisions.政府部门，当地民众意见和政治决策的重要性,Issues that emerge at the neighborhood scale社区层面出现的问题,12,Because each city has a unique physical c
17、ontext, social and economic structure, and history;每个城市有其独特的物理环境、社会和经济结构和历史底蕴；Some of these factors are immutable while others change very slowly;以上因素其中一些保持不变，而有一些在缓慢地改变These factors, and the fact that there are so many factors to assess in a city, make cthem poor candidates for comparative analysis
18、;事实上影响评价一个城市的因素非常之多，同时这些因素也阻碍着对城市进行有效的对比分析,Why not just focus on the city scale?为何不只从城市层面进行关注,13,On the other hand, we can find repeating examples of neighbourhood or district types, with fewer confounding factors;另一方面，我们可以发现有其他重复或相似的社区或地区，有着较少的混合因素So, it is easier to have meaningful comparisons bet
19、ween areas such as:因此，在以下地区之间进行有效比较更容易实现：Old residential suburbs, pre-1950; 1950年前建成的郊区住宅区Suburban shopping centre 郊区购物中心Mixed-use area, post-1950 1950年后建成的混合用途地区 and so on等等And it is even easier in a building cluster or small urban zone.然而对建筑群或小城区进行比较还将更加简便,Why not just focus on the city scale?为何不只
20、从城市层面进行关注,14,Much of this work has been carried out within CESBA (Common European Sustainable Building Assessment), CABEE (Capitalizing Alpine Building Evaluation Experiences), EURAC (Accademia Europea di Bolzano/Europische Akademie Bozen) and iiSBE Italia;大部分研究工作在CESBA(欧洲可持续发展建筑评估), CABEE(阿尔卑斯山建筑评估
21、经验）， EURAC和意大利iiSBE的共同协作下完成的；,Work on urban clusters in Italy and Europe研究意大利和欧洲地区的建筑群,15,CLUE: Climate Neutral Urban Districts in EuropeCLUE:欧洲气候中和城区,CLUE is a consortium of local and regional authorities as well as universities from 9 European countries focusing on new solutions and technologies f
22、or a low carbon economy in urban areas;CLUE，由来自9个欧洲国家的当地和地区政府当局以及大学共同参与，专注于研究城区低碳经济的全新解决方案和技术；,16,CLUE: Climate Neutral Urban Districts in EuropeCLUE:欧洲气候中和城区,Case studies include:研究案例包括：Stockholm Royal Seaport斯德哥尔摩皇家港口HafenCity Hamburg汉堡港口新城Museum of Rome罗马国家博物馆Valibona Barcelona 巴塞罗纳alibonaMunisip
23、ality of Zakopane扎科帕内 Munisipality Torino托里诺（意大利西北部城市）,17,This work is a collaboration between the City of Torino and iiSBE Italia;由托里诺市政府和意大利iiSBE共同合作完成；The area in which the assessment has been carried out is part of a large urban transformation known as Variante 200;评估区域是以Variante200著称的大型城市转型中的部分
24、区域；,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里诺市案例研究,案例研究,现有区域,改造城区,The red line defines the perimeter related to the area analyzed in CLUE, which is included in the project Urban Barriera图中红线框选范围表示CLUE项目所评估分析的区域，属于Barriera城区项目,18,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里诺市案例研究,OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYAC1 THERM
25、AL COMFORT OF OUTDOOR AREAS AC1-室外热舒适性,INTENT 意图Reduce the discomfort at ground level during summer 减少夏季地面上的不舒适感ASSESSMENT METHOD 评估方法To assess this criterion, calculate the area of all the surfaces in the cluster. Assign to each surface an albedo value, considering green areas and areas that are sh
26、aded in summer days as having an albedo of 1. Multiply all surfaces for their albedo value, and divide their sum area by the total area of all surfaces of the cluster 通过计算建筑群内的所有表面面积从而对评估标准进行评估.每个表面分配一个反照射率值,设想绿色区域和夏天遮挡区域的反照射率是1,乘以所有表面积的反照射率值,再将面积之和除以建筑群所有表面面积SCALE 范围Neighborhood-Cluster 社区群APPLICAT
27、ION 应用New construction/Renovation 新建/改造CALCULATION 计算19. 6 %,URBAN RENOVATION城区改造 19. 6%,19,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里诺市案例研究,20,CLUE: Case study in TorinoCLUE：托里诺市案例研究,21,2030 Districts is a north American private/public partnership that brings together property owners andmanagers, businesses
28、, local governments, and community stakeholders;2030地区项目是北美地区的私立和公立部门合作项目，将业主和房地产经理、商家、地方政府和社区利益相关者集结在一起；,Developments in North America: the 2030 Districts北美地区的发展： 2030 地区项目,开创性的高性能建筑区,The prime objective is to meet carbon reduction targets for new and existing buildings in the district, through ben
29、chmarking and implementation of best practices and other creativestrategies, but other district specific objectives can be also followed, such as resiliency.,首要目标是通过以最佳实践为基准，同时执行其他创造性策略，从而实现减少新建建筑和现有建筑的碳排放目标，同时也可以遵循其他具体区域目标。,22,Developments in North America: the 2030 Districts北美地区的发展： 2030 地区项目,Ther
30、e are 5 projects in the USA and one in Canada (Toronto).包括5个美国项目和1个加拿大多伦多项目,开创性的高性能建筑区,23,Developments in North America: the 2030 Districts北美地区的发展： 2030 地区项目,Common Targets and Metrics meet carbon reduction targets 实现减少碳排放的共同目标和指标Efficiencies of Scale and infrastructure规模效率和基础设施Engages market leader
31、s 市场领导者的参与Beacons for efficient use of resource and economic investments 资源和投资的有效利用,Why Districts?何以是地区,24,Conclusions结论,For assessment purposes, neighbourhoods provide more meaningful comparative results than cities, and building clusters or small urban zones are even better;与城市相比，对社区的评估可以提供更多有意义的比
32、较结果，并且对建筑群或小城区的评估结果还要更理想；There is much significant research work going on at these smaller scales in Europe and North America;在欧洲和北美地区，大量有意义的对小城区的评估工作正在开展；,25,The potential performance benefits of inter-building synergies at the scale of small urban zones are also considerable;同时小城区范围内的建筑物协同体系的潜在性能优
33、势也值得考虑；However, in existing areas where the focus is on improvement of existing performance, management issues will provide barriers;然而，现有区域在管理方面的问题将阻碍其现有性能的提高；In any case the potential performance gains are considerably more than in single buildings. 总之，不能从单一的建筑中评估潜在的性能表现。,Conclusions结论,26,Further information:联系方式：Nils Larssonlarssoniisbe.orgAndrea MJiri SkopekJiri.S,
